References
- Ahammer, A., Halla, M., & Lackner, M. (2020). Mass gatherings contributed to early COVID-19 mortality: Evidence from US sports (Economics Working Papers 2020-13). Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria. https://ideas.repec.org/p/jku/econwp/2020-13.html
- Ansell, R., & Mullins, J. P. (2021). COVID-19 ends longest employment recovery and expansion in CES history, causing unprecedented job losses in 2020: Monthly Labor Review. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2021/article/covid-19-ends-longest-employment-expansion-in-ces-history.htm
- Asadi, S., Wexler, A. S., Cappa, C. D., Barreda, S., Bouvier, N. M., & Ristenpart, W. D. (2019). Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 2348. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z
- Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
- Boice, J., & Silver, N. (2021, March 14). 2021 March madness predictions. FiveThirtyEight. https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2021-march-madness-predictions/
- Bouchat, P., Rimé, B., Van Eycken, R., & Nils, F. (2020). The virtues of collective gatherings: A study on the positive effects of a major scouting event. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50(3), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12649
- Bradley, D. (2021, March 25). Common sense approach: Marion County’s mask mandate and capacity limits will remain in place. WRTV. https://www.wrtv.com/news/coronavirus/common-sense-approach-marion-countys-mask-mandate-and-capacity-limits-will-remain-in-place
- Buis, M. L. (2017). FMLOGIT: Stata module fitting a fractional multinomial logit model by quasi maximum likelihood. In Statistical Software Components. Boston College Department of Economics. https://ideas.repec.org/c/boc/bocode/s456976.html
- California Department of Public Health, & Office of Public Affairs. (2020, June 18). California public health officials release guidance requiring Californians to wear face coverings in most settings outside the home. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OPA/Pages/NR20-128.aspx
- Cardazzi, A., Humphreys, B. R., Ruseski, J. E., Soebbing, B., & Watanabe, N. (2020). Professional sporting events increase seasonal influenza mortality in US cities (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3628649). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3628649
- Carlin, P. R., Minard, P., Simon, D. H., & Wing, C. (2021). Effects of large gatherings on the COVID-19 epidemic: Evidence from professional and college sports. Economics and Human Biology, 43, 101033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101033
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, February 11). Your guide to masks. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/about-face-coverings.html
- Crane, M. A., Shermock, K. M., Omer, S. B., & Romley, J. A. (2021). Change in reported adherence to nonpharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic, April-November 2020. JAMA, 325(9), 883–885. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.0286
- Cuschieri, S., Balzan, M., Gauci, C., Aguis, S., & Grech, V. (2021). Mass events trigger Malta’s second peak after initial successful pandemic suppression. Journal of Community Health, 46(3), 618–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00925-6
- Eikenberry, S. E., Mancuso, M., Iboi, E., Phan, T., Eikenberry, K., Kuang, Y., Kostelich, E., & Gumel, A. B. (2020). To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infectious Disease Modelling, 5, 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2020.04.001
- Fischer, C. B., Adrien, N., Silguero, J. J., Hopper, J. J., Chowdhury, A. I., & Werler, M. M. (2021). Mask adherence and rate of COVID-19 across the United States. PLoS One, 16(4), e0249891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249891
- Goodwin, S. (2021, February 7). Super Bowl LV: Outrage over “disgusting” scenes with fans. Yahoo Sport Australia. https://au.sports.yahoo.com/super-bowl-lv-outrage-disgusting-scenes-fans-010906076.html
- Hoang, V.-T., Gautret, P., Memish, Z. A., & Al-Tawfiq, J. A. (2020). Hajj and Umrah mass gatherings and COVID-19 infection. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00218-x
- Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tufekci, Z., Zdimal, V., van der Westhuizen, H.-M., von Delft, A., Price, A., Fridman, L., Tang, L.-H., Tang, V., Watson, G. L., Bax, C. E., Shaikh, R., Questier, F., Hernandez, D., Chu, L. F., Ramirez, C. M., & Rimoin, A. W. (2021). An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(4), e2014564118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014564118
- Howard, M. C. (2021). Gender, face mask perceptions, and face mask wearing: Are men being dangerous during the COVID-19 pandemic? Personality and Individual Differences, 118(4), 110417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110417.
- Inoue, Y., Sato, M., & Nakazawa, M. (2018). Association between sporting event attendance and self-rated health: An analysis of multiyear cross-sectional national data in Japan. Global Health Research and Policy, 3(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-018-0068-9
- Kai, D., Goldstein, G.-P., Morgunov, A., Nangalia, V., & Rotkirch, A. (2020). Universal masking is urgent in the COVID-19 pandemic: SEIR and agent based models, empirical validation, policy recommendations. ArXiv:2004.13553 [Physics, q-Bio]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.13553
- Karimi, S. M., Salunkhe, S. S., White, K. B., Little, B. B., McKinney, W. P., Mitra, R., Chen, Y., Adkins, E. R., Barclay, J. A., Ezekekwu, E., He, C. X., Hurst, D. M., Popescu, M. M., Swinney, D. N., Johnson, D. A., Hollenbach, R., Moyer, S. S., & DuPré, N. C. (2021). Prevalence of unmasked and improperly masked behavior in indoor public areas during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of a stratified random sample from Louisville, Kentucky. PLoS One, 16(7), e0248324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248324
- Konlaan, B., Björby, N., Bygren, L., Weissglas, G., Karlsson, L., & Widmark, M. (2000). Attendance at cultural events and physical exercise and health: A randomized controlled study. Public Health, 114(5), 316–319. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ph.1900670
- Lucas Oil Stadium. (2021). NCAA men’s basketball championship at Lucas Oil Stadium April 3 & 5. Lucas Oil Stadium. https://www.lucasoilstadium.com/event/ncaa-mens-basketball-championship/
- Lush, T., Frisaro, F., & Associated Press (2021, February 8). Tampa Mayor addresses maskless fans after super bowl. U.S. News. https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2021-02-08/throngs-of-maskless-fans-celebrate-tampas-super-bowl-win
- Madrigal, R. (2003). Investigating an evolving Leisure experience: Antecedents and consequences of spectator affect during a Live sporting event. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(1), 23–48. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2003-v35-i1-609
- Matheson, V. (2006). Mega-events: The effect of the world’s biggest sporting events on local, regional, and national economies. Economics Department Working Papers. https://crossworks.holycross.edu/econ_working_papers/68
- McCloskey, B., Zumla, A., Ippolito, G., Blumberg, L., Arbon, P., Cicero, A., Endericks, T., Lim, P. L., Borodina, M., & Group, W. N. C.-19 M. G. E. (2020). Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID-19: A political and public health dilemma. Lancet (London, England), 395(10230), 1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30681-4
- Memish, Z. A., Steffen, R., White, P., Dar, O., Azhar, E. I., Sharma, A., & Zumla, A. (2019). Mass gatherings medicine: Public health issues arising from mass gathering religious and sporting events. Lancet (London, England), 393(10185), 2073–2084. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30501-X
- Mills, W. (2021, April 6). NCAA recaps efforts to safely host March Madness – Inside INdiana Business. https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/43614281/ncaa-recaps-efforts-to-safely-host-march-madness
- Molla, R. (2021, June 10). Big events are back. Vox. https://www.vox.com/recode/22466585/events-concerts-sports-festivals-conferences-expos-pandemic-return
- NCAA Men’s Basketball Attendance. (2021). https://www.ncaa.org/championships/statistics/ncaa-mens-basketball-attendance
- Nicholson, M., & Hoye, R. (2005). Contextual factors associated with poor sport spectator behaviour. Managing Leisure, 10(2), 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710500146175
- Okten, I. O., Gollwitzer, A., & Oettingen, G. (2020). Gender differences in preventing the spread of coronavirus. PsyArXiv, https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ch4jy
- Olczak, M., Reade, J., & Yeo, M. (2021). Mass outdoor events and the spread of an airborne virus: English football and COVID-19 (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3682781). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3682781
- Paine, N. (2020, March 16). The Coronavirus’s economic effect on sports could be staggering. FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-coronaviruss-economic-effect-on-sports-could-be-staggering/
- Papke, L. E., & Wooldridge, J. M. (1996). Econometric methods for fractional response variables with an application to 401(k) plan participation rates. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11(6), 619–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1255(199611)11:6>619::AID-JAE418>3.0.CO;2-1
- Pattani, A. (2020, April 2). March Madness simulations with machine learning. Google Cloud Blog. https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/data-analytics/march-madness-simulations-with-machine-learning/
- Peckham, H., de Gruijter, N. M., Raine, C., Radziszewska, A., Ciurtin, C., Wedderburn, L. R., Rosser, E. C., Webb, K., & Deakin, C. T. (2020). Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission. Nature Communications, 11(1), 6317. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6
- Pells, E., Russo, R., Long, M., Wilson, B., Olson, E., & Raby, J. (2021, March 18). NCAA sets arena limits for March Madness at 22% capacity. NBC. https://www.nbcboston.com/news/sports/ncaa-sets-arena-limits-for-march-madness-at-22-capacity/2332969/
- Perić, M., Wise, N., Heydari, R., Keshtidar, M., & Mekinc, J. (2021). Getting back to the event: COVID-19, attendance and perceived importance of protective measures. Kinesiology, 53(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.26582/k.53.1.2
- Rader, B., White, L. F., Burns, M. R., Chen, J., Brilliant, J., Cohen, J., Shaman, J., Brilliant, L., Kraemer, M. U. G., Hawkins, J. B., Scarpino, S. V., Astley, C. M., & Brownstein, J. S. (2021). Mask-wearing and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the USA: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet Digital Health, 3(3), e148–e157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30293-4
- Red, C. (2021, March 27). Baseball signifies American normalcy: Opening day comes as pandemic nightmare wanes. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/sports/mlb-s-opening-day-latest-signal-american-life-returning-normal-n1262113
- Regenstrief Institute. (2022). COVID-19 dashboard. Regenstrief Institute. https://www.regenstrief.org/covid-dashboard/
- Ricciardelli, M. (2021, January 29). Vaccine changing attitudes towards attending sporting events – The Seton Hall Sports Poll. The Seton Hall Sports Poll. https://blogs.shu.edu/sportspoll/2021/01/29/vaccine-changing-attitudes-towards-attending-sporting-events/
- Signorelli, C., Odone, A., Riccò, M., Bellini, L., Croci, R., Oradini-Alacreu, A., Fiacchini, D., & Burioni, R. (2020). Major sports events and the transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Analysis of seven case-studies in Europe. Acta Biomedica Atenei Parmensis, 91(2), 242–244. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i2.9699
- Sutfin, L. (2020, October 5). MDHHS – MDHHS issues emergency order designed to protect the health and safety of all Michiganders, directive restricts gatherings, requires face coverings, limits bars and other venues. Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/0,5885,7-339-73970_71692_71696-541440–,00.html
- Texas Department of Health Services. (2021, September 20). Opening the State of Texas | COVID-19. https://www.dshs.texas.gov/coronavirus/opentexas.aspx
- Vest, J. R., Blackburn, J., Cash-Goldwasser, S., Peters Bergquist, E., & Embi, P. J. (2021). Mask-wearing behavior at the 2021 NCAA men’s basketball tournament. JAMA, 326(13), 1324–1325. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.14057
- Vest, J. R., Cash-Goldwasser, S., Peters Bergquist, E., Caine, V. A., Halverson, P., & Embi, P. J. (2021). Direct observation, estimates, and correlates of public mask-wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic – Harvard Public Health Review: A student-run peer-reviewed journal. Harvard Public Health Review, 29. https://hphr.org/29-article-vest/
- WA Governor’s Office. (2020, June 23). Inslee announces statewide mask mandate. https://www.governor.wa.gov/news-media/inslee-announces-statewide-mask-mandate
- Walsh, D. A. (2020, September 13). ‘It’s BS’-Students, Austin residents and health officials push back on UT football game. Texas Public Radio. https://www.tpr.org/texas/2020-09-13/its-bs-students-austin-residents-and-health-officials-push-back-on-ut-football-game
- World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted? https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted
- World Health Organization. (2021). Sporting events during the COVID-19 pandemic: Considerations for public health authorities. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/502853/sporting-event-considerations-COVID-19.pdf
- Xu, J., Sung, H., Tainsky, S., & Mondello, M. (2015). A tale of three cities: Intra-game ratings in winning, losing, and neutral markets. International Journal of Sport Finance, 10(2), 122–137.