What Do We Do When Things Fall Apart? Rapid Creation of a Pilot Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit in Response to Increased Acuity on a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit for Children and Adolescents

References

• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (1989). Inpatient hospital treatment of children and adolescents. Retrieved May 19, 2021, from https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Policy_Statements/1989/Inpatient_Hospital_Treatment_of_Children_and_Adolescents.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Baeza, I., Correll, C. U., Saito, E., Amanbekova, D., Ramani, M., Kapoor, S., Chekuri, R., De Hert, M., & Carbon, M. (2013). Frequency, characteristics and management of adolescent inpatient aggression. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 23(4), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2012.0116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beghi, M., Peroni, F., Gabola, P., Rossetti, A., & Cornaggia, C. M. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors for the use of restraint in psychiatry: A systematic review. Rivista di psichiatria, 48(1), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1708/1228.13611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigwood, S., & Crowe, M. (2008). ‘It’s part of the job, but it spoils the job’: A phenomenological study of physical restraint. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 17(3), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2008.00526.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, J. M., Woodward, E. N., Susmaras, T., & Pantalone, D. W. (2012). Use of dialectical behavior therapy in inpatient treatment of borderline personality disorder: A systematic review. Psychiatric Services, 63(9), 881–888. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201100311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryson, S. A., Gauvin, E., Jamieson, A., Rathgeber, M., Faulkner-Gibson, L., Bell, S., Davidson, J., Russel, J., & Burke, S. (2017). What are effective strategies for implementing trauma-informed care in youth inpatient psychiatric and residential treatment settings? A realist systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 11(36), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-017-0137-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Busby, D. R., Hatkevich, C., McGuire, T. C., & King, C. A. (2020). Evidence-based interventions for youth suicide risk. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22(2), 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-1129-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, G. A., Chua, J., Pan, K., Hasan, T., Bied, A., Martin, A., & Klein, D. N. (2020). Behavior modification is associated with reduced psychotropic medication use in children with aggression in inpatient treatment: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(5), 632–641.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, G. L., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Peer contagion of aggression and health risk behavior among adolescent males: An experimental investigation of effects on public conduct and private attitudes. Child Development, 77(4), 967–983. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00913.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, A. J., Duke, S. G., George, M., & Scott, J. (2007). Behavioral management leads to reduction in aggression in a child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(6), 711–720. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e3180465a1a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney, K. R. (1994). Calming an escalated psychiatric milieu. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 7(3), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.1994.tb00199.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., & Dodge, K. A. (2005). Peer contagion in interventions for children and adolescents: Moving towards an understanding of the ecology and dynamics of change. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(3), 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-3579-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., & Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvir, Y., Ford, J. D., Hill, M., & Frazier, J. A. (2014). Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 22(3), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eblin, A. (2019). Reducing seclusion and restraints on the inpatient child and adolescent behavioral health unit: A quality improvement study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 32(3), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn, C. R., Esposito, E. C., Porter, A. C., & Robinson, D. J. (2019). Evidence base update of psychosocial treatments for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 48(3), 357–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1591281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, R., & Wendler, M. C. (2020). Evidence-based practice: Implementing trauma-informed care of children and adolescents in the inpatient psychiatric setting. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390320980045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer, J. H., Springer, J., Beck, N. C., Menditto, A., & Coleman, J. (2011). The relationship between seclusion and restraint uses and childhood abuse among psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(3), 567–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510363419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, C., Simmons, M., Simons, C., & Hopwood, M. (2018). Evaluating effectiveness in adolescent mental health inpatient units: A systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(2), 498–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvi, S., Jackson, B., Swenson, L., & Crawford, H. (2013). The impact of social contagion on non-suicidal self-injury: A review of the literature. Archives of Suicide Research, 17(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.748404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, L. Y., & Cox, B. J. (2002). Dialectical behavioral therapy for suicidal adolescent inpatients. Clinical Case Studies, 1(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650102001001007
   Google Scholar
• Katz, L. Y., Cox, B. J., Gunasekara, S., & Miller, A. L. (2004). Feasibility of dialectical behavior therapy for suicidal adolescent inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(3), 276–282. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200403000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koerner, K. (2007). Case formulation in dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. In T. D. Eells (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation (2nd ed., pp. 340–367). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koivisto, H., Kaljonen, A., Helenius, H., Kaljonen, A., & Helenius, H. (1998). Contagion of deliberate self-harm among adolescent inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(2), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199802000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., Martin, P., Hembry, P., & Lewis, S. (2018). Outcomes of inpatient psychiatric treatment for adolescents: A multiple perspectives evaluation. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23(3), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104517739073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lungu, A., & Linehan, M. M. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy: A comprehensive multi- and transdiagnostic intervention. In C. M. Nezu & A. M. Nezu (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of cognitive and behavioral therapies (pp. 200–214). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Masters, K. J., Bellonci, C., Bernet, W., Arnold, V., Beitchman, J., Benson, R. S., Bukstein, O., Kinlan, J., McClellan, J., Rue, D., Shaw, J. A., & Stock, S., & American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2002). Practice parameter for the prevention and management of aggressive behavior in child and adolescent psychiatric institutions, with special reference to seclusion and restraint. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(2Suppl), 4S–25S. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200202001-00002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonell, M. G., Tarantino, J., Dubose, A. P., Matestic, P., Steinmetz, K., Galbreath, H., & McClellan, J. M. (2010). A pilot evaluation of dialectical behavioral therapy in adolescent long-term inpatient care. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 15(4), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2010.00569.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyo, N., & Robinson, P. (2012). The safety of nursing during the restraining of aggressive patients in an acute psychiatric unit. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(3), 5–13. https://www.ajan.com.au/archive/Vol29/29-3_Moyo.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagiotou, A., Mafreda, C., Moustikiadis, A., & Prezerakos, P. (2019). Modifiable factors affecting inpatient violence in an acute child and adolescent psychiatric unit: A 16-year retrospective study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 28(5), 1078–1089. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perers, C., Bäckström, B., Johansson, B. A., & Rask, O. (2021). Methods and strategies for reducing seclusion and restraint in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient care. The Psychiatric Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-021-09887-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogge, D. L., Pappalardo, S., Buccolo, M., & Harvey, P. D. (2013). Prevalence and precursors of the use of restraint and seclusion in a private psychiatric hospital: Comparison of child and adolescent patients. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 40(3), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-011-0396-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall, J. R., Nickel, N. C., & Colman, I. (2015). Contagion from peer suicidal behavior in a representative sample of American adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 186, 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, E. K., Grados, M. A., Praglowski, N., Hankinson, J. C., Deboard-Lucas, R., Goldstein, L., Perry-Parrish, C. K., Specht, M. W., & Ostrander, R. (2016). Use of modified positive behavioral interventions and supports in a psychiatric inpatient unit for high-risk youths. Psychiatric Services, 67(5), 570–573. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiminen, T. J., Kallio-Soukainen, K., Nokso-Koivisto, H., Kaljonen, A., & Helenius, H. (1998). Contagion of deliberate self-harm among adolescent inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(2), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199802000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tebbett-Mock, A. A., Saito, E., McGee, M., Woloszyn, P., & Venuti, M. (2020). Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy versus treatment as usual for acute-care inpatient adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(1), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, A. D., Simmons, S., & Wolff, J. (2021). Nowhere to go: Providing quality services for children with extended hospitalizations on acute IPUs. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(3), 329–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timbo, W., Sriram, A., Reynolds, E. K., DeBoard-Lucas, R., Specht, M., Howell, C., McSweeney, C., & Grados, M. A. (2016). Risk factors for seclusion and restraint in a pediatric psychiatry day hospital. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47(5), 771–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0608-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal, C., Reynolds, E. K., Praglowski, N., & Grados, M. (2020). Risk factors for seclusion in children and adolescents inpatient psychiatry: The role of demographic characteristics, clinical severity, life experiences and diagnoses. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 51(4), 648–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00963-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar