Environmental and economic performance of a water distribution system through a lens of life cycle thinking: A case study of the City of Kelowna

References

• A&B. (2017). “Plate tamper, rev. 1000 Lbs.” https://www.abtoolrentals.com/equipment.asp?action=category&category=35&key=035–0060
   Google Scholar
• Airman. (2017). “Airman PDS100S portable air compressor brochure.” https://catalog.compressedairsystems.com/item/all-categories/airman-portable-air-compressors/airman-pds100s-portable-air-compressor
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, R. F. (2013). Municipal Procurement: Procurement Process Improvements Yield Cost-Effective Public Benefits. The united states conference of mayors. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/34862532/municipal-procurement-us-conference-of-mayors
   Google Scholar
• Andrew, A. (2003). Embodied Energy and CO2 Coefficients for NZ Building Materials. Centre for Building Performance Research Report.
   Google Scholar
• Ariaratnam, S. T., & Sihabuddin, S. S. (2009). Comparison of emitted emissions between trenchless pipe replacement and open-cut utility construction. Journal of Green Building, 4(775), 126–140. doi:10.3992/jgb.4.2.126
   Google Scholar
• ASTM. (2018). Standard test method for density of plastics by the density-gradient technique - D1505. American Society for Testing and Material. Book of Standards Volume: 08.01, https://www.astm.org/Standards/D1505.htm
   Google Scholar
• AWWA. (2011). Buried no longer: Confronting america’s water infrastructure challenge. American Water Works Association. https://www.urbanwaterslearningnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/AmericanWaterWorksBuriedNoLonger2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• AWWA. (2012). Computer modeling of water distribution systems - manual of water supply Practices, M32 (3rd Edition). American Water Works Association. https://www.awwa.org/portals/0/files/publications/documents/toc/m32ed3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• BDC. (2017). “Diesel engine power to Fuel Consumption table - Naturally aspirated Engines.” Barrington Diesel Club, https://www.barringtondieselclub.co.za/technical/fuel/diesel-fuel-consumption-nat-aspirated.pdf
   Google Scholar
• BOC. (2017). “Government of canada marketable bonds - average yield.” Bank of Canada, https://www.bankofcanada.ca/rates/interest-rates/canadian-bonds
   Google Scholar
• Briere, F. G. (2014). Drinking-water distribution, sewage, and rainfall collection. Presses Internationales Polytechnique, second edition.
   Google Scholar
• Chhipi-Shrestha, G., Mohammadiun, S., Ishaq, S., Hu, G., Mian, H., Pokhrel, S., . & Sadiq, R. (2021). Modeling hydraulics and water quality in distribution networks: a review of existing mathematical techniques and software. Water Engineering Modeling and Mathematic Tools, 187–212.
   Google Scholar
• Cmplindia. (2016). “Fuel consumption of construction equipment.” http://www.cmplindia.com/Articles/fuelconsumptionofconstructionequipment.htm
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, R. (2012). Life cycle energy analysis. Environmental Design Guide, 1–8. Retrieved March 15, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26151907
   Google Scholar
• Dandy, G., Roberts, A., Hewitson, C., & Chrystie, P. (2006). Sustainability objectives for the optimization of water distribution networks. Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium, 2006, 1–11. ASCE.
   Google Scholar
• DAS, S. (2016). Evaluation of cured-in-place pipe lining installations. Master Dissertation, University of Alberta.
   Google Scholar
• Dennison, F. J., Azapagic, A., Clift, R., & Colbourne, J. S. (1999). Life cycle assessment: Comparing strategic options for the mains infrastructure - Part I. Water Science and Technology, 39(10–11), 315–319. doi:10.2166/wst.1999.0673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutz. (2017). “Deutz TD 2.9 engines.” Deutz, https://www.deutz.com/en/products/engines/
   Google Scholar
• Dhillon, B. S. (2010). Life cycle costing for engineers. CRC press, Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439816899
   Google Scholar
• DIPRA. (2016). Celebrate sustainable infrastructure. Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association. https://www.dipra.org/ductile-iron-pipe-resources/downloadable-brochures/celebrate-sustainable-infrastructure-brochure
   Google Scholar
• DIS. (2013). Ductile iron data for design engineers. Ductile Iron Society. http://www.ductile.org/didata/Section3/3part2.htm#Density.
   Google Scholar
• Du, F., Woods, G., & Kang, D. (2013). Life cycle analysis for water and wastewater pipe materials. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 139(5), 703–711. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecoinvent. (2019). “What is life cycle thinking & life cycle assessment?” https://www.ecoinvent.org/database/buy-a-licence/why-ecoinvent/life-cycle-thinking.html
   Google Scholar
• Ecomoder. (2017). “Aerodynamic & rolling resistance, power & MPG calculator.” http://ecomodder.com/forum/tool-aero-rolling-resistance.php
   Google Scholar
• Economics, T. (2018). “Economic forecast.” https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/forecast
   Google Scholar
• EDF. (2017). “How cap and trade works.” Environmental Defense Fund, https://www.edf.org/climate/how-cap-and-trade-works
   Google Scholar
• EPRI. (2014). National assessment of energy use by water sector and water consumption by all sectors. Electric Power and Research Institute. Alliance for Water Efficiency Seminar March, https://www.epri.com/research/products/1006787
   Google Scholar
• EPRI and WRF. (2013). Electricity use and management in the municipal water supply and wastewater industries. Electric Power and Research Institute, Report #44545. https://www.waterrf.org/research/projects/electricity-use-and-management-municipal-water-supply-and-wastewater-industries
   Google Scholar
• Filion, Y. R., Maclean, H. L., & Karney, B. W. (2004). Life-cycle energy analysis of a water distribution system. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, ASCE, 10(3), 120–130. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2004)10:3(119)
   Google Scholar
• Folkman, S. (2018). “Water main break rates in the USA and canada: A comprehensive study.”
   Google Scholar
• Francisque, A., Tesfamariam, S., Kabir, G., Haider, H., Reeder, A., & Sadiq, R. (2017). “Water mains renewal planning framework for small to medium sized water utilities: A life cycle cost analysis approach. Urban Water Journal, 14(5), 493–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuelly. (2017). “Ford F-450 Super Duty MPG.” http://www.fuelly.com/car/ford/f-450_super_duty
   Google Scholar
• Ghorbanian, V., Karney, B., & Guo, Y. (2016). Pressure standards in water distribution systems: Reflection on current practice with consideration of some unresolved issues. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(8), 04016023. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000665
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajibabaei, M., Nazif, S., & Tavanaei Sereshgi, F. (2018). Life cycle assessment of pipes and piping process in drinking water distribution networks to reduce environmental impact. Sustainable Cities and Society, Elsevier, 43(September), 538–549. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.09.014
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, G., Arzbaecher, C., Partners, G. E., Ehrhard, R., & Murphy, J. (2009). Driving energy efficiency in the U.S. Water & Wastewater industry by focusing on operating and maintenance cost reductions. Energy, 25, 40.
   Google Scholar
• Hashemi, B., Najafi, M., & Mohamed, R. (2008). Cost of underground infrastructure renewal: A comparison of open-cut and trenchless methods. Pipelines Congress, 2008, 1–11. ASCE.
   Google Scholar
• Herstein, L. M., Filion, Y. R., & Hall, K. R. (2011). Evaluating the environmental impacts of water distribution systems by Using EIO-LCA-based multiobjective optimization. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 137(2), 162–172. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, G., Anber, R., Haroon R. M., Sana S., Madjid M., Saad J., Kasun H., and Rehan S. (2020). “Human health risk-based life cycle assessment of drinking water treatment for heavy metal (loids) removal.„ Journal of Cleaner Production, 267, 121980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUMES. (2016). “concrete pipe reference manual.” http://www.humes.com.au/fileadmin/templates/HUMES/doc/Brochures/Humes_ConcretePipeManual.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ICE. (2011). “Inventory of carbon and energy.” http://www.circularecology.com/subscribe.html
   Google Scholar
• ICTF. (2016). “Union pacific ICTF modernization project conceptual construction equipment utilization.” The Intermodal Container Transfer Facility, http://www.ictf-jpa.org/document_library/application_development_project_approval/AppB.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IEA. (2016). “Water energy nexus.” International Energy Agency https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlook2016ExcerptWaterEnergyNexus.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jetmarova, M. H., Sultanova, N., & Savic, D. (2018). Lost in optimisation of water distribution systems? A literature review of system design. Water, 2018(3), MDPI, 307. DOI: 10.3390/w10030307
   Google Scholar
• Jones, S. C., & Sowby, R. B. (2014a). Water system optimization: Aligning energy efficiency, system performance, and water quality. American Water Works Association, 106(6), 66–71. doi:10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0087
   Google Scholar
• Jones, S. C., & Sowby, R. B. (2014b). Quantifying energy use in The U.S. Public water industry - A summary. 16(4), 6-9.
   Google Scholar
• Kabir, G., Sadiq, R., & Tesfamariam, S. (2014). A review of multi-criteria decision- making methods for infrastructure management. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, Taylor & Francis. 10(9), 1176–1210. DOI: 10.1080/15732479.2013.795978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karunathilake, H., Bakhtavar, E., Chhipi-Shrestha, G., Mian, H. R., Hewage, K., & Sadiq, R. (2020). Decision making for risk management: a multi-criteria perspective. In Methods in chemical process safety (Vol. 4, pp. 239–287). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0197
   Google Scholar
• Kelowna, C. (2013). “Official community plan.” City of Kelowna, https://www.kelowna.ca/our-community/planning-projects/long-range-planning/official-community-plan
   Google Scholar
• Khan, S. (2019). Design improvement in water distribution systems: a life cycle thinking approach (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., Sah, B., Singh, A. R., Deng, Y., He, X., Kumar, P., & Bansal, R. C. (2016). A review of multi criteria decision making (mcdm) towards sustainable renewable energy development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, 69, November 2016, 596–609. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehr, J., Keeley, J., & Lehr, J. (2005). Water encyclopedia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN: 9780471441649.
   Google Scholar
• Lejano, R. P. (2006). Optimizing the layout and design of branched pipeline water distribution systems. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 20(1), 125–137. doi:10.1007/s10795-006-3140-4
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Song, Z., & Ouyang, M. (2020). Lifecycle operational resilience assessment of urban water distribution networks. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier Ltd. 198, 106859. DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2020.106859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maksimovic, C., & Masry, E. N. (2008). Potentials for Improvement of Energy Efficiency for New Design of Water Distribution Systems. Water Distribution Systems Analysis, 2008, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Mark, A. Y. (2000). System design: An overview. Water Distribution Systems Handbook, Mays L. W. McGraw-Hill, American water works association, ISBN: 9780071342131.
   Google Scholar
• Mian, H. R., Chhipi-Shrestha, G., Hewage, K., Rodriguez, M. J., & Sadiq, R. (2020). Predicting unregulated disinfection by-products in small water distribution networks: an empirical modelling framework. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(8), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Mian, H. R., Saleem, S., Hu, G., & Sadiq, R. (2019). “Water distribution systems: Hydraulics and quality modeling -Encyclopedia of Water.„ John Wiley & Sons, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0185
   Google Scholar
• Najafi, M. (2010). Trenchless technology piping: Installation and inspection. American Society of Civil Engineering Press,  ISBN: 9780071489287.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario. (2016). Every drop counts. Environmental Commissioner of Ontario. https://www.auditor.on.ca/en/content/reporttopics/envreports/env17/Every-Drop-Counts.pdf
   Google Scholar
• OREF. (2010). “Fact #620: April 26, 2010 class 8 truck tractor weight by component.” https://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-620-april-26-2010-class-8-truck-tractor-weight-component
   Google Scholar
• Piratla, K. R., Ariaratnam, S. T., & Cohen, A. (2012). Estimation of CO2 emissions from the life cycle of a potable water pipeline project. Journal of Management, 28(1), 22–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRé. (2019). “Do you need a screening LCA or a full, ISO-compliant LCA?” https://www.pre-sustainability.com/sustainability-consulting/sustainability-reporting/screening-or-iso-compliant-lca
   Google Scholar
• Ridge, O. (2016). “Vehicle technologies market report.” https://www.ornl.gov/content/vehicle-technologies-market-report
   Google Scholar
• RSMeans. (2018). “2018 heavy construction costs books.” https://www.rsmeans.com/products/books/2020-cost-data-books.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Schlömer, S., Fulton, L., Hertwich, E., McKinnon, A., Perczyk, D. J. R., Sims, R., Smith, P., & Wiser, R. (2014). ANNEX III - technology-specific cost and performance parameters. In Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and NewYork, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Scribd. (2016). “Standard fuel consumption (Model)(2).” https://www.scribd.com/doc/44059673/Standard-Fuel-Consumption-Model–2
   Google Scholar
• Ship Canada. (2017). “shipping rates.” https://www.shipcanada.ca/shipping-rates.php
   Google Scholar
• Supplement. (2013). “2013 pipe relining guide.” Supplement Trenchless Technology Special, https://www.trenchlesstechnology.com/pdfs/2014-pipe-relining-guide.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Translead, H. (2017). “Duralite flatbed trailer.” http://www.translead.com/trailers/flatbed-trailers
   Google Scholar
• Triantaphyllou, E. (2000). Multi-criteria decision making methods: A comparative study. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, ISBN: 9781475731576.
   Google Scholar
• Uni-Bell. (2017). Life Cycle Assessment of Pvc Water and Sewer Pipe and comparative sustainability analysis of Pipe Materials. Sustainable Solutions Corporation. h ttps://w ww.uni-bell.o rg/files/Reports/Life_Cycle_Assessment_of_PVC_Water_and_Sewer_Pipe_and_Comparative_Sustainability_Analysis_of_Pipe_Materials.pdf
   Google Scholar
• USEPA. (2015). “Systems measures of water distribution system resilience.” The United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NHSRC&dirEntryId=305772
   Google Scholar
• USEPA. (2017). “Understanding global warming potentials.” The United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials
   Google Scholar
• Vafaei, N., Ribeiro, R. A., & Camarinha-Matos, M. (2018, May). Selection of normalization technique for weighted average multi-criteria decision making. In Doctoral Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems (pp. 43-52). Springer, Cham.
   Google Scholar
• Venkatesh, C. (2012). Performance comparison of high density polyethylene pipe (Hdpe) in municipal water applications.  Master Dissertation, University of Texas Arlington.
   Google Scholar
• Xue, X., Cashman, S., Gaglione, A., Mosley, J., Weiss, L., Ma, X. C., Cashdollar, J., & Garland, J. (2019). Holistic analysis of urban water systems in the Greater Cincinnati region: Life cycle assessment and cost implications. Water Research X, Elsevier Ltd, 2. DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2018.100015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar