4,782
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

From European critical infrastructure protection to the resilience of European critical entities: what does it mean?

ORCID Icon &
Pages 85-101 | Received 19 Aug 2022, Accepted 15 Sep 2022, Published online: 03 Oct 2022

References

  • AIIC. (2016). Guidelines for critical infrastructures resilience evaluation. Italian Association of Critical Infrastructures Experts.
  • ANL. (2013). Resilience measurement index: An indicator of critical infrastructure resilience. Argonne National Laboratory.
  • Argyroudis, S. A., Mitoulis, S. A., Chatzi, E., Baker, J. W., Brilakis, J., Gkoumas, K., Vousdoukas, M., Hynes, W., Carluccio, S., Keou, O., Frangopol, D. M., & Linkov, I. (2022). Digital technologies can enhance climate resilience of critical infrastructure. Climate Risk Management, 35, 100387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100387
  • Argyroudis, S. A., Mitoulis, S. A., Hofer, L., Zanini, M. A., Tubaldi, E., & Frangopol, D. M. (2020). Resilience assessment framework for critical infrastructure in a multi-hazard environment: Case study on transport assets. Science of the Total Environment, 714, 136854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136854
  • Aven, T. (2019). The call for a shift from risk to resilience: What does it mean? Risk Analysis, 39(6), 1223–1224. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13270
  • Begli, M., Derakhshan, F., & Karimipour, H. (2019). A layered intrusion detection system for critical infrastructure using machine learning. In 2019 IEEE 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE) proceedings, pp. 120–124.
  • Bergmann, J. (2019). Neofunctionalism and EU external policy integration: The case of capacity building in support of security and development (CBSD). Journal of European Public Policy, 26(9), 1253–1272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1526204
  • Börzel, T. A., & Buzogány, A. (2019). Compliance with EU environmental law. The iceberg is melting. Environmental Politics, 28(2), 315–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1549772
  • Bruneau, M., Chang, S. E., Eguchi, R. T., Lee, G. C., O’Rourke, T. D., Reinhorn, T. D., Shinozuka, M., Tierney, K., Wallace, W. A., & Von Winterfeldt, D. (2003). A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities. Earthquake Spectra, 19(4), 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1623497
  • Cantelmi, R., Di Gravio, G., & Patriarca, R. (2021). Reviewing qualitative research approaches in the context of critical infrastructure resilience. Environment Systems and Decisions, 41(3), 341–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-020-09795-8
  • Christiansen, T., Føllesdal, A., & Piattoni, S. (2004). Informal governance in the European Union: An introduction. Edward Elgar.
  • Council of the European Union. (2008). Council directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection. Official Journal of the European Union. 23.12.2008, L 345/75-L 345/82.
  • Council of the European Union. (2016). Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union. Official Journal of the European Union. 19.7.2016, pp. L 194/1-30.
  • Council of the European Union (2019). Council conclusions of 10 December 2019 on complementary efforts to enhance resilience and counter hybrid threats.14972/19.
  • Council of the European Union. (2022a) . EU resilience: Council presidency and European parliament reach political agreement to strengthen the resilience of critical entities. Press Release 608/22 28/06/2022.
  • Council of the European Union. (2022b). Council Directive “on the resilience of critical entities”. Official Journal of the European Union. forthcoming in 2022.
  • De la Porte, C. (2011). Principal–agent theory and the open method of Co-ordination: The case of the European employment strategy. Journal of European Public Policy, 18(4), 485–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2011.560071
  • DSB. (2017). Vital functions in society. what functional capabilities must society maintain at all times?
  • ERNCIP. (n.d.). European reference network for critical infrastructure protection. https://erncip-project.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
  • European Commission. (2004). Critical Infrastructure protection in the fight against terrorism. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. COM(2004) 724 final. Brussels, 20 October.
  • European Commission. (2005, November 17). Green paper on a European programme for critical infrastructure protection. Commission of the European Communities. Com(2005) 576 final.
  • European Commission (2006a). European Programme for critical infrastructure protection. Communication from the Commission of 12 December. COM(2006) 786 final. Official Journal C 126 of 7.6.2007.
  • European Commission (2006b). Proposal for a directive of the council on identification and designation of European critical infrastructure and the assessment of the need to improve their protection. Commission of the European Communities. COM(2006) 787 final. Brussels, 12 December.
  • European Commission (2012). Commission staff working document on the review of the European programme for critical infrastructure protection (EPCIP). SWD(2012) 190 final. Brussels, 22 June.
  • European Commission (2019). Commission staff working document. Executive summary of the evaluation of Council Directive 2008/114 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection. SWD(2019) 310 final. Brussels, 23.7.2019.
  • European Commission (2020a). Proposal for a directive of the European parliament and of the Council on the resilience of critical entities. COM(2020) 829 final. 2020/0365 (COD). Brussels, 16 December.
  • European Commission (2020b). Proposal for a directive of the European parliament and of the council on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the union, repealing directive (EU) 2016/114. COM(2020) 823 final 2020/0359 (COD). Brussels, 16 December.
  • European Commission (2020c). Annexes 1 to 3. Annexes to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the union, repealing directive 2016/1148. COM(2020) 823 final. Brussels, 16 December.
  • European Commission (2021a). Horizon Europe. Work Programme 2021-2022. 6. Civil Security for Society. European Commission Decision C(2021)4200 of 15 June.
  • European Commission (2021b). Proposal for a regulation of the European parliament and of the council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial intelligence act) and amending certain union legislative acts. COM(2021) 206 final 2021/0106 (COD). Brussels, 21.4.2021.
  • European Commission (2021c). Annexes 1-9. Annexes to the Proposal for a regulation of the European parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial intelligence act) and amending certain union legislative acts. COM(2021) 206 final 2021/0106 (COD). Brussels, 21.4.2021.
  • European Commission (2021d). Overview of natural and man-made disaster risks the European Union may face: 2020 edition. Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO). Publications Office.
  • European Parliament (2021a). Report on the proposal for a directive of the European parliament and of the council on the resilience of critical entities. Plenary sitting. 15. 10.2021. A9-0289/2021. (COM(2020)0829 – C9‑0421/2020 – 2020/0365(COD)). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2021-0289_EN.html
  • Eusgeld, I., Cen, N., & Dietz, S. (2011). ‘System-of-systems’ approach for interdependent critical infrastructures. Reliable Engineering System Safety, 96(6), 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2010.12.010
  • Gasser, P., Lustenberger, P., Cinelli, M., Kim, W., Spada, M., Burgherr, P., Hirschberg, S., Stojadinovic, B., & Sun, T. Y. (2021). A review on resilience assessment of energy systems. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 6(5), 273–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2019.1610600
  • Greer, S. L., & Löblová, O. (2017). European integration in the era of permissive dissensus: Neofunctionalism and agenda‐setting in European health technology assessment and communicable disease control. Comparative European Politics, 15(3), 394–413. https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2016.6
  • Gritzalis, D., Theocharidou, M., & Stergiopoulos, G. (Eds.). (2019). Critical infrastructure security and resilience. Theories, methods, tools and technologies. Springer.
  • Haas, E. B. (1958). The uniting of Europe: political, social and economic forces: 1950–57. MI UMI Books on Demand.
  • Haas, E. B. (1964). Beyond the Nation‐State: Functionalism and international organization. Stanford University Press.
  • Haas, E. B. (1990). When knowledge is Power: Three models of change in international organizations. University of California Press.
  • Hollnagel, E. (2017). FRAM: The functional resonance analysis method: Modelling complex socio-technical systems. CRC Press.
  • ISO (2018). Risk management—guidelines. ISO 31000: 2018.
  • ISO/IEC. (2019). Risk management—risk assessment techniques. Edition 2.0. IEC 31010: 2019.
  • Kaloudi, N., & Li, J. (2020). The AI-based cyber threat landscape: A survey. ACM Computer Survey, 53(1), Article 20. doi:10.1145/3372823.
  • Khurana, N., Mittal, S., Piplai, A., & Joshi, A. (2019). Preventing poisoning attacks on ai based threat intelligence systems. In 2019 IEEE 29th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP) proceedings, pp. 1–6.
  • Kirchner, E. J., Fanoulis, E., & Dorussen, H. (2015). Civil security in the EU: national persistence versus eu ambitions? European Security, 24(2), 287–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2014.968133
  • Kumar, A., & Choi, B. J. (2022). Benchmarking machine learning based detection of cyber attacks for critical infrastructure. In 2022 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN) proceedings, pp. 24–29.
  • Laplante, P., & Amaba, B. (2021). Artificial intelligence in critical infrastructure systems. Computer, 54(10), 14–24. doi:10.1109/MC.2021/3055892.
  • Lee, A. V., Vargo, J., & Seville, E. (2013). Developing a tool to measure and compare organizations’ resilience. Natural Hazards Review, 14(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000075
  • Linkov, I., Bridges, T., Creutzig, F., Decker, J., Fox-Lent, C., Kröger, W., Lambert, J. H., Levermann, A., Montreuil, B., Nathwani, J., Nyer, R., Renn, O., Scharte, B., Scheffler, A., Schreurs, M., & Thiel-Clemen, T. (2014). Changing the resilience paradigm. Nature Climate Change, 4(6), 407–409. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2227
  • Linkov, I., Trump, B. D., & Keisler, J. (2018). Risk and resilience must be independently managed. Nature, (Correspondence) 555 (7694).
  • Liu, W., & song, Z. (2020). Review of studies on the resilience of urban critical infrastructure networks. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 193, 106617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106617
  • Luiijf, E., & Klaver, M. (2021). Analysis and lessons identified on critical infrastructures and dependencies from an empirical data set. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 35, 100471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2021.100471
  • Luiijf, E., Nieuwenhuijs, A., Klaver, M., Van Eeten, M., & Cruz, E. (2009). Empirical Findings on Critical Infrastructure Dependencies in Europe. In R. Setola & S. Geretshuber (Eds.), Critical Information Infrastructure Security. CRITIS 2008 (Vol. 5508, pp. 302-310. Springer). Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
  • Maltby, T. (2013). European Union energy policy integration: A case of European commission policy entrepreneurship and increasing Supranationalism. Energy Policy, 55(100), 435–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.031
  • McConnell, A., & Drennan, L. (2006). Mission impossible? Planning and preparing for crisis. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 14(2), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2006.00482.x
  • Mottahedi, A., Sereshki, F., Ataei, M., Nouri Qarahasanlou, A., & Barabadi, A. (2021). The resilience of critical infrastructure systems: A systematic literature review. Energies, 14(6), 1571. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061571
  • NOU (2006). Protection of critical infrastructures and critical societal functions in Norway. Report NOU 2006: 6submitted to the Ministry of Justice and the Police by the government appointed commission for the protection of critical infrastructure on 5th of April 2006. English Summary 1st of July 2006.
  • OECD. (2014). Guidelines for resilience systems analysis. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Ouyang, M., & Wang, Z. (2015). Resilience assessment of interdependent infrastructure systems: With a focus on joint restoration modeling and analysis. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 141, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2015.03.011
  • Panteli, M., & Mancarella, P. (2017). Modeling and evaluating the resilience of critical electrical power infrastructure to extreme weather events. IEEE Systems Journal, 11(3), 1733–1742. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2015.2389272
  • Park, J., Seager, T. P., Rao, P. S., Convertino, M., & Linkov, I. (2013). Integrating risk and resilience approaches to catastrophe management in engineering systems. Risk Analysis, 33(3), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01885.x
  • Petit, F., Verner, D., Phillips, J., & Lewis, L. P. (2018). Critical infrastructure protection and resilience—integrating interdependencies. In A. Masys (Ed.), Security by design. advanced sciences and technologies for security applications (pp. 193–219). Springer.
  • Pollack, M. A. (1994). Creeping competence: The expanding agenda of the European community. Journal of Public Policy, 14(2), 95–145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X00007418
  • Pollack, M. A. (2000). The end of creeping competence? Eu policy‐making since maastricht. Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(3), 519–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00233
  • Pollack, M. A. (2003). The engines of European integration. Oxford University Press.
  • Princen, S. (2016). Agenda setting in the european union. From sui generis to mainstream. In N. Zahariad (Ed.), Handbook of public policy agenda setting (pp. 348–366). Edward Elgar.
  • Princen, S., & Rhinard, M. (2006). Crashing and creeping: agenda‐setting dynamics in the European union. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(7), 1119–1132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760600924233
  • Pursiainen, C. (2009). The Challenges for European Critical Infrastructure Protection. Journal of European Integration, 31(6), 721–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330903199846
  • Pursiainen, C. (2017). The Crisis Management Cycle. Routledge.
  • Pursiainen, C. (2018). Critical infrastructure resilience: A Nordic model in the making? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27, 632–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.08.006
  • Pursiainen, C., & Gattinesi, P. (2014). Towards Testing Critical Infrastructure Resilience. Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Pursiainen, C., & Rød, B. (2021). National disaster risk assessments in Europe. How comparable are they and why? Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 12(2), 194–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12215
  • Rehak, D., Senovsky, P., Hromada, M., & Lovecek, T. (2019). Complex approach to assessing resilience of critical infrastructure elements. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 25, 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2019.03.003
  • Riddervold, M. (2016). (Not) in the hands of the member states: How the European commission influences EU security and defence policies. Journal of Common Market Studies, 54(2), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12288
  • Riddervold, M., & Rosén, G. (2016). Trick and treat: How the commission and the European parliament exert influence in EU foreign and security policies. Journal of European Integration, 38(6), 687–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2016.1178737
  • Rinaldi, S. M., Peerenboom, J. P., & Kelly, T. K. (2001). Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies. IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 21(6), 11–25. doi:10.1109/37.969131.
  • Rød, B., Lange, D., Theocharidou, M., & Pursiainen, C. (2020). From risk management to resilience management in critical infrastructure. Journal of Management in Engineering, 36(4), 04020039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000795
  • Schakel, A. H., Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2015). Multilevel governance and the state. In S. Leibfried, E. Huber, M. Lange, J. D. Levy, F. Nullmeir, & J. D. Stephens (Eds.), The oxford handbook of transformations of the state (pp. 269–285). Oxford University Press.
  • Schmitter, P. C. (2005). Ernst B. haas and the legacy of neofunctionalism. Journal of European Public Policy, 12(2), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760500043951
  • Stern, E. (2013). Preparing: The sixth task of crisis leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(3), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21298
  • Sun, W., Bocchini, P., & Davison, P. D. (2020). Resilience metrics and measurement methods for transportation infrastructure: The state of the art. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 5(3), 168–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2018.1448663
  • Thacker, S., Pant, R., & Hal, J. W. (2017). System-of-systems formulation and disruption analysis for multi-scale critical national infrastructures. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 167, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2017.04.023
  • Tömmel, I., & Verdun, A. (Eds.). (2009). Innovative governance in the European Union: The politics of multilevel policymaking. Lynne Rienner Publications.
  • Zhelyazkova, A., Kaya, C., & Schrama, R. (2016). Decoupling practical and legal compliance: Analysis of member states’ implementation of EU policy. European Journal of Political Research, 55(4), 827–846. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12154