Success or failure? Predicting the financial performance of United States national non-profit sports organisations using binary logistic regressions

References

• Arik, M., Clark, L., & Raffo, D. (2016). Strategic responses of non-profit organizations to the economic crisis: Examining through the lenses of resource dependency and resourced-based view theories. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 15(1), 48–67.
   Google Scholar
• Baber, W., Daniel, P., & Roberts, A. (2002). Compensation to managers of charitable organizations: An empirical study of the role of accounting measures of program activities. Accounting Review, 77(3), 679–693. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2002.77.3.679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baber, W., Roberts, A., & Visvanathan, G. (2001). Charitable organizations’ strategies and program-spending ratios. Accounting Horizons, 15(4), 329–343. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2001.15.4.329
   Google Scholar
• Barajas, A., & Rodríguez, P. (2014). Spanish football in need of financial therapy: Cut expenses and inject capital. International Journal of Sport Finance, 9(1), 73–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayle, E., & Madella, A. (2002). Development of a taxonomy of performance for national sport organizations. European Journal of Sport Science, 2(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390200072205
   Google Scholar
• Bayle, E., & Robinson, L. (2007). A framework for understanding the performance of national governing bodies of sport. European Journal of Sport Management, 7(3), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740701511037
   Google Scholar
• Berrett, T., & Slack, T. (2001). A framework for the analysis of strategic approaches employed by non-profit sport organizations in seeking corporate sponsorship. Sport Management Review, 4(1), 21–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70068-X
   Google Scholar
• Bian, R., Sun, F., Lin, Z., Gao, Q., Yuan, X., & Xie, A. (2019). The moderating role of interviewer's regulatory focus in the effectiveness of impression management tactics: Regulatory fit as a source of subjective value. British Journal of Psychology, 111(2), 369–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissey, J., & Naegel, S. (2017). Choose your own 501(c)(3) adventure – Top 10 differences between public charities and private foundations. https://impact.mofo.com/resources/public-charities-private-foundations-differences-501c3/
   Google Scholar
• Bolino, M., Long, D., & Turnley, W. (2016). Impression management in organizations: Critical questions, answers, and areas for future research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology & Organizational Behaviour, 3(1), 377–406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062337
   Google Scholar
• Chabotar, K. (1989). Financial ratio analysis comes to non-profits. Journal of Higher Education, 60(2), 188–208. https://doi.org/10.2307/1982176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelladurai, P., Szyszlo, M., & Haggerty, T. (1987). System-based dimensions of effectiveness: The case of national sport organizations. Canadian Journal of Sport Science, 12(2), 111–119.
   Google Scholar
• Codrin, M. (2019). Private foundation vs. public charities: What is the difference? www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/1112/the-difference-between-private-foundations-and-public-charities.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Cordery, C., Sim, D., & Baskerville, R. (2013). Three models, one goal: Assessing financial vulnerability in New Zealand amateur sports clubs. Sport Management Review, 16(2), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2012.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosson, S., Belverd, E., Needles, E., Belverd, E., & Powers, M. (2008). Principles of accounting. Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Dimitropoulos, P. (2010). The financial performance of the Greek football clubs. Choregia, 6(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.4127/ch.2010.0042
   Google Scholar
• Dimitropoulos, P., & Tsagkanos, A. (2012). Financial performance and corporate governance in the European football industry. International Journal of Sport Finance, 7(4), 280–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmore, S., Mahony, D., Andrew, D., & Hums, M. (2009). Examining fairness perceptions of financial resource allocations in US Olympic sport. Journal of Sport Management, 23(4), 429–456. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.23.4.429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolles, H., Winand, M., Rihoux, B., Qualizza, D., & Zintz, T. (2011). Combinations of key determinants of performance in sport governing bodies. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 1(3), 234–251. https://doi.org/10.1108/20426781111162657
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 65–91. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9503271992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecer, F., & Boyukaslan, A. (2014). Measuring performances of football clubs using financial ratios: The grey relational analysis approach. American Journal of Economics, 4(1), 62–71.
   Google Scholar
• Ergul, N. (2010). Analysing of the effects of league performance of Turkish sport clubs over the financial performances of the corresponding sport companies. China-USA Business Review, 9(12), 69–79.
   Google Scholar
• Eydi, H. (2013). Confirmatory factor analysis of the sport organizational effectiveness scale according competing value framework. Universal Journal of Management, 1(2), 83–92.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M., Parent, M., & Mason, D. (2004). Building a framework for issues management in sport through stakeholder theory. European Sport Management Quarterly, 4(3), 170–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740408737475
   Google Scholar
• Frisby, W. (1986). Measuring the organizational effectiveness of national sport governing bodies. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science, 11(2), 94–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Froelich, K. (1999). Diversification of revenue strategies: Evolving resource dependence in non-profit organizations. Non-profit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(3), 246–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764099283002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froelich, K., Knoepfle, T., & Pollak, T. (2000). Financial measures in non-profit organization research: Comparing IRS 990 return and audited financial statement data. Non-profit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29(2), 232–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764000292002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garven, S., Beck, A., & Parsons, L. (2018). Are audit-related factors associated with financial reporting quality in non-profit organizations? Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 37(1), 49–68. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garven, S., Hofmann, M., & McSwain, D. (2016). Playing the numbers game: Program ratio management in non-profit organizations. Non-profit Management & Leadership, 26(4), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimet, C., & Montchaud, S. (2016). What drives European football clubs’ stock returns and volatility? International Journal of the Economics of Business, 23(3), 351–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/13571516.2016.1204686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenlee, J., & Bukovinsky, D. (1998). Financial ratios for use in the analytical review of charitable organizations. Ohio CPA Journal, 57, 32–38.
   Google Scholar
• GuideStar. (2020). Directory to charitable foundations. www.guidestar.org/NonprofitDirectory.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Guo, C., & Acar, M. (2005). Understanding collaboration among non-profit organizations: Combining resource dependency, institutional, and network perspectives. Non-profit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 34(3), 340–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764005275411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbe, J. (2015). Practical guide to logistic regression. CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, M., & Piccolo, R. (2005). Funding source, board involvement techniques, and financial vulnerability in non-profit organizations: A test of resource dependence. Non-profit Management & Leadership, 16(2), 171–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.99
   Google Scholar
• Hosmer, D., & Stanley, L. (2013). Applied logistic regression. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Hou, Y., Moynihan, D., & Ingraham, P. (2003). Capacity, management, and performance: Exploring the links. American Review of Public Administration, 33(3), 295–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074003251651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, P., & Luksetich, W. (2004). Non-profit arts organizations: Do funding sources influence spending patterns? Non-profit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(2), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764004263320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Independent Sector. (2020). Various articles. https://independentsector.org/
   Google Scholar
• Internal Revenue Services. (2020). Public charities. www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/charitable-organizations/public-charities
   Google Scholar
• Karteroliotis, K., & Papadimitriou, D. (2004). Confirmatory factor analysis of the sport organizational effectiveness scale. Psychological Reports, 95(1), 366–370. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.366-370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasale, L., Winand, M., & Robinson, L. (2018). Performance management of National Sports Organisations: A holistic theoretical model. Sport, Business & Management, 8(5), 469–491. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2017-0056
   Google Scholar
• Kitching, K., Roberts, A., & Smith, P. (2012). Non-profit resource allocation decisions: A study of marginal versus average spending. Journal of Governmental & Non-Profit Accounting, 1(1), A1–A19. https://doi.org/10.2308/ogna-50260
   Google Scholar
• Madella, A., Bayle, E., & Tome, J. (2005). The organizational performance of national swimming federations in Mediterranean countries: A comparative approach. European Journal of Sport Science, 5(4), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390500344644
   Google Scholar
• Malatesta, D., & Smith, C. (2014). Lessons from resource dependence theory for contemporary public and non-profit management. Public Administration Review, 74(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeever, B. (2019). The non-profit sector in brief. https://nccs.urban.org/publication/nonprofit-sector-brief-2018#the-nonprofit-sector-in-brief-2018-public-charites-giving-and-volunteering
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J., Veltri, F., & Combs, G. (2002). An analysis of disabled sport organizations resource-acquisition strategies. International Sports Journal, 6(2), 160–181.
   Google Scholar
• Miragaia, D., Brito, M., & Ferreira, J. (2016). The role of stakeholders in the efficiency of nonprofit sports clubs. Non-profit Management & Leadership, 27(1), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Boyle, I., & Hassan, D. (2014). Performance management and measurement in national-level non-profit sport organizations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(3), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.898677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Boyle, I., & Hassan, D. (2015). Applying performance management practices within non-profit sport organizations: A case study of New Zealand. International Journal of Sport Management, 16(2), 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Omondi-Ochieng, P. (2016). Sport finance. Top Hat Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Omondi-Ochieng, P. (2018a). US table tennis association: A case study of financial performance using effectiveness indicators and efficiency ratios. Managerial Finance, 44(2), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-10-2017-0393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omondi-Ochieng, P. (2018b). USA Triathlon: A 2010-2015 case study of financial performance using effectiveness indicators & efficiency ratios. International Journal of Productivity & Performance Management, 67(7), 1192–1213. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-09-2017-0240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omondi-Ochieng, P. (2018c). United States Bobsled & Skeleton federation: An evaluation of financial performance trend. Business & Social Science Journal, 2(3), 3–30.
   Google Scholar
• Omondi-Ochieng, P. (2018d). Profit or loss? On the Determinants of net Income of United States College Football Programs. Journal of Financial Reporting & Accounting, 17(3), 411–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-04-2018-0028
   Google Scholar
• Omondi-Ochieng, P. (2019). Financial performance trends of United States Hockey Inc: A resource-dependency approach. Journal of Economics, Finance & Administrative Science, 24(48), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEFAS-02-2018-0022
   Google Scholar
• Ozawa, T., Cross, J., & Henderson, S. (2004). Market orientation and finance performance of English professional football clubs. Journal of Targeting, Measurement & Analysis for Marketing, 13(1), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jt.5740134
   Google Scholar
• Papadimitriou, D. (2007). Conceptualizing effectiveness in non-profit organizational environment: An exploratory study. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 20(7), 571–587. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550710823498
   Google Scholar
• Papadimitriou, D., & Taylor, P. (2000). Organizational effectiveness of Hellenic national sports organizations: A multiple constituency approach. Sport Management Review, 3(1), 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70078-7
   Google Scholar
• Peck, J., & Levashina, J. (2017). Impression management and interview and job performance ratings: A meta-analysis of research design with tactics in mind. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. (2003). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Plumley, D., Wilson, R., & Shibli, S. (2017). A holistic performance assessment of English Premier League football clubs 1992-2013. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 9(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18666/JASM-2017-V9-I1-7353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan, S., Boyukaslan, A., & Ecer, F. (2017). Applying grey relational analysis to Italian football clubs: A measurement of the financial performance of Serie A teams. International Review of Economics & Management, 4(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.18825/iremjournal.290668
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, C. (2018). Misreporting non-profit lobbying engagement and expenses: Charitable regulation and managerial discretion. Non-profit Policy Forum, 9(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2018-0018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Charities. (2015). The non-profit sector in brief 2015: Public charities, giving, and volunteering. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/nonprofit-sector-brief-2015-public-charities-giving-and-volunteering
   Google Scholar
• Rey, A., & Santelli, F. (2017). The relationship between financial ratios and sporting performance in Italy’s Serie A. International Journal of Business & Management, 12(12), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n12p53
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, W., & Kolodinsky, R. (2003). Non-profit organization financial performance measurement: An evaluation of new and existing financial performance measures. Non-profit Management & Leadership, 13(4), 367–381. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.5
   Google Scholar
• Ruggiano, N., & Taliaferro, J. (2012). Resource dependency and agent theories: A framework for exploring non-profit leaders’ resistance to lobbying. Journal of Policy Practice, 11(4), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/15588742.2012.690841
   Google Scholar
• Sakinc, I. (2014). Using grey relational analysis to determine the financial performance of Turkish football clubs. Journal of Economics Library, 1(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1453/jel.v1i1.160
   Google Scholar
• Schmidgall, R., & DeFranco, A. (2004). Ratio analysis: Financial benchmarks for the club industry. The Journal of Hospitality Financial Management, 12(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10913211.2004.10653782
   Google Scholar
• Shilbury, D., & Moore, K. (2006). A study of organizational effectiveness for national Olympic sports organizations. Non-profit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764005279512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack, T., & Hinings, B. (1992). Understanding change in national sport organizations: An integration of theoretical perspectives. Journal of Sport Management, 6(2), 114–132. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.6.2.114
   Google Scholar
• Solntsev, I., & Osokin, N. (2018). Designing a performance measurement framework for regional networks of national sports organizations: Evidence from Russian football. Managing Sport & Leisure, 23(1-2), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2018.1452628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparvero, E., & Kent, A. (2014). Sport team non-profit organizations. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 6(4), 98–116.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, E., McLarty, B., & Henderson, D. (2018). The fire under the gridiron: Resource dependence and NCAA conference realignment. Journal of Business Research, 82(C), 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.09.042
   Google Scholar
• Trussel, J. (2003). Assessing potential accounting manipulation: The financial characteristics of charitable organizations with higher than expected program-spending ratios. Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 32(4), 616–634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764003257459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsiotsou, R. (2011). A stakeholder approach to international and national sport sponsorship. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 26(8), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1108/08858621111179831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Heijden, H. (2012). Charities in competition: Effects of accounting information on donating adjustments. Behavioural Research in Accounting, 25(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2308/bria-50295
   Google Scholar
• Vos, S., Breesch, D., Késenne, S., Van Hoecke, J., Vanreusel, B., & Scheerder, J. (2011). Governmental subsidies and coercive pressures. Evidence From Sport Clubs and Their Resource Dependencies. European Journal for Sport & Society, 8(4), 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2011.11687882
   Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., & Breuer, C. (2011). Scarcity of resources in German non-profit sport clubs. Sport Management Review, 14(2), 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2010.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winand, M., Rihoux, B., Robinson, L., & Zintz, T. (2013). Pathways to high performance: A qualitative comparative analysis of sport governing bodies. Non-profit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(4), 739–762. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012443312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winand, M., Vos, S., Claessens, M., Thibaut, E., & Scheerder, J. (2014). A unified model of non-profit sport organizations performance: Perspectives from the literature. Managing Leisure, 19(2), 121–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2013.859460
   Google Scholar
• Winand, M., Zintz, T., Bayle, E., & Robinson, L. (2010). Organizational performance of Olympic sport governing bodies: Dealing with measurement and priorities. Managing Leisure, 15(4), 279–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2010.508672
   Google Scholar
• Winand, M., Zintz, T., & Scheerder, J. (2012). A financial management tool for sport federations. Sport, Business & Management: An International Journal, 2(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1108/20426781211261539
   Google Scholar
• Zietlow, J., Hankin, J., & Seidner, A. (2017). Financial management for non-profit organizations: Policies and practices. Wiley.
   Google Scholar