A case for change in how we refer to dual career athletes: a person first approach

References

• Andersen, M. B. (2011). Who’s mental who’s tough and who’s both? Mutton constructs dressed up as lamb. In D. F. Gucciardi, & S. Gordon (Eds.), Mental toughness in sport. Developments in theory and research (pp. 69–88). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Aronson, J. M., & McGlone, M. S. (2009). Stereotype and social identity threat. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (1st ed., pp. 153–178). Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aunola, K., Selänne, A., Selänne, H., & Ryba, T. V. (2018). The role of adolescent athletes’ task value patterns in their educational and athletic career aspirations. Learning and Individual Differences, 63, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, J. N. (2016). The stigma of mental health in athletes: Are mental toughness and mental health seen as contradictory in elite sport? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(3), 135–136. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, A. J., Evans, M. B., Surya, M., Martin, L. J., & Eys, M. A. (2015). Embracing athletic identity in the face of threat. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4(4), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beukeboom, C. J. (2012). Mechanisms of linguistic bias: How words reflect and maintain stereotypic expectancies. In J. Laszlo, J. Forgas, & O. Vincze (Eds.), Social cognition and communication (pp. 313–330). Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beukeboom, C. J., & Burgers, C. (2017). Linguistic bias. In H. Giles & J. Harwood (Eds.), Oxford research encyclopedia of communication (Issue July, pp. 1–21). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.439
   Google Scholar
• Beukeboom, C. J., & Burgers, C. (2019). How stereotypes are shared through language: A review and introduction of the social categories and stereotypes Communication (SCSC) framework. Review of Communication Research, 7, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, M. D., Chow, G. M., Meir, G., & Freeman, J. (2018). Student-athlete and student non-athletes’ stigma and attitudes toward seeking online and face-to-face counseling. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 12(3), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, R., Wolff, W., & Hoyer, J. (2013). Psychological symptoms and chronic mood in representative samples of elite student-athletes, deselected student-athletes and comparison students. School Mental Health, 5(3), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-012-9095-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, B. W., & Petitpas, A. J. (2017). Athletic identity foreclosure. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 118–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capranica, L., & Guidotti, F. (2016). Research for Cult Committee – Qualifications/dual career in sports. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=IPOL_STU(2016)573416
   Google Scholar
• Carless, D., & Douglas, K. (2013). Living, resisting, and playing the part of athlete: Narrative tensions in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 701–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartigny, E., Fletcher, D., Coupland, C., & Bandelow, S. (2021). Typologies of dual career in sport: A cluster analysis of identity and self-efficacy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(5), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1835238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condello, G., Capranica, L., Doupona, M., Varga, K., & Burk, V. (2019). Dual-career through the elite university student-athletes’ lenses : The international FISU-EAS survey. PLoS ONE, 14(10), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosh, S., Crabb, S., & Tully, P. J. (2015). A champion out of the pool? A discursive exploration of two Australian Olympic swimmers’ transition from elite sport to retirement. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 19, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosh, S., & Tully, P. J. (2014). “All I have to do is pass”: A discursive analysis of student athletes’ talk about prioritising sport to the detriment of education to overcome stressors encountered in combining elite sport and tertiary education. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosh, S., & Tully, P. J. (2015). Stressors, coping, and support mechanisms for student athletes combining elite sport and tertiary education: Implications for practice. The Sport Psychologist, 29(2), 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker, A. F., & Smith, S. (2019). Person-first language: Are we practicing what we preach? Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 12, 125–129. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S140067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croom, A. M. (2013). How to do things with slurs: Studies in the way of derogatory words. Language and Communication, 33(3), 177–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2013.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, P. G., Steele, C. M., & Spencer, S. J. (2005). Clearing the air: Identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women’s leadership aspirations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(2), 276–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.2.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debois, N., Ledon, A., & Wylleman, P. (2015). A lifespan perspective on the dual career of elite male athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 21, 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dee, T. S. (2014). Stereotype threat and the student-athlete. Economic Inquiry, 52(1), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Subijana, C. L., Ramos, J., Garcia, C., & Chamorro, J. L. (2020). The employability process of Spanish retired elite athletes: Gender and sport success comparison. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, K., & Carless, D. (2006). The performance environment: A study of the personal, lifestyle and environmental factors that affect sporting performance. Retrieved November 8, 2013, from http://www.sisport.com/media/919117/per-executive-summary.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Drew, B., & Matthews, J. J. (2018). The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in student-athletes and the relationship with resilience and help-seeking behavior. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(3), 421–439. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan, K. P. (2019). Supporting mental health and well-being among student-athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 38(4), 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2019.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubank, M. (2016). Blurred lines: Performance enhancement, common mental disorders and referral in the U.K. athletic population. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(1067), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2012a). EU guidelines on dual careers of athletes. Recommended policy actions in support of dual careers in high-performance sport (Issue November). European Commission. Retrieved October 23, 2013, from http://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/sport/library/documents/dual-career-guidelines-final_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2012b). Study on the contribution of sport to economic growth and employment in the EU (Issue November). European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/sport/library/studies/study-contribution-spors-economic- growth-final-rpt.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2017). Handbook of best practices in dual career of athletes in DC4AC project participating countries. In Final Report (Issue May). European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/project-result-content/eac1f6dc-aeab-42cd-93a8-f01a89b68043/Final Handbook of Best practices.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Feltz, D. L., Schneider, R., Hwang, S., & Skogsberg, N. J. (2013). Predictors of collegiate student-athletes’ susceptibility to stereotype threat. Journal of College Student Development, 54(2), 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2013.0014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franck, A., Stambulova, N. B., & Weibull, F. (2016). Profiles of personal characteristics and relevant pathways in the junior-to-senior transition: A longitudinal study of Swedish athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 47(6), 483–507. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP2016.47.483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, P., Wagner, H., Hannola, H., Niemisalo, N., Pehme, A., Puhke, R., Marinsek, M., Strmecki, A., Svetec, D., Brown, A., Capranica, L., & Guidotti, F. (2016). European student athletes’ perceptions on dual career outcomes and services. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 22(2), 31–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geary, M., Campbell, M. J., Kitching, N., & Houghton, F. (2021). “I’m a hurler … basically just a hurler”: A mixed methods study of athletic identity in elite Irish Gaelic Athletic Association dual career athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1919742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgakis, S., Wilson, R., & Ferguson, J. (2014). The academic achievement of elite athletes at an Australian university: Debunking the dumb jock syndrome. International Journal of Higher Education, 3(2), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v3i1.616
   Google Scholar
• Geraniosova, K., & Ronkainen, N. J. (2014). The experience of dual career through Slovak athletes’ eyes. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, LXI, 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/pcssr
   Google Scholar
• Gernsbacher, M. A. (2017). Editorial perspective: The use of person-first language in scholarly writing may accentuate stigma. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(7), 859–861. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, S., Fletcher, D., Arnold, R., Ashfield, A., & Harrison, J. (2020). Measuring well-being in sport performers: Where are we now and how do we progress? Sports Medicine, 50(7), 1255–1270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01274-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Good, A. J., Brewer, B. W., Petitpas, A. J., Van Raalte, J. L., & Mahar, M. T. (1993). Identity foreclosure, athletic identity, and college sport participation. The Academic Athletic Journal, (Spring(8)), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Gorczynski, P., Coyle, M., & Gibson, K. (2017). Depressive symptoms in high-performance athletes and non-athletes: A comparative meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(18), 1348–1354. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granello, D. H., & Gibbs, T. A. (2016). The power of language and labels: “The mentally ill” versus “people with mental illnesses”. Journal of Counseling and Development, 94(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, M., Morgan, G., & Manley, A. (2012). Elite rugby league players’ attitudes towards sport psychology consulting. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 8(1), 32–44.
   Google Scholar
• Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A., Calear, A. L., Parsons, A., Bennett, K., Batterham, P. J., & Stanimirovic, R. (2012). Internet-based interventions to promote mental health help-seeking in elite athletes: An exploratory randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1864
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, C. K., Martin, B. E., & Fuller, R. (2015). “Eagles don’t fly with sparrows”: self-determination theory, African American male scholar-athletes and peer group influences on motivation. The Journal of Negro Education Education, 84(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.7709/jnegroeducation.84.1.0080
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, C. K., Stone, J., Shapiro, J. R., Yee, S., Boyd, J. A., & Rullan, V. (2009). The role of gender identities and stereotype salience with the academic performance of male and female college athletes. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 33(1), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723508328902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslerig, S. J. (2017a). Graduate(d) student athletes in Division I football: Redefining archetypes and disrupting stereotypes or invisible? Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(4), 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslerig, S. J. (2017b). Who or what Are graduate(d) student-athletes? Defining a misunderstood Sub-population. Journal of Higher Education Athletics & Innovation, 1(2), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2017.1.2.110-122
   Google Scholar
• Henriksen, K., Storm, L. K., Kuettel, A., Linnér, L., & Stambulova, N. B. (2020). A holistic ecological approach to sport and study: The case of an athlete friendly university in Denmark. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, I. (2010). Elite athletes and higher education: Lifestyle, balance and the management of sporting and educational performance. In International Olympic Committee -–OSC Postgraduate Grant Selection Committee. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236033928
   Google Scholar
• Hickey, C., & Kelly, P. (2008). Preparing to not be a footballer: Higher education and professional sport. Sport, Education and Society, 13(4), 477–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320802445132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00003.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C., Chou, C., & Hung, T. (2016). College experiences and career barriers among semi-professional student-athletes: The influences of athletic identity and career self- efficacy. Career Development International, 21(6), 571–586. Retrieved May, 2019, from https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-09-2015-0127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, E. R., & Day, M. C. (2019). Narratives of chronic pain in sport. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzlicht, M., McKay, L., & Aronson, J. M. (2006). Stigma as ego depletion: How being the target of prejudice affects self-control. Psychological Science, 17(3), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01695.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janse van Rensburg, C., Surujlal, J., & Dhurup, M. (2011). Exploring wellness practices and barriers: A qualitative study of university student-athletes. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 17(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpherd.v17i2.67664
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, M. E., Pease, E. A., Lambert, K., Hickman, D. R., Robinson, O., McCoy, K. T., Barut, J. K., Musker, K. M., Olive, D., Noll, C., Ramirez, J., Cogliser, D., & King, J. K. (2013). Championing person-first language: A call to psychiatric mental health nurses. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 19(3), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390313489729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killeya-Jones, L. A. (2005). Identity structure, role discrepancy and psychological adjustment in male college student-athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28(2), 167–185.
   Google Scholar
• Korhonen, N., Nikander, A., & Ryba, T. V. (2020). Exploring the life form of a student athlete afforded by a dual career development environment in Finland. Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1123/cssep.2020-0005
   Google Scholar
• Levine, J., Etchison, S., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). Pluralistic ignorance among student–athlete populations: A factor in academic underperformance. Higher Education, 68(4), 525–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9726-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., & Sum, R. K. W. (2017). A meta-synthesis of elite athletes’ experiences in dual career development. Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science, 6(2), 99–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640599.2017.1317481
   Google Scholar
• Lopes Dos Santos, M., Uftring, M., Stahl, C. A., Lockie, R. G., Alvar, B., Mann, J. B., & Dawes, J. J. (2020). Stress in academic and athletic performance in collegiate athletes: A narrative review of sources and monitoring strategies. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00042
   Google Scholar
• Lõpez, R. L., & Levy, J. J. (2013). Student athletes’ perceived barriers to and preferences for seeking counseling. Journal of College Counseling, 16(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2013.00024.x
   Google Scholar
• López de Subijana, C., Barriopedro, M., & Conde, E. (2015). Supporting dual career in Spain: Elite athletes’ barriers to study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 21, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Flores, M., Hong, H. J., & Botwina, G. (2021). Dual career of junior athletes: Identifying challenges, available resources, and roles of social support providers. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 16(47), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.12800/CCD.V16I47.1673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupo, C., Guidotti, F., Goncalves, C. E., Moreira, L., Topič, M. D., Bellardini, H., Tonkonogi, M., Colin, A., & Capranica, L. (2015). Motivation towards dual career of European student-athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(December), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.940557
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacNamara, Á, & Collins, D. (2010). The role of psychological characteristics in managing the transition to university. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(5), 353–362. Retrieved June 20, 2017, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins, F. B., da Rocha, H. P. A., & da Costa, F. R. (2020). A narrative review on student-athletes in higher education: Barriers, solutions and satisfactory post-sport career transition. International Journal of Higher Education, 6, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.20396/riesup.v6i0.8657154
   Google Scholar
• McKenna, J., & Dunstan-Lewis, N. (2004). An action research approach to supporting elite student-athletes in higher education. European Physical Education Review, 10(2), 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X04044070
   Google Scholar
• Moreno, R., Chamorro, J. L., & López de Subijana, C. (2021). Employee-athletes: Exploring the elite Spanish athletes’ perceptions of combining sport and work. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(February), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633133
   Google Scholar
• Morris, R., Cartigny, E., Ryba, T. V., Wylleman, P., Henriksen, K., Torregrossa, M., Lindahl, K., & Erpič, S. C. (2021). A taxonomy of dual career development environments in European countries. European Sport Management Quarterly, 21(1), 134–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1725778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, M. C., & Jones Taylor, V. (2012). The role of situational cues in signaling and maintaining stereotype threat. In M. Inzlicht, & T. Schmader (Eds.), Stereotype threat theory, process, and application (pp. 17–33). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nikander, J. A. O., Ronkainen, N. J., Korhonen, N., Saarinen, M., & Ryba, T. V. (2020). From athletic talent development to dual career development? A case study in a Finnish high performance sports environment. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1854822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson, M., & Martiny, S. E. (2018). Does exposure to counterstereotypical role models influence girls’ and women’s gender stereotypes and career choices? A review of social psychological research. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill, M., Allen, B., & Calder, A. M. (2013). Pressures to perform: An interview study of Australian high performance school-age athletes’ perceptions of balancing their school and sporting lives. Performance Enhancement and Health, 2(3), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2013.06.001
   Google Scholar
• Oros, S., & Hanţiu, I. (2016). Guidelines of the dual career management in sport. Palestrica of the Third Millennium - Civilization and Sport, 17(3), 211–218.
   Google Scholar
• Pike, E. C. J. (2010). The elite child athlete and injury risk. In C. H. Brackenridge, & D. Rhind (Eds.), Elite child athlete welfare: International perspectives (pp. 51–59). Brunel University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, D. (2006). Acting like an individual versus feeling like an individual. In T. Postmes & J. Jetten (Eds.), Individuality and the group: Advances in social identity (pp. 37–55). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446211946.n3
   Google Scholar
• Purcell, R., Gwyther, K., & Rice, S. M. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: Increased awareness requires An early intervention framework to respond to athlete needs. Sports Medicine – Open, 5(46), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0220-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rasquinha, A. M., & Cardinal, B. J. (2017). Association of athletic identity by competitive sport level and cultural popularity. Journal of Sport Behavior, 40(2), 191–203.
   Google Scholar
• Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B., Aron, C. M., Baron, D., Baum, A. L., Bindra, A., Budgett, R., Campriani, N., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Currie, A., Derevensky, J. L., Glick, I. D., Gorczynski, P., Gouttebarge, V., Grandner, M. A., Han, D. H., McDuff, D., Mountjoy, M., Polat, A., … Engebretsen, L. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(11), 667–699. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimer, N. K., Schmid, K., Hewstone, M. & Al Ramiah, A. (2020). Self-categorization and social identification: Making sense of us and them. In D. Chadee (Ed.), Theories in social psychology (pp. 1–30). Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Riciputi, S., & Erdal, K. (2017). The effect of stereotype threat on student-athlete math performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 54–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronkainen, N. J., Kavoura, A., & Ryba, T. V. (2016). A meta-study of athletic identity research in sport psychology: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 45–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1096414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C. (2015). Factors impacting carded athlete’s readiness for dual careers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 21, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryba, T. V., Stambulova, N. B., Selänne, H., Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2017). “Sport has always been first for me” but “all my free time is spent doing homework”: dual career styles in late adolescence. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 33, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallen, J., Hemming, K., & Richartz, A. (2018). Facilitating dual careers by improving resistance to chronic stress: Effects of an intervention programme for elite student athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(1), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1407363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmader, T., Forbes, C., & Johns, M. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115(2), 336–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, R. B., Herring, M. P., & Campbell, M. J. (2018a). Associations between motivation and mental health in sport: A test of the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, R. B., Herring, M. P., & Campbell, M. J. (2018b). Longitudinal relations of mental health and motivation among elite student-athletes across a condensed season: Plausible influence of academic and athletic schedule. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37, 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, C. F., & Howe, P. D. (2012). The (In)validity of supercrip representation of paralympian athletes. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 36(2), 174–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723511433865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D., & Martiny, S. E. (2018). Stereotype threat in sport: Recommendations for applied practice and research. Sport Psychologist, 32(4), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambulova, N. B., Engström, C., Franck, A., Linnér, L., Lindahl, K., & Linn, L. (2015). Searching for an optimal balance: Dual career experiences of Swedish adolescent athletes. Psychology of Sport And Exercise, 21, 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambulova, N. B., & Ryba, T. V. (2014). A critical review of career research and assistance through the cultural lens : towards cultural praxis of athletes’ careers. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2013.851727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambulova, N. B., & Wylleman, P. (2014). Athletes’ career development and transitions. In A. Papaioannou, & D. Hackfort (Eds.), Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology. Global perspectives and fundamental concepts (pp. 603–618). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stambulova, N. B., & Wylleman, P. (2019). Psychology of athletes’ dual careers: A state-of-the-art critical review of the European discourse. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.11.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, Y., & Brewer, B. W. (2007). Perceived determinants of identification with the athlete role among elite competitors. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(1), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200600944090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, J., Harrison, C. K., & Mottley, J. V. (2012). “Don’t call me a student-athlete”: The effect of identity priming on stereotype threat for academically engaged African American college athletes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 34(2), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.655624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storm, L. K., Henriksen, K., Stambulova, N. B., Cartigny, E., Ryba, T. V., De Brandt, K., Ramis, Y., & Cecić Erpič, S. (2021). Ten essential features of European dual career development environments: A multiple case study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 54(June 2020), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101918
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2001). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In M. A. Hogg, & D. Abrams (Eds.), Key readings in Social Psychology. Intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Theberge, N. (2008). “Just a normal bad part of what I do”: Elite athletes’ accounts of the relationship between health and sport. Sociology of Education, 25(2), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.25.2.206
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory (pp. 1–239). Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., & Oakes, P. J. (1986). The significance of the social identity concept for social psychology with reference to individualism, interactionism and social influence. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25(3), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00732.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., Penelope, J. O., Haslam, A. S., & McGarty, C. (1994). Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 454–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294205002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., & Reynolds, K. J. (2012). Self-categorization theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & T. E. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 399–417). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n46
   Google Scholar
• van Rens, F. E. C. A., Ashley, R. A., & Steele, A. R. (2019). Well-being and performance in dual careers: The role of academic and athletic identities. The Sport Psychologist, 33(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2018-0026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rensburg, J. C., Surujlal, J., & Dhurup, M. (2011). Exploring wellness practices and barriers: A qualitative study of university student-athletes. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 17(2), 1–24 . https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpherd.v17i2.67664
   Google Scholar
• Van Slingerland, K. J., Durand-Bush, N., & Rathwell, S. (2018). Levels and prevalence of mental health functioning in Canadian university student-athletes. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 48(2), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.7202/1057108ar
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vervoon, C. (2016). Dual-career quality framework. Research report. European Commission. https://kics.sport.vlaanderen/topsport/Documents/151214_Dual_Careers_Research_Report_Summary.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wahto, R. S., Swift, J. K., & Whipple, J. L. (2016). The role of stigma and referral source in predicting college student-athletes’ attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10(2), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1123/JCSP.2015-0025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wininger, S. R., & White, T. A. (2015). An examination of the dumb jock stereotype in collegiate student-athletes: A comparison of student versus student-athlete perceptions. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 9(2), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1179/1935739715z.00000000036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wylleman, P., Smismans, S., Defruyt, S., Kegelaers, J., De Brandt, K., & Blijlevens, S. (2020). How should athletes be supported before, during and after athletic retirement? Moving from an athletic-centred needs analysis to practical guidelines for career support stakeholders. IOC Olympic Studies Centre. https://library.olympic.org/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/470797
   Google Scholar
• Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Corlette, J. D., Cheng, G., Foster, D. T., & Albright, J. (2007). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with symptoms of depression in competitive collegiate student athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(6), 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31815aed6b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yopyk, D. J. A., & Prentice, D. A. (2005). Am I an athlete or a student? Identity salience and stereotype threat in student-athletes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(4), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2704_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafeiroudi, A., Patsiaouras, A., Dalamitros, A., Bekiari, A., & Kouthouris, C. (2020). Dual career of elite athletes in Greece. Journal of Social Science Studies, 7(2), 120–134. https://doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v7i2.17409
   Google Scholar