Habitat selection and diet of the Neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis) on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, and range-wide monitoring recommendations

References

• Rheingantz ML, Trinca C Lontra longicaudis [Internet]. IUCN Red List Threat. Species 2015 e.T12304A21937379. 2015 [cited 2018 Feb 26]. Available from: https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12304A21937379.en.
   Google Scholar
• Rheingantz ML, Santiago-Plata VM, Trinca CS. The Neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis: a comprehensive update on the current knowledge and conservation status of this semiaquatic carnivore. Mamm Rev. 2017;47(4):291–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spínola-Parallada RM, Vaughan-Dickhaut C. Dieta de la nutria neotropical (Lutra longicaudis) en la Estación Biológica La Selva, Costa Rica. Neotropical river otter (Lutra longicaudis) diet in La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. [Internet]. Vida Silv Neotrop. 1995;4;125–132. Available from http://www.sidalc.net/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=oet.xis&method=post&formato=2&cantidad=1&expresion=mfn=012088
   Google Scholar
• Plata VMS. Ocupación y distribución potencial de la nutria neotropical (Lontra longicaudis) asociada a variables ambientales en la cuenca del río San Juan, Costa Rica. Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza; 2013, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
   Google Scholar
• Quintana-Morales Y. Distribución y Estado de Conservación de la Nutria de río (Lontra longicaudis, Olfers, 1818) en los Humedales del Sistema Guatemalteco de Áreas Protegidas y su Conservación. 2013, Guatemala : Organización Nacional para la Conservación y el Ambiente.
   Google Scholar
• Navarro-Picado J, Spínola-Parallada M, Madrigal-Mora A, et al. Selección de hábitat de Lontra longicaudis (Carnivora, Mustelidae) bajo la influencia de la represa hidroeléctrica del río Peñas Blancas y sus tributarios, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Uniciencia. 2017;31(1):73–84.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson MD. Measuring habitat quality : a review measuring habitat quality : a review. Condor. 2007;109(3):489–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Horne B. Density as a misleading measurement of habitat quality. J Wildl Manage. 1983;47(4):893–901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinca CS, Jaeger CF, Eizirik E. Molecular ecology of the Neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis): non-invasive sampling yields insights into local population dynamics. Biol J Linn Soc. [Internet]. 2013;109(4):932–948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega J, Navarrete D, Maldonado JE. Non-invasive sampling of endangered neotropical river otters reveals high levels of dispersion in the Lacantun River System of Chiapas, Mexico. Anim Biodivers Conserv. 2012;35:59–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruuk H, Moorhouse A, Conroy J, et al. An estimate of numbers and habitat preferences of otters Lutra lutra in Shetland, UK. Biol Conserv. 1989;49(4):241–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardini R, Trajano E. Use of shelters by the neotropical River Otter (Lontra longicaudis) in an Atlantic Forest Stream, Southeastern Brazil. J Mammal. [Internet]. 1999;80(2):600–610. https://doi.org/10.2307/1383304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly BF, Mcdonald LL, Thomas DL, et al. Resource selection by animals statistical design and analysis for field. 2nd. Nordrecht (The Netherlands): Kluwer; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie DI, Royle JA. Designing occupancy studies: general advice and allocating survey effort. J Appl Ecol. 2005;42(6):1105–1114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okes NC, O’Riain MJ. Otter occupancy in the Cape Peninsula: estimating the probability of river habitat use by Cape clawless otters, Aonyx capensis, across a gradient of human influence. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst. 2017;27(3):706–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffress MR, Paukert CP, Whittier JB, et al. Scale-dependent factors affecting North American River Otter distribution in the midwest. Am Midl Nat. 2011;166(1):177–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant D, Vasseur L, Berube CH. Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: a case study on river otters. J Wildl Manage. 2007;71(1):258–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruuk H, Conroy JWH. Surveying otter Lutra lutra populations: A discussion of problems with spraints. Biol Conserv. 1987;41(3):179–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason CF, Macdonald SM. The use of spraints for surveying otter Lutra lutra populations: an evaluation. Biol Conserv. 1987;41(3):167–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy JWH, French DD. The use of spraints to monitor populations of otters (Lutra lutra L.). Symp Zool Soc London. 1987;58:247–262.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson DH. the comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology. [Internet]. 1980;61(1):65–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahumada JA, Hurtado J, Lizcano D. Monitoring the status and trends of tropical forest terrestrial vertebrate communities from camera trap data: a tool for conservation. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rheingantz ML, Leuchtenberger C, Zucco CA, et al. Differences in activity patterns of the Neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis between rivers of two Brazilian ecoregions. J Trop Ecol. 2016;32(2):170–174.
   Google Scholar
• Wagnon CJ, Serfass TL. Camera traps at northern river otter latrines enhance carnivore detectability along riparian areas in eastern North America. Glob Ecol Conserv. [Internet]. 2016;8:138–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerone L, Carpaneto GM, Loy A. Why camera traps fail to detect a semi-aquatic mammal: activation devices as possible cause. Wildl Soc Bull. 2015;9999:1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo-Reynoso JP. Distribución y estado actual de la nutria o perro de agua (Lutra longicaudis annectens, Major, 1897) en la Sierra Madre del Sur. Internet]. México; 1989. Available from: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Distribuci?n+y+estado+actual+de+la+nutria+o+perro+de+agua+(Lutra+longicaudis+annectens+Major,+1897)+en+la+sierra+madre+del+sur,+M?xico#0
   Google Scholar
• Casariego-Madorell M, List R, Ceballos G. Tamaño Poblacional Y Alimentación De La Nutria De Río (Lontra Longicaudis Annectens) En La Costa De Oaxaca, Mexico. Acta Zoológica Mex. 2008;24:179–199.
   Google Scholar
• Rólier-Lara L, IS W. Diversity, abundance and distribution of river shrimps (decapoda, caridea) in the largest river basin of Costa Rica, Central America. New Front Crustac Biol. [Internet]. 2011;197–212. Available from. :. http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/books/10.1163/ej.9789004174252.i-354.140
   Google Scholar
• Ankersen TT, Regan KE, Mack SA. Towards a bioregional approach to tropical forest conservation: Costa Rica’s Greater Osa Bioregion. Futures. 2006;38(4):406–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor P, Asner G, Dahlin K, et al. Landscape-scale controls on aboveground forest carbon stocks on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbent E, Almeyda Zambr A, Dirzo R, et al. INOGO Mapas 2012: a high resolution map of land cover in the Osa Peninsula and Golfito region of Costa Rica. 2012, Stanford University.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt CA, Durham WH, Menke CM, Social capital in development: bonds, bridges, and links in Osa and Golfito, Costa Rica. Hum Organ. [Internet]. 2015;74(3):217–229. Available from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=109267132&lang=de&site=ehost-live
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murie O. Peterson field guide to mammal track and sign [Internet]. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company; 1974. Available from https://books.google.com/books?id=W0oXVdorWzkC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=Tayra+tracks&source=bl&ots=YpMlqgpsz6&sig=_rkRmwclau7zgMXeKWBvLFotAZQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx0NCym8TZAhUR7GMKHfP_AOIQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Tayra tracks&f=false
   Google Scholar
• Wainwright M. The mammals of Costa Rica: a natural history and field guide. Cornell University Press; 2007, New York, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins D, Walker JGK, McCowan D. Analyses of otter (Lutra lutra) faeces from Deeside. NE Scotland J Zool. 1979;187:235–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen L, Hansen HM. Analysis of otter (Lutra lutra) spraints: part 1: comparison of methods to estimate prey proportions; Part 2: estimation of the size of prey fish. J Zool. [Internet]. 1996;238(1):167–180.
   Google Scholar
• Perini AA, Vieira EM, Schulz UH. Evaluation of methods used for diet analysis of the neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis (Carnivora, Mustelidae) based on spraints. Mamm Biol. 2009;74(3):230–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchs DM, Baumgartner PO. Comment on “From seamount accretion to tectonic erosion: formation of Osa Melange and the effects of Cocos Ridge subduction in southern Costa Rica” by P. Vannucchi et al. Tectonics. 2007;26(3):TC3009 551.805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies GM, Gray A. Don’t let spurious accusations of pseudoreplication limit our ability to learn from natural experiments (and other messy kinds of ecological monitoring). Ecol Evol. 2015;5(22):5295–5304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royle JA. N-mixture models for estimating population size from spatially replicated counts. Biometrics. 2004;60(1):108–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh J, Ghattas AE. Bayesian variable selection under collinearity. Am Stat. [Internet]. 2015;69(3):165–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2015.1031827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooten MB, Hobbs NT. A guide to Bayesian model selection for ecologists. Ecol Monogr. 2015;85(1):3–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kéry M. 2010. Introduction to winbugs for ecologists: bayesian approach to regression, anova, mixed models and related analyses [Internet]. First. Acad. Press. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Available from: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Bayesian-Population-Analysis-using-WinBUGS/dp/0123870208%5Cnhttp://books.google.com/books?hl=en‎&id=kd4JGs44ap4C&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=Bayesian+Population+Analysis+using+WinBUGS,:+A+Hierarchical+Perspective&ots=VT31aqK_5r&sig=pI6yaqy
   Google Scholar
• Brooks SP, Gelman A. General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. J Comput Graph Stat. 1998;7:434–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold TW, Uninformative parameters and model selection using akaike’s information criterion. J Wildl Manage. Internet]. 2010;74:1175–1178. Available from. ;(6):. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2193/2009-367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa S, Schielzeth H. A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol Evol. 2013;4(2):133–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-azofeifa AGA, Rivard B, Calvo J, et al. Dynamics of tropical deforestation around national parks: remote sensing of forest change on the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica. Mt Res Dev. 2002;22(4):352–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battisti C, Fanelli G, Mariani L, et al. Assessing disturbance-sensitivity and generalism in mammals: corroborating a hump-shaped relationship using a hemerobiotic approach. Ecol Indic. [Internet]. 2017;76:178–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez JJ, Túnez JI, Fracassi N, et al. Habitat suitability and anthropogenic correlates of Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) distribution. J Mammal. [Internet]. 2014;95(4):824–833. Available from https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-lookup/doi/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rheingantz ML, de Menezes JFS, de Thoisy B. Defining Neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis distribution, conservation priorities and ecological frontiers. Trop Conserv Sci. 2014;7(2):214–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo JP. DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEOTROPICAL RIVER OTTER (Lutra longicaudis annectens Major, 1897) IN THE RIO YAQUI. Sonora, Mexico; IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 13(1). 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz D. Wildlife of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, Oregon, USA: Timber Press, Inc; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Du Preez BD, Loveridge AJ, Macdonald DW. To bait or not to bait: A comparison of camera-trapping methods for estimating leopard Panthera pardus density. Biol Conserv. [Internet]. 2014;176:153–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolim FA, Rodrigues PFC, Gadig OBF. Baited videos to assess semi-aquatic mammals: occurrence of the neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis (Carnivora: mustelidae) in a marine coastal island in São Paulo, Southeast Brazil. Mar Biodivers. 2019;49(2):1047–1051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briones-Salas M, Peralta-Pérez MA, Arellanes E. Análisis temporal de los hábitos alimentarios de la nutria neotropical (Lontra longicaudis) en el rio Zimatán en la costa de Oaxaca, México. [Internet]. Therya. 2013;4;311–326. Available from http://www.mastozoologiamexicana.org/doi/10.12933/therya-13-138/therya-13-138
   Google Scholar
• Rheingantz ML, de Menezes JFS, Galliez M, et al. Biogeographic patterns in the feeding habits of the opportunist and semiaquatic Neotropical otter. Hydrobiologia. 2017;792(1):1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groenendijk J, Hajek F, Duplaix N, et al. Surveying and monitoring distribution and population trends of the giant otter. Habitat. 2005. GN-Gruppe Naturschutz GmbH Sudendorfallee, pp. 3–99
   Google Scholar
• Arellano Nicolas E., Sanchez Nunez E., Mosqueda Cabrera MA. Distribuición y Abundancia de la nutria Neotropical (Lontra longicaudis annectens) en Tlacotalpan, Veracruz, MÉxico. Acta Zool Mex. 2012;28:270–279.
   Google Scholar
• Duque-Dávila DL, Martínez-Ramírez E, Botello-López FJ, et al. Distribución, abundancia y hábitos alimentarios de la nutria (Lontra longicaudis annectens Major, 1897) en el Río Grande, Reserva de la Biosfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Oaxaca, México. Therya. [Internet]. 2013;4(2):281–296. Available from http://www.mastozoologiamexicana.org/doi/10.12933/therya-13-128/therya-13-128.
   Google Scholar
• Mayagoitia-González PE, Fierro-Cabo A, Valdez R, et al. Uso de hábitat y perspectivas de Lontra longicaudis en un área protegida de Tamaulipas, México. Therya. 2013;4(2):243–256.
   Google Scholar
• García CF, Contreras Balderas AJ, Nava CR, et al. Habitat and abundance of the Neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis annectens) in Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, Mexico. Therya. 2017;8(2):123–130.
   Google Scholar
• Macias Sanchez S. EVALUACIÓN DEL HÁBITAT DE LA NUTRIA NEOTROPICAL (Lontra longicaudis OLFERS, 1818) EN DOS RÍOS DE LA ZONA CENTRO DEL ESTADO DE VERACRUZ, MÉXICO. Inst Ecol AC. 2003, pp. 1–91.
   Google Scholar
• Kruuk H, Conroy JWH, Glimmerveen U, et al. The use of spraints to survey populations of otters Lutra lutra. Biol Conserv. 1986;35(2):187–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper CB, Bastazini VAG, Salvi J, et al. Trophic ecology and the use of shelters and latrines by the Neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis) in the Taquari Valley, Southern Brazil. Iheringia Série Zool. Internet]. 2008;98:469–474. Available from. ;(4):. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0073-47212008000400009&lng=en&tlng=en.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gompper ME, Kays RW, Ray JC, et al. A comparison of noninvasive techniques to survey carnivore communities in Northeastern North America peer reviewed a comparison of noninvasive techniques to survey carnivore communities in Northeastern North America. Wildl Soc Bull. [Internet]. 2006;34(4):1142–1151. Available from: //000243173600032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano-Oliveira E, Fusco R, Dos Santos EAV, et al. New information about the behavior of lontra longicaudis (Carnivora: mustelidae) by radio-telemetry. IUCN Otter Spec Gr Bull. 2004;21:31–35.
   Google Scholar
• Melquist WE, Hornocker MG. Ecology of river Otters in West Central Idaho. Wildl Monogr. 1983;83:3–60.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie DI, Nichols JD, Lachman GB, et al. Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. Ecology. 2010;83:2248–2255.
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie DI, Nichols JD, Lachman GB, et al. Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. Ecology [Internet]. 2002;83(8):2248–2255. Available from. .
   Google Scholar
• Carrillo-Rubio E, Lafón A. Neotropical river otter micro-habitat preference in West-Central Chihuahua, Mexico. Mex IUCN Otter Spec Gr Bull. 2004;21:10–15.
   Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan W. Efficiency and Limitations of the standard otter (lutra lutra) survey technique in Ireland. Biol Environ Proc R Irish Acad. 1993;93:49–53.
   Google Scholar