Therapy Experiences of Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents and Their Caregivers

References

• Acosta, W., Qayyum, Z., Turban, J. L., & van Schalkwyk, G. I. (2019). Identify, engage, understand: Supporting transgender youth in an inpatient psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(3), 601–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09653-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, N., Pearce, R., Veale, J., Radix, A., Castro, D., Sarkar, A., & Thom, K. C. (2017). Guidance and ethical considerations for undertaking transgender health research and institutional review boards adjudicating this research. Transgender Health, 2(1), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alegría, C. A. (2018). Supporting families of transgender children/youth: Parents speak on their experiences, identity, and views. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1450798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Counseling Association. (2010). American Counseling Association Competencies for Counseling with Transgender Clients. Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling, 4(3–4), 135–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2010.524839
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2015). Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. American Psychologist, 70(9), 832–864. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, A. (2018). Transgender and gender diverse children: considerations for affirmative social work practice. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 35(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-017-0507-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, A., & Craig, S. L. (2015). Transgender affirmative cognitive behavioral therapy: Clinical considerations and applications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 46(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Jenkins, M. M., & Haine-Schlagel, R. (2013). Therapist, parent, and youth perspectives of treatment barriers to family-focused community outpatient mental health services. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(6), 854–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9644-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, K. E. (2013). Seeking support: Transgender client experiences with mental health services. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 25(1), 17–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952833.2013.755081
   Google Scholar
• Bernal, A. T., & Coolhart, D. (2012). Treatment and ethical considerations with transgender children and youth in family therapy. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 23(4), 287–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/08975353.2012.735594
   Google Scholar
• Chen, D., Hidalgo, M. A., Leibowitz, S., Leininger, J., Simons, L., Finlayson, C., & Garofalo, R. (2016). Multidisciplinary care for gender-diverse youth: A narrative review and unique model of gender-affirming care. Transgender Health, 1(1), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2016.0009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark, B. A., Marshall, S. K., & Saewyc, E. M. (2020). Hormone therapy decision-making processes: Transgender youth and parents. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, B. N., & Robohm, J. S. (2015). Integrating LGBT competencies into the multicultural curriculum of graduate psychology training programs: Expounding and expanding upon Hope and Chappell’s choice points: Commentary on “extending training in multicultural competencies to include individuals identifying as lesbian, gay, and bisexual: Key choice points for clinical psychology training programs.” Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 22(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, E., Bockting, W., Botzer, M., Cohen-Kettenis, P., DeCuypere, G., Feldman, J., Fraser, L., Green, J., Knudson, G., Meyer, W. J., Monstrey, S., Adler, R. K., Brown, G. R., Devor, A. H., Ehrbar, R., Ettner, R., Eyler, E., Garofalo, R., Karasic, D. H., Lev, A. I., & Zucker, K. (2012). Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13(4), 165–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2011.700873
   Google Scholar
• Connolly, M. D., Zervos, M. J., Barone, C. J., Johnson, C. C., & Joseph, C. L. M. (2016). The mental health of transgender youth: Advances in understanding. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(5), 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coolhart, D., Baker, A., Farmer, S., Malaney, M., & Shipman, D. (2013). Therapy with transsexual youth and their families: A clinical tool for assessing youth’s readiness for gender transition. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 39(2), 223–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00283.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coolhart, D., & Shipman, D. L. (2017). Working toward family attunement: Family therapy with transgender and gender-nonconforming children and adolescents. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 40(1), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corliss, H. L., Beizer, M., Forbes, C., & Wilson, E. C. (2007). An evaluation of service utilization among male to female transgender youth: Qualitative study of a clinic-based sample. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 3(2), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1300/J463v03n02_06
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cypress, B. S. (2017). Rigor or reliability and validity in qualitative research: Perspectives, strategies, reconceptualization, and recommendations. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing: DCCN, 36(4), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowell, K. A., & Ogles, B. M. (2010). The effects of parent participation on child psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903532585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, L., Goodwin, A., & Neumann, M. (2019). An ecological framework for transgender inclusive family therapy. Contemporary Family Therapy,41(3), 258–274. doi:10.1007/s10591-018-9480-z.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards-Leeper, L., Feldman, H. A., Lash, B. R., Shumer, D. E., & Tishelman, A. C. (2017). Psychological profile of the first sample of transgender youth presenting for medical intervention in a U.S. pediatric gender center. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(3), 374–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000239
   Google Scholar
• Edwards-Leeper, L. (2017). Affirmative care of TGNC children and adolescents. In A. Singh & dickey (Eds.), Affirmative counseling and psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming clients (pp. 119–141). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14957-006
   Google Scholar
• Ehrensaft, D., Hill, S., Johnson, J. L., & Lahana, L. (2014). Gender-affirmative mental health assessment packet. Child and Adolescent Gender Center.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, M. E., Gower, A. L., McMorris, B. J., Rider, G. N., Shea, G., & Coleman, E. (2017). Risk and protective factors in the lives of transgender/gender nonconforming adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(4), 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, Y. N., Gridley, S. J., Crouch, J., Wang, A., Moreno, M. A., Ahrens, K., & Breland, D. J. (2017). Understanding online resource use by transgender youth and caregivers: A qualitative study. Transgender Health, 2(1), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldenberg, T., Jadwin-Cakmak, L., Popoff, E., Reisner, S. L., Campbell, B. A., & Harper, G. W. (2019). Stigma, gender affirmation, and primary healthcare use among Black transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(4), 483–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregor, C., Hingley-Jones, H., & Davidson, S. (2015). Understanding the experiences of parents of pre-pubescent children with gender identity issues. Child and Adolescent Social Work, 32, 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-014-0359-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gridley, S. J., Crouch, J. M., Evans, Y., Eng, W., Antoon, E., Lyapustina, M., Schimmel-Bristow, A., Woodward, J., Dundon, K., Schaff, R., McCarty, C., Ahrens, K., & Breland, D. J. (2016). Youth and caregiver perspectives on barriers to gender-affirming health care for transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(3), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guss, C. E., Woolverton, G. A., Borus, J., Austin, S. B., Reisner, S. L., & Katz-Wise, S. L. (2019). Transgender adolescents’ experiences in primary care: A qualitative study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(3), 344–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haine-Schlagel, R., Brookman-Frazee, L., Fettes, D. L., Baker-Ericzén, M., & Garland, A. F. (2012). Therapist focus on parent involvement in community-based youth psychotherapy. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(4), 646–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9517-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heard, J., Morris, A., Kirouac, N., Ducharme, J., Trepel, S., & Wicklow, B. (2018). Gender dysphoria assessment and action for youth: Review of health care services and experiences of trans youth in Manitoba. Paediatrics & Child Health, 23(3), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennink, M. M., Kaiser, B. N., & Marconi, V. C. (2017). Code saturation versus meaning saturation: How many interviews are enough? Qualitative Health Research, 27(4), 591–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1049732316665344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo, M. A., & Chen, D. (2019). Experiences of gender minority stress in cisgender parents of transgender/gender-expansive prepubertal children: A qualitative study. Journal of Family Issues, 40(7), 865–886. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0192513X19829502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo, M. A., Ehrensaft, D., Tishelman, A. C., Clark, L. F., Garofalo, R., Rosenthal, S. M., Spack, N. P., & Olson, J. (2013). The gender affirmative model: What we know and what we aim to learn. Human Development, 56(5), 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1159/000355235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S. A., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Williams, E. N. (1997). A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25(4), 517–572. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000097254001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hojilla, J. C., Koester, K. A., Cohen, S. E., Buchbinder, S., Ladzekpo, D., Matheson, T., & Liu, A. Y. (2016). Sexual behavior, risk compensation, and HIV prevention strategies among participants in the San Francisco PrEP demonstration project: A qualitative analysis of counseling notes. AIDS and Behavior, 20(7), 1461–1469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1055-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope, D. A., Mocarski, R., Bautista, C. L., & Holt, N. R. (2016). Culturally competent evidence-based behavioral health services for the transgender community: Progress and challenges. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(4), 361–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughto, J. M. W., & Clark, K. A. (2019). Designing a transgender health training for correctional health care providers: A feasibility study. The Prison Journal, 99(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/003288551983723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities. (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding. National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. National Center for Transgender Equality. https://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Johns, M. M., Lowry, R., Andrzejewski, J., Barrios, L. C., Demissie, Z., McManus, T., Rasberry, C. N., Robin, L., & Underwood, J. M. (2019). Transgender identity and experiences of violence victimization, substance use, suicide risk, and sexual risk behaviors among high school students—19 states and large urban school districts, 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(3), 67–71. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6803a3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelutiu-Weinberger, C., Pollard-, P., Pagano, W., Levitt, N., Lopez, E. I., Golub, S. A., & Radix, A. E. (2016). Implementation and evaluation of a pilot training to improve transgender competency among medical staff in an urban clinic. Transgender Health, 1(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2015.0009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1986). But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Directions for Program Evaluation, 1986(30), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.1427
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J., Messinger, L., Kull, R., Holmes, J., Bermudez, F., & Sommer, S. (2009). Sexual orientation and gender expression in social work education: Results from a national survey. Council on Social Work Education. https://www.cswe.org/CSWE/media/APM-2012/SexualOrientationAndGenderExpression.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Martinez, J. I., Lau, A. S., Chorpita, B. F., Weisz, J. R., & Health, R. N. O. Y. M. (2017). Psychoeducation as a mediator of treatment approach on parent engagement in child psychotherapy for disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(4), 573–587. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1038826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse, J. M. (2015). Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1212–1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315588501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson-Kennedy, J., Chan, Y.-M., Garofalo, R., Spack, N., Chen, D., Clark, L., Ehrensaft, D., Hidalgo, M., Tishelman, A., & Rosenthal, S. (2019). Impact of early medical treatment for transgender youth: Protocol for the longitudinal, observational trans youth care study. JMIR Research Protocols, 8(7), e14434. https://doi.org/10.2196/14434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E. (2018). The scientific pursuit of sexual and gender minority mental health treatments: Toward evidence-based affirmative practice. American Psychologist, 73(9), 1207–1219. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Kirichenko, V., Holmes, C., Feder, S., Lawson, M. L., Ghosh, S., Ducharme, J., Temple Newhook, J., & Suerich-Gulick, F. (2020). Parents’ journeys to acceptance and support of gender-diverse and trans children and youth. Journal of Family Issues, 41(8), 1214–1236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19888779
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Temple-Newhook, J., Suerich-Gulick, F., Feder, S., Lawson, M. L., Ducharme, J., Ghosh, S., & Holmes, C., & Stories of Gender-Affirming Care Team. (2019). The experiences of gender diverse and trans children and youth considering and initiating medical interventions in Canadian gender-affirming specialty clinics. International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(4), 371–387. https://doi-org.proxy.bc.edu/10.1080/15532739.2019.1652129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafferty, J., & Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Adolescence, & Section on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health and Wellness. (2018). Ensuring comprehensive care and support for transgender and gender-diverse children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 142(4), e20182162. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisner, S. L., Greytak, E. A., Parsons, J. T., & Ybarra, M. L. (2015). Gender minority social stress in adolescence: Disparities in adolescent bullying and substance use by gender identity. The Journal of Sex Research, 52(3), 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2014.886321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rider, G. N., McMorris, B. J., Gower, A. L., Coleman, E., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2018). Health and care utilization of transgender and gender nonconforming youth: A population-based study. Pediatrics, 141(3), e20171683. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, S. T. (2020). Media coverage and care-seeking for transgender and gender-diverse youth. JAMA Network Open, 3(7), e2015373. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samargia, L. A., Saewyc, E. M., & Elliott, B. A. (2006). Foregone mental health care and self-reported access barriers among adolescents. The Journal of School Nursing, 22(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405060220010401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schimmel-Bristow, A., Haley, S. G., Crouch, J. M., Evans, Y. N., Ahrens, K. R., McCarty, C. A., & Inwards-Breland, D. J. (2018). Youth and caregiver experiences of gender identity transition: A qualitative study. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(2), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000269
   Google Scholar
• Spack, N. P., Edwards-Leeper, L., Feldman, H. A., Leibowitz, S., Mandel, F., Diamond, D. A., & Vance, S. R. (2012). Children and adolescents with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical center. Pediatrics, 129(3), 418–425. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperber, J., Landers, S., & Lawrence, S. (2005). Access to health care for transgendered persons: Results of a needs assessment in Boston. International Journal of Transgenderism, 8(2/3), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1300/J485v08n02_08
   Google Scholar
• Stroumsa, D., Shires, D. A., Richardson, C. R., Jaffee, K. D., & Woodford, M. R. (2019). Transphobia rather than education predicts provider knowledge of transgender health care. Medical Education, 53(4), 398–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan-Bolyai, S., Bova, C., & Harper, D. (2005). Developing and refining interventions in persons with health disparities: The use of qualitative description. Nursing Outlook, 53(3), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2005.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The World Professional Association for Transgender Health. (2012). Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People (7th ed.). [includes guidance specific to TGD youth].
   Google Scholar
• Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study: Qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, S. R., Jr., Buckelew, S. M., Dentoni-Lasofsky, B., Ozer, E., Deutsch, M. B., & Meyers, M. (2020). A pediatric transgender medicine curriculum for multidisciplinary trainees. MedEdPORTAL, 16(1), 10896. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10896
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veale, J. F., Peter, T., Travers, R., & Saewyc, E. M. (2017). Enacted stigma, mental health, and protective factors among transgender youth in Canada. Transgender Health, 2(1), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0031
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whittemore, R., Chase, S. K., & Mandle, C. L. (2001). Validity in qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 11(4), 522–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973201129119299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar