Decarceration from Local County Jails during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Closer Look

References

• Akiyama, M. J., Spaulding, A. C., & Rich, J. D. (2020). Flattening the curve for incarcerated populations—Covid-19 in jails and prisons. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(22), 2075–2077. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, D., Dobbie, W., & Yang, C. S. (2018). Racial bias in bail decisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(4), 1885–1932. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, J., Eisen, L. B., Cullen, J., & Frank, J. (2016). How many Americans are unnecessarily incarcerated? Research report. Brennan Center for Justice at the NYU School of Law.
   Google Scholar
• Barksy, B. A., Reinhart, E., Farmer, P., & Keshavjee, S. (2021). Vaccination plus decarceration – Stopping COVID-19 in jails and prisons. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(17), 1583–1585. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2100609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bick, J. A. (2007). Infection control in jails and prisons. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 45(8), 1047–1055. https://doi.org/10.1086/521910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M. C., Vogel, M., & Williams, J. (2015). Historical contingencies and the evolving importance of race, violent crime, and region in explaining mass incarceration in the United States. Criminology, 53(2), 180–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmichael, J. T. (2005). The determinants of jail use across large US cities: An assessment of racial, ethnic, and economic threat explanations. Social Science Research, 34(3), 538–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19. (2020). Interim guidance on management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in correctional and detention facilities. Retrieved January 30, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/correction-detention/guidance-correctional-detention.html#Overview
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, P. C., Gajraj, R., Chandan, J. S., Roy, A., Lumby, V., Taylor, A., … O'Moore, E. (2020). Implementation of novel and conventional outbreak control measures in managing a COVID-19 outbreak in a large UK prison. medRxiv. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.07.20234641
   Google Scholar
• Curran, P. J., Obeidat, K., & Losardo, D. (2010). Twelve frequently asked questions about growth curve modeling. Journal of Cognition and Development, 11(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248371003699969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Alessio, S. J., & Stolzenberg, L. (1995). The impact of sentencing guidelines on jail incarceration in Minnesota. Criminology, 33(2), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01179.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, E., Du, H., & Gardner, L. (2020, February 19). An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis, 20(5), 533–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1
   Google Scholar
• Downs, D., & Henrichson, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on jail populations: A closer look at bookings and releases. Appriss Insights. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from https://perma.cc/USG5-G44P
   Google Scholar
• Franco-Paredes, C., Ghandnoosh, N., Latif, H., Krsak, M., Henao-Martinez, A. F., Robins, M., … Poeschla, E. M. (2021). Decarceration and community re-entry in the COVID-19 era. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(1), e11–e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30730-1
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, D. F., & West, V. (2001). State prison populations and their growth, 1971-1991. Criminology, 39(3), 615–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00935.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton Project. (n.d.). Incarceration rates in OECD countries. Brookings Institution. Retrieved June 3, 2021, from https://www.hamiltonproject.org/charts/incarceration_rates_in_oecd_countries
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, A., Taylor, O., & Wang, A. (2020, December). COVID-19, jails, and public safety Report for the National Commission on COVID-19 and Criminal Justice. Council on Criminal Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Hawks, L., Woolhandler, S., & McCormick, D. (2020). COVID-19 in prisons and jails in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(8), 1041–1042. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, E. (2016). From the war on poverty to the war on crime: The making of mass incarceration in America. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hinton, E. (2021). America on fire: The untold history of police violence and Black rebellion since the 1960s. Liveright Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, J., & Velázquez, T. (2020, June). Small but growing group incarcerated for a month or more has kept jail populations high. Pew Charitable Trusts. Project on Public Safety Performance. Retrieved June 3, 2021, from https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2020/06/23/small-but-growing-group-incarcerated-for-a-month-or-more-has-kept-jail-populations-high
   Google Scholar
• Ivanov, S., Novisky, M. A., & Vogel, M. (2021). Racial resentment, empathy, and support for release during COVID-19: Results from a survey experiment. Socius, 7, 23780231211005222. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231211005222
   Google Scholar
• Jail Data Initiative. (2020). Daily jail population counts. Public Safety Lab, New York University. Retrieved January 22, 2021, from https://github.com/publicsafetylab/public-psl-jdi-pops
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, W. W. (1992). An empirical assessment of punishment and social structure: 1983 and 1987 [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida State University.
   Google Scholar
• Kajeepeta, S., Rutherford, C. G., Keyes, K. M., El-Sayed, A. M., & Prins, S. J. (2020). County jail incarceration rates and county mortality rates in the United States, 1987-2016. American Journal of Public Health, 110(S1), S109–S115. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamarulzaman, A., Reid, S. E., Schwitters, A., Wiessing, L., El-Bassel, N., Dolan, K., Moazen, B., Wirtz, A. L., Verster, A., & Altice, F. L. (2016). Prevention of transmission of HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis in prisoners. The Lancet, 388(10049), 1115–1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30769-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang-Brown, J., Montagnet, C., & Heiss, J. (2021). People in jail and prison in 2020. New York Vera Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Llabre, M. M., Spitzer, S., Siegel, S., Saab, P. G., & Schneiderman, N. (2004). Applying latent growth curve modeling to the investigation of individual differences in cardiovascular recovery from stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000107886.51781.9C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofstrom, M., & Raphael, S. (2013). Impact of realignment on county jail populations. Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from https://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/other/613MLR_appendix.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Macmadu, A., Berk, J., Kaplowitz, E., Mercedes, M., Rich, J. D., & Brinkley-Rubinstein, L. (2020). COVID-19 and mass incarceration: A call for urgent action. The Lancet Public Health, 5(11), e571–e572. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30231-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malloy, G. S., Puglisi, L., Brandeau, M. L., Harvey, T. D., & Wang, E. A. (2021). Effectiveness of interventions to reduce COVID-19 transmission in a large urban jail: A model-based analysis. BMJ Open,11(2), e042898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margulies, J. (2020, April). Let the people go. Boston Review. Retrieved January 30, 2021, from: http://bostonreview.net/law-justice/joseph-margulies-prisons-and-pandemics
   Google Scholar
• Minton, T. D., & Zeng, Z. (2016). Jail inmates in 2015. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• MIT Election Data and Science Lab. (2018). County presidential election returns 2000-2016. Harvard Dataverse. Retrieved January 6, 2021, from https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ
   Google Scholar
• Mohler, G., Bertozzi, A. L., Carter, J., Short, M. B., Sledge, D., Tita, G. E., … Brantingham, P. J. (2020). Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 68, 101692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montoya-Barthelemy, A., Lee, C. D., Cundiff, D., & Smith, E. (2020). COVID-19 and the correctional environment: The American prison as a focal point for public health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(6), 888–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998/2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Novisky, M. A., Narvey, C. S., & Semenza, D. C. (2020). Institutional responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in American prisons. Victims & Offenders, 15(7–8), 1244–1261. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2020.1825582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowotny, K., Bailey, Z., Omori, M., & Brinkley-Rubinstein, L. (2020). COVID-19 exposes need for progressive criminal justice reform. [Editorial]. American Journal of Public Health, 110(7), 967–968. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellette, H. M. (2018). Local incarceration as social control: A national analysis of social, economic, and political determinants for jail use in the United States [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida State University.
   Google Scholar
• Puglisi, L. B., Malloy, G. S., Harvey, T. D., Brandeau, M. L., & Wang, E. A. (2021). Estimation of COVID-19 basic reproduction ratio in a large urban jail in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 53, 103–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhart, E., & Chen, D. L. (2020). Incarceration and its disseminations: COVID-19 pandemic lessons from Chicago’s cook county jail. Health Affairs, 39(8), 1412–1418. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhart, E., & Chen, D. L. (2021). Carceral-community epidemiology, structural racism, and COVID-19 disparities. PNAS, 118(21), e2026577118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026577118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rising, S., Martyn, K., Kennedy, J., & Grommon, E. (2020). Effect of COVID-19 on Indiana jail populations and operations. Center for Health and Justice Research, Indiana University Public Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, R., Abt, T., & Lopez, E. (2021). Pandemic, social unrest, and crime in U.S. cities: 2020 year-end update. Council on Criminal Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Ryo, E., & Peacock, I. (2020). Jailing immigrant detainees: A national study of county participation in immigrant detention, 1983-2013. Law & Society Review, 54(1), 66–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saloner, B., Parish, K., Ward, J. A., DiLaura, G., & Dolovich, S. (2020). COVID-19 cases and deaths in federal and state prisons. Research Letter. Jama, 324(6), 602–603. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, W., & Wagner, P. (2020, March). Mass incarceration: The whole pie 2020. Prison Policy Initiative. Retrieved January 25, 2021, from https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2020.html
   Google Scholar
• Schnepel, K. T. (2020, December). COVID-19 in U.S. State and federal prisons: December 2020 update. Council on Criminal Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, A., & Seervai, S. (2020, June). How the cash bail system endangers the health of Black Americans. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved June 3, 2021, from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2020/how-cash-bail-system-endangers-health-black-americans
   Google Scholar
• The New York Times. (2020). Coronavirus (Covid-19) data in the United States. Retrieved January 6, 2021, from https://github.com/nytimes/covid-19-data
   Google Scholar
• Turney, K., & Conner, E. (2019). Jail incarceration: A common and consequential form of criminal justice contact. Annual Review of Criminology, 2(1), 265–290. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024601
   Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau. (2019). Demographic and housing estimates, 2018. American Community Survey 1-year estimates. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from https://data.census.gov/cedsci/advanced
   Google Scholar
• Wang, E. A., Western, B., Backes, E. P., & Schuck, J. (2020). Decarcerating correctional facilities during COVID-19: Advancing health, equity, and safety. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2020. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25945
   Google Scholar
• Western, B., Davis, J., Ganter, F., & Smith, N. (2021). The cumulative risk of jail incarceration. PNAS, 118(16), e2023429118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023429118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Prison Brief. (n.d.). Prison population totals. Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research. Retrieved June 3, 2021, from https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, Z. (2020). Jail inmates in 2018. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar