Women representation in the boardroom of Canadian sport governing bodies: structural and financial characteristics of three organizational clusters

References

• Adriaanse, J. (2016). Gender diversity in the governance of sport associations: The Sydney scoreboard global index of participation. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(1), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2550-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adriaanse, J. (2019). Gender diversity in the governance of international sport federations. In N. Schulenkorf & S. Frawley (Eds.), Critical issues in global sport management (pp. 23–34). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Adriaanse, J. A., & Schofield, T. (2014). The impact of gender quotas on gender equality in sport governance. Journal of Sport Management, 28(5), 485–497. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn, N. Y., & Cunningham, G. B. (2020). Standing on a glass cliff?: A case study of FIFA’s gender initiatives. Managing Sport and Leisure, 25(1-2), 114–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1727357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193(5), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1155-31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, L. J. (2015). Underrepresentation of women in sport leadership: A review of research. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Sport Policy. (2012). Canadian Sport Policy 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2019, from https://sirc.ca/sites/default/files/content/docs/CSP_documents/CSP2012_EN_LR.pdf
   Google Scholar
• CDF & CWS. (2016). Women in sport: Fuelling a lifetime of participation. A report on the status of female sport in Canada. Retrieved February 14, 2018, from http://www.caaws.ca/e/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/FWC_ResearchPublication_EN_7March2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chelladurai, P., & Kerwin, S. (2017). Human resource management in sport and recreation (3rd ed.). Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Claringbould, I., & Knoppers, A. (2007). Finding a ‘normal’ woman: Selection processes for board membership. Sex Roles, 56(7/8), 495–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9188-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claringbould, I., & Knoppers, A. (2008). Doing and undoing gender in sport governance. Sex Roles, 58(1/2), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9351-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claringbould, I., & Knoppers, A. (2012). Paradoxical practices of gender in sport-related organizations. Journal of Sport Management, 26(5), 404–416. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.5.404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B. (2008). Creating and sustaining gender diversity in sport organizations. Sex Roles, 58(1-2), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9312-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demers, G. (2019). Increasing women’s leadership in Canada: How to present an effective case for sport. Coaching Association of Canada, 19(4), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Demers, G., Thibault, L., Brière, S., & Culver, D. (2019). Women in leadership positions within Canadian sport. In N. Lough, & A. N. Geurin (Eds.), Routledge handbook of the business of women's sport (pp. 106–123). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• DOSB. (2018). Gleichstellungsbericht [Gender equality report]. Retrieved August 29, 2019, from https://cdn.dosb.de/user_upload/Frauen_und_Gleichstellung/Bericht_Gleichstellung_20181029_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, K. (2018). Working group on girls and women in sport. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/working-group-gender-equity.html
   Google Scholar
• EIGE. (2015). Gender equality in sport. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://www.eige.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/mh0215937enn.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gaston, L., Blundell, M., & Fletcher, T. (2020). Gender diversity in sport leadership: An investigation of United States of America national governing bodies of sport. Managing Sport and Leisure (online first), https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1719189
   Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2019). National sport organizations. Retrieved November 5, 2019, from https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/sport-organizations/national.html
   Google Scholar
• Hillman, A. J., & Dalziel, T. (2003). Boards of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 28(3), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2003.10196729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House of Commons. (2017). Women and girls in sport. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/CHPC/report-7
   Google Scholar
• Joecks, J., Pull, K., & Vetter, K. (2013). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm performance: What exactly constitutes a “critical mass?” Journal of Business Ethics, 118(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1553-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, R. (1977). Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 965–990. https://doi.org/10.1086/226425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, G. (2009). Female coaches’ experience of harassment and bullying. Coaching Association of Canada, 9(3), 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• LaVoi, N. M. (2016). A framework to understand experiences of women coaches around the globe. In N. M. LaVoi (Ed.), Women in sports coaching (pp. 13–34). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, W., & Cunningham, G. B. (2019). Group diversity's influence on sport teams and organizations: A meta-analytic examination and identification of key moderators. European Sport Management Quarterly, 19(2), 139–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2018.1478440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnell, D., Spracklen, K., & Millward, P. (2017). Sport management issues in an era of austerity. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1257552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. B. (1978). The external control of organizations. Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Scharfenkamp, K., Bozhinov, V., & Joecks, J. (2019). Gender spillovers from supervisory boards on management boards. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.14827abstract
   Google Scholar
• Siciliano, J. L. (1996). The relationship of board member diversity to organizational performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(12), 1313–1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00411816
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotiriadou, P., & de Haan, D. (2019). Women and leadership: Advancing gender equity policies in sport leadership through sport governance. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 11(3), 365–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2019.1577902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaaij, R., Knoppers, A., & Jeanes, R. (2020). “We want more diversity but … ”: Resisting diversity in recreational sports clubs. Sport Management Review, 23(3), 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasheva, S., & Hillman, A. (2019). Integrating diversity at different levels: Multi-level human capital, social capital, and demographic diversity and their implications for team effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 44(4), 746–765. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2015.0396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibault, L. (2017). Canada: An evolving sport system. In J. Scheerder, A. Willem, & E. Claes (Eds.), Sport policy systems and sport federations (pp. 65–87). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Torchia, M. (2013). Women directors and corporate innovation: A critical mass perspective. In S. Machold, M. Huse, K. Hansen, & M. Brogi (Eds.), Getting women on to corporate boards. A snowball starting in Norway (pp. 126–135). Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Torchia, M., Calabro, A., & Huse, M. (2011). Women directors on corporate boards: From tokenism to critical mass. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(2), 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0815-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN. (2015). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2020, from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UN. (2020). Sustainable development goals. Retrieved April 3, 2020, from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs
   Google Scholar
• van Knippenberg, D. A., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 1008–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P. (2019). Public expenditure on women’s sport and gender equality among recipients of public expenditure in European sport. In N. Lough & A. N. Geurin (Eds.), Routledge handbook of the business of women’s sport (pp. 204–216). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., & Breuer, C. (2013). Understanding the importance of organizational resources to explain organizational problems: Evidence from non-profit sport clubs in Germany. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 24(2), 461–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9272-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., & Breuer, C. (2014). Examining the financial condition of sport governing bodies: The effects of revenue diversification and organizational success factors. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 25(4), 929–948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9387-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., Breuer, C., & von Hanau, T. (2012). Gender effects on organizational problems—evidence from Non-profit sports clubs in Germany. Sex Roles, 66(1), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0064-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., Feiler, S., & Breuer, C. (2020). Board gender diversity, critical masses, and organizational problems of non-profit sport clubs. European Sport Management Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1777453
   Google Scholar
• Williams, K., & O’Reilly, C. (1998). The complexity of diversity: A review of forty years of research. In B. Staw, & R. Sutton (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 77–140). JAI Press.
   Google Scholar