Seismic risk assessment for the North Eastern Region of India by integrating seismic hazard and social vulnerability

References

• Abramowitz, M., & Stegun, I. A. (1970). Handbook of mathematical functions: With formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. National Bureau of Standards Washington DC, 55(319).
   Google Scholar
• Agrawal, N., & Dixit, J. (2022a). Assessment of landslide susceptibility for Meghalaya (India) using bivariate (frequency ratio and Shannon entropy) and multi-criteria decision analysis (AHP and fuzzy-AHP) models. All Earth, 34(1), 179–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/27669645.2022.2101256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal, N., & Dixit, J. (2022b). Topographic classification of North Eastern Region of India using geospatial technique and following seismic code provisions. Environmental Earth Sciences, 81(436), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10556-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal, N., Gupta, L., & Dixit, J. (2021). Assessment of the socioeconomic vulnerability to seismic hazards in the National Capital Region of India using factor analysis. Sustainability, 13(17), 9652. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal, N., Gupta, L., & Dixit, J. (2022). Geospatial assessment of active tectonics using SRTM DEM-based morphometric approach for Meghalaya, India. All Earth, 34(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/27669645.2022.2081112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Dogom, D., Schuckma, K., & Al-Ruzouq, R. (2018). Geostatistical seismic analysis and hazard assessment, United Arab Emirates. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42(3/W4). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0315/1affa7423bdbdb05d15fb217cb3e10fd1908.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., Bajaj, K., Matharu, K., Moustafa, S. S., & Al-Arifi, N. S. (2019). Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis using the logic tree approach–Patna district (India). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 19(10), 2097–2115. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2097-2019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., Bajaj, K., & Patel, S. (2015). Seismic hazard maps and spectrum for Patna considering region-specific seismotectonic parameters. Natural Hazards, 78(2), 1163–1195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1764-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., Kumar, A., & Sitharam, T. G. (2013). Ground motion prediction equation considering combined dataset of recorded and simulated ground motions. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 53, 92–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armaş, I. (2008). Social vulnerability and seismic risk perception. Case study: The historic center of the Bucharest Municipality/Romania. Natural Hazards, 47(3), 397–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9229-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armaș, I., & Gavriș, A. (2013). Social vulnerability assessment using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SEVI model) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI model)–a case study for Bucharest, Romania. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(6), 1481–1499. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1481-2013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, G. M., & Boore, D. M. (2003). Empirical ground-motion relations for subduction-zone earthquakes and their application to Cascadia and other regions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93(4), 1703–1729. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahuguna, A., & Sil, A. (2020). Comprehensive seismicity, seismic sources and seismic hazard assessment of Assam, North East India. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 24(2), 254–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1453405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banica, A., Rosu, L., Muntele, I., & Grozavu, A. (2017). Towards urban resilience: A multi-criteria analysis of seismic vulnerability in Iasi City (Romania). Sustainability, 9(2), 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baro, O., & Kumar, A. (2017). Seismic source characterization for the Shillong Plateau in Northeast India. Journal of Seismology, 21(5), 1229–1249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-017-9664-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baro, O., Kumar, A., & Ismail-Zadeh, A. (2018). Seismic hazard assessment of the Shillong Plateau, India. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 9(1), 841–861. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2018.1494043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baro, O., Kumar, A., & Ismail-Zadeh, A. (2020). Seismic hazard assessment of the Shillong Plateau using a probabilistic approach. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 11(1), 2210–2238. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2020.1833989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruah, S., Boruah, G. K., Sharma, S., Hoque, W. A. et al .(2020). Seismic vulnerability assessment of earthquake-prone mega-city Shillong, India using geophysical mapping and remote sensing. Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 14(2), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2019.1598560.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia, S. C., Kumar, M. R., & Gupta, H. K. (1999). A probabilistic seismic hazard map of India and adjoining regions. Annali Di Geofisica, 42(6). http://hdl.handle.net/2122/1382
   Google Scholar
• Bilham, R., & England, P. (2001). Plateau ‘pop-up’ in the great 1897 Assam earthquake. Nature, 410(6830), 806–809. https://doi.org/10.1038/35071057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borah, N., Kumar, A., & Dhanotiya, R. (2021). Seismic source zonation for NE India on the basis of past EQs and spatial distribution of seismicity parameters. Journal of Seismology, 25(6), 1483–1506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-021-10037-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, K., Graham, L., Hawthorne, T., Jeanty, J., Burkholder, B., Munisteri, C., & Visaggi, C. (2020). Integrating sketch mapping and hot spot analysis to enhance capacity for community‐level flood and disaster risk management. The Geographical Journal, 186(2), 198–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245–276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Census of India. (2011). Provisional Population Totals. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. https://censusindia.gov.in/
   Google Scholar
• Cerchiello, V., Ceresa, P., Monteiro, R., & Komendantova, N. (2018). Assessment of social vulnerability to seismic hazard in Nablus, Palestine. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 28, 491–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.12.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, L., Rus, H., Henstra, D., Thistlethwaite, J., & Scott, D. (2020). A place-based socioeconomic status index: Measuring social vulnerability to flood hazards in the context of environmental justice. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 43, 101394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, C. A. (1968). Engineering risk in seismic analysis. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 58(5), 1853. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0580051583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., & Shirley, W. L. (2003). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 242–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amato, M., Laguardia, R., Di Trocchio, G., Coltellacci, M., & Gigliotti, R. (2022). Seismic Risk Assessment for MasonryBuildings Typologies from L ‘ Aquila 2009 Earthquake Damage Data. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 26(9), 454–4579. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1835750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, S. (2011). Earthquake geology, geomorphology and hazard scenario in northeast India, an appraisal. National Workshop on Earthquake Risk Mitigation Strategy in North East. Guwahati (Assam), NIDM, Government of India (24-39), https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/EQ%20North%20East.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Das, S., Gupta, I. D., & Gupta, V. K. (2006). A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Northeast India. Earthquake Spectra, 22(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2163914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, R., Sharma, M. L., & Wason, H. R. (2016). Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for northeast India region. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173(8), 2653–2670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-016-1333-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, R., Wason, H. R., & Sharma, M. L. (2012). Temporal and spatial variations in the magnitude of completeness for homogenized moment magnitude catalogue for northeast India. Journal of Earth System Science, 121(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-012-0144-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Gaudio, C., De Martino, G., Di Ludovico, M., Manfredi, G., Prota, A., Ricci, P., & Verderame, G. M. (2017). Empirical fragility curves from damage data on RC buildings after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 15(4), 1425–1450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-0026-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depietri, Y. (2020). The social–ecological dimension of vulnerability and risk to natural hazards. Sustainability Science, 15(2), 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00710-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derakhshan, S., Hodgson, M. E., & Cutter, S. L. (2020). Vulnerability of populations exposed to seismic risk in the state of Oklahoma. Applied Geography, 124, 102295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dintwa, K. F., Letamo, G., & Navaneetham, K. (2019). Measuring social vulnerability to natural hazards at the district level in Botswana. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.447
   Google Scholar
• Dixit, J., Dewaikar, D. M., & Jangid, R. S. (2012a). Assessment of liquefaction potential index for Mumbai city. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 12(9), 2759–2768. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2759-2012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit, J., Dewaikar, D. M., & Jangid, R. S. (2012b). Free field surface motion at different site types due to near-fault ground motions. ISRN Geophysics, 821051, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/821051
   Google Scholar
• Dixit, J., Raghukanth, S. T. G., & Dash, S. K. (2016). Spatial distribution of seismic site coefficients for Guwahati city. Geostatistical and Geospatial Approaches for the Characterization of Natural Resources in the Environment, 533–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18663-4_80
   Google Scholar
• Dutta, S. C., Halder, L., & Sharma, R. P. (2021). Seismic vulnerability assessment of low to mid-rise RC buildings addressing prevailing design and construction practices in the Northeastern region of the Indian subcontinent: A case study based approach. Structures, 33, 1561–1577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.05.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• England, P., & Bilham, R. (2015). The Shillong Plateau and the great 1897 Assam earthquake. Tectonics, 34(9), 1792–1812. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC003902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatemi, F., Ardalan, A., Aguirre, B., Mansouri, N., & Mohammadfam, I. (2017). Social vulnerability indicators in disasters: Findings from a systematic review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 22, 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frigerio, I., Ventura, S., Strigaro, D., Mattavelli, M., De Amicis, M., Mugnano, S., & Boffi, M. (2016). A GIS-based approach to identify the spatial variability of social vulnerability to seismic hazard in Italy. Applied Geography, 74, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.06.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes, D. D., Baquedano Julià, P. A., D’Amato, M., & Laterza, M. (2021). Preliminary seismic damage assessment of Mexican churches after September 2017 earthquakes. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 15(4), 505–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1628323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, J. K., & Knopoff, L. (1974). Is the sequence of earthquakes in Southern California, with aftershocks removed, Poissonian? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 64(5), 1363–1367. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0640051363
   Google Scholar
• Gautam, D. (2017). Assessment of social vulnerability to natural hazards in Nepal. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 17(12), 2313–2320. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2313-2017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge, Y., Dou, W., Gu, Z., Qian, X., Wang, J., Xu, W., Shi, P., Ming, X., Zhou, X., & Chen, Y. (2013). Assessment of social vulnerability to natural hazards in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 27(8), 1899–1908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-013-0725-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghione, F., Poggi, V., & Lindholm, C. (2021). A hybrid probabilistic seismic hazard model for Northeast India and Bhutan combining distributed seismicity and finite faults. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 123, 103029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2021.103029. Parts A/B/C, 103029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S., & Chakraborty, S. (2017). Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and synthetic ground motion generation for seismic risk assessment of structures in the Northeast India. International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering (IJGEE), 8(2), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2017070103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GSI. (2000). Seismotectonic Atlas of India and its Environs. (New Delhi: Geological Survey of India). https://bhukosh.gsi.gov.in/Bhukosh/Public
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, I. D. (2002). The state of the art in seismic hazard analysis. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 39(4), 311–346. https://iset.org.in/public/publications/94921_428.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, L., Agrawal, N., & Dixit, J. (2021). Spatial distribution of bedrock level peak ground acceleration in the National Capital Region of India using geographic information system. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 12(1), 3287–3316. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2021.2008022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, L., Agrawal, N., Dixit, J., & Dutta, S. (2022). A GIS-Based Assessment of Active Tectonics from Morphometric Parameters and Geomorphic Indices of Assam Region, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, X, 100115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2022.100115
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, L., & Dixit, J. (2022a). A GIS-based flood risk mapping of Assam, India, using the MCDA-AHP approach at the regional and administrative level. Geocarto International, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2022.2060329
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, L., & Dixit, J. (2022b). Estimation of rainfall-induced surface runoff for the Assam region, India, using the GIS-based NRCS-CN method. Journal of Maps, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2022.2076624
   Google Scholar
• Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1944). Frequency of earthquakes in California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 34(4), 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0340040185
   Google Scholar
• IS:1893. (2016). Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures—General Provisions and Buildings, Part-1. Bureau of Indian Standards.
   Google Scholar
• Izquierdo-Horna, L., & Kahhat, R. (2020). An interdisciplinary approach to identify zones vulnerable to earthquakes. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 48, 101592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain, S. K., Roshan, A. D., Arlekar, J. N., & Basu, P. C. (2000). Empirical attenuation relationships for the Himalayan earthquakes based on Indian strong motion data. In Proceedings of The Sixth International Conference on Seismic Zonation, 12–15
   Google Scholar
• Jena, R., Pradhan, B., Naik, S. P., & Alamri, A. M. (2021). Earthquake risk assessment in NE India using deep learning and geospatial analysis. Geoscience Frontiers, 12(3), 101110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.11.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe, I. T. (2002). Principal Component Analysis and Factor Analysis. Principal component analysis, Ed 2 . Springer series in statistics.Springer, 488. https://doi.org/10.1007/b98835
   Google Scholar
• Joshi, G. C., Ghildiyal, S., & Rautela, P. (2019). Seismic vulnerability of lifeline buildings in Himalayan province of Uttarakhand in India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 37, 101168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karuppusamy, B., Leo George, S., Anusuya, K., Venkatesh, R., Thilagaraj, P., Gnanappazham, L., Kumaraswamy, K., Balasundareshwaran, A. H., & Balabaskaran Nina, P. (2021). Revealing the socioeconomic vulnerability and multi-hazard risks at micro-administrative units in the coastal plains of Tamil Nadu, India. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 12(1), 605–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2021.1886183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayal, J. R. (2008). Microearthquake Seismology and Seismotectonics of South Asia (Vol. 503). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kayal, J. R., Arefiev, S. S., Barua, S., Hazarika, D., Gogoi, N., Kumar, A., ... & Kalita, S. (2006). Shillong plateau earthquakes in northeast India region: complex tectonic model. Current Science, 109-114.
   Google Scholar
• Kijko, A. (2004). Estimation of the maximum earthquake magnitude, m max. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 161(8), 1655–1681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-004-2531-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kijko, A., & Sellevoll, M. A. (1989). Estimation of earthquake hazard parameters from incomplete data files. Part I. Utilization of extreme and complete catalogues with different threshold magnitudes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 79(3), 645–654. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0790030645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, S. L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Pearson Education India.
   Google Scholar
• Laguardia, R., D’Amato, M., Coltellacci, M., Di Trocchio, G., & Gigliotti, R. (2022). Fragility Curves and Economic Loss Assessment of RC Buildings after L’Aquila 2009 Earthquake. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2022.2038726
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., Panahi, M., Pourghasemi, H. R., Shahabi, H., Alizadeh, M., Shirzadi, A., Khosravi, K., Melesse, A. M., Yekrangnia, M., Rezaie, F., Moeini, H., Pham, B. T., & Bin Ahmad, B. (2019). Sevucas: A novel GIS-based machine learning software for seismic vulnerability assessment. Applied Sciences, 9(17), 3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173495
   Google Scholar
• Martins, V. N., E Silva, D. S., & Cabral, P. (2012). Social vulnerability assessment to seismic risk using multicriteria analysis: The case study of Vila Franca do Campo (São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal). Natural Hazards, 62 (2), 385–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0084-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mase, L. Z. (2020). Seismic hazard vulnerability of Bengkulu City, Indonesia, based on deterministic seismic hazard analysis. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 38(5), 5433–5455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01375-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mase, L. Z. (2022). Local seismic hazard map based on the response spectra of stiff and very dense soils in Bengkulu city, Indonesia. Geodesy and Geodynamics, 13(6), 573–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2022.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mase, L. Z., Likitlersuang, S., & Tobita, T. (2018). Analysis of seismic ground response caused during strong earthquake in Northern Thailand. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 114, 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mase, L. Z., & Sugianto, N. R. (2021). Seismic hazard microzonation of Bengkulu city, Indonesia. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 8(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-021-00178-y
   Google Scholar
• McGuire, R. K. (2008). Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis: Early history. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 37(3), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, B. H. (1999). Identifying and mapping community vulnerability. Disasters, 23, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrinalinee Devi, R. K., & Bora, P. K. (2016). The impact of the great 1950 Assam earthquake on the frontal regions of the Northeast Himalaya. In, D'Amico, S. (eds.),Earthquakes and their impact on society Springer Natural Hazards, Springer (475–489). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21753-6_19
   Google Scholar
• Nandy, D. R. (2001). Geodynamics of Northeastern India and the adjoining region (Revised Edition ed., pp. 2017). Scientific Book Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Nath, S. K., & Thingbaijam, K. K. S. (2012). Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of India. Seismological Research Letters, 83(1), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.83.1.135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath, S. K., Thingbaijam, K. K. S., Maiti, S. K., & Nayak, A. (2012). Ground-motion predictions in Shillong region, Northeast India. Journal of Seismology, 16(3), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-012-9285-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NDMA. (2010). Development of probabilistic seismic hazard map of India; Technical Report by National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India
   Google Scholar
• Ogie, R. I., & Pradhan, B. (2019). Natural hazards and social vulnerability of place: The strength-based approach applied to Wollongong, Australia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 10(3), 404–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-019-0224-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornthammarath, T., Warnitchai, P., Worakanchana, K., Zaman, S., Sigbjörnsson, R., & Lai, C. G. (2011). Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Thailand. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 9(2), 367–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-010-9197-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallav, K., Raghukanth, S. T. G., & Singh, K. D. (2012). Probabilistic seismic hazard estimation of Manipur, India. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 9(5), 516–533. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/9/5/516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parvez, I. A., Vaccari, F., & Panza, G. F. (2003). A deterministic seismic hazard map of India and adjacent areas. Geophysical Journal International, 155(2), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02052.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghukanth, S. T. G., & Dash, S. K. (2010). Deterministic seismic scenarios for Northeast India. Journal of Seismology, 14(2), 143–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-009-9158-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghukanth, S. T. G., Dixit, J., & Dash, S. K. (2009). Estimation of site amplification factors for Guwahati city. Indian Geotechnical Conference, Guntur, India (IGC), 17-19 December 2009
   Google Scholar
• Raghukanth, S. T. G., Dixit, J., & Dash, S. K. (2011). Ground motion for scenario earthquakes at Guwahati city. Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica, 46(3), 326–346. https://doi.org/10.1556/AGeod.46.2011.3.5
   Google Scholar
• Raghukanth, S. T. G., & Iyengar, R. N. (2006). Seismic hazard estimation for Mumbai city. Current Science, 1486–1494 https://www.jstor.org/stable/24093846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramkrishnan, R., Sreevalsa, K., & Sitharam, T. G. (2021). Development of new ground motion prediction equation for the North and Central Himalayas using recorded strong motion data. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 25(10), 1903–1926. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1605318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydelek, P. A., & Sacks, I. S. (1989). Testing the completeness of earthquake catalogues and the hypothesis of self-similarity. Nature, 337(6204), 251–253. https://doi.org/10.1038/337251a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidtlein, M. C., Shafer, J. M., Berry, M., & Cutter, S. L. (2011). Modeled earthquake losses and social vulnerability in Charleston, South Carolina. Applied Geography, 31(1), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, M. L., & Malik, S. (2006). Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and estimation of spectral strong ground motion on bedrock in northeast India. 4th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan, 15 October 12-13, 2006. https://conf.ncree.org.tw/Proceedings/i0951012/data/pdf/4ICEE-0015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Siagian, T. H., Purhadi, P., Suhartono, S., & Ritonga, H. (2014). Social vulnerability to natural hazards in Indonesia: Driving factors and policy implications. Natural Hazards, 70(2), 1603–1617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0888-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sil, A., Sitharam, T. G., & Kolathayar, S. (2013). Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Tripura and Mizoram states. Natural Hazards, 68(2), 1089–1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0678-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitharam, T. G., & Kolathayar, S. (2013). Seismic hazard analysis of India using areal sources. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 62, 647–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.11.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitharam, T. G., & Sil, A. (2014). Comprehensive seismic hazard assessment of Tripura and Mizoram states. Journal of Earth System Science, 123(4), 837–857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-014-0438-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepp, J. C. (1972). Analysis of completeness of the earthquake sample in the Puget Sound area and its effect on statistical estimates of earthquake hazard. In Proc. of the 1st International Conference on Microzonazion, Seattle 2:897–910
   Google Scholar
• Tanapalungkorn, W., Mase, L. Z., Latcharote, P., & Likitlersuang, S. (2020). Verification of attenuation models based on strong ground motion data in Northern Thailand. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 133, 106145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thingbaijam, K. K. S., Nath, S. K., Yadav, A., Raj, A., Walling, M. Y., & Mohanty, W. K. (2008). Recent seismicity in Northeast India and its adjoining region. Journal of Seismology, 12(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-007-9074-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, R. K., & Kumar, G. K. (1987). Seismicity and the nature of plate movement along the Himalayan arc, Northeast India and Arakan-Yoma: A review. Tectonophysics, 134(1–3), 153–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90255-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wason, H. R., Das, R., & Sharma, M. L. (2012). Magnitude conversion problem using general orthogonal regression. Geophysical Journal International, 190(2), 1091–1096. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05520.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiemer, S. (2001). A software package to analyze seismicity: ZMAP. Seismological Research Letters, 72(3), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.72.3.373
   Google Scholar
• Wiemer, S., & Wyss, M. (2000). Minimum magnitude of completeness in earthquake catalogs: Examples from Alaska, the western United States, and Japan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90(4), 859–869. https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woessner, J., & Wiemer, S. (2005). Assessing the quality of earthquake catalogues: Estimating the magnitude of completeness and its uncertainty. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 95(2), 684–698. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, N. J., Burton, C. G., & Cutter, S. L. (2010). Community variations in social vulnerability to Cascadia-related tsunamis in the US Pacific Northwest. Natural Hazards, 52(2), 369–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9376-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., Xu, X., & Chen, X. (2017). Social vulnerability assessment of earthquake disaster based on the catastrophe progression method: A Sichuan Province case study. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 24, 361–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.06.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar