938
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Mental Health Services for African and Arab American Youth: An Audit Study

, , , &

References

  • Algeria, M., Vallas, M., & Pumariega, A. (2010). Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric mental health. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 19(4), 759–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2010.07.001
  • Allison, P. (2012, February 13). Logistic regression for rare events. Statistical Horizons. https://statisticalhorizons.com/logistic-regression-for-rare-events
  • Allport, G. W. (1958). The nature of prejudice. Doubleday Anchor Books.
  • Amer, M. M., & Hovey, J. D. (2012). Anxiety and depression in a post-September 11 sample of Arabs in the USA. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(3), 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0341-4
  • Anderson, K. N., Bautista, C. L., & Hope, D. A. (2019). Therapeutic alliance, cultural competence and minority status in premature termination of psychotherapy. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 89(1), 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000342
  • Assari, S., & Lankarani, M. M. (2017). Discrimination and psychological distress: Gender differences among Arab Americans. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(23), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00023
  • Basma, D., Gibbons, M. M., & Kronick, R. F. (2020). Examining the perceived multicultural counseling competence and negative attitudes toward the Arab American population. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 48(1), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12160
  • Breslau, J., Kendler, K. S., Maxwell, S., Gaxiola-Aguilar, S., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 35(3), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704003514
  • Button, P., Dils, E., Harrell, B., Fumarco, L., & Schwegman, D. (2020). Gender identity, race, and ethnicity discrimination in access to mental health care: Preliminary evidence from a multi-wave audit field experiment. National Bureau of Economic Research, 28164, 1–65. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28164/w28164.pdf
  • Carrell, S., Hoekstra, M., & West, J. (2015). The impact of intergroup contact on racial attitudes and revealed preferences. NBER Working Paper Series.
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Increase in suicide mortality in the United States, 1999-2018. National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db362.htm
  • Costello, E. J., He, J., Sampson, N. A., Kessler, R. C., & Merikangas, K. R. (2014). Services for adolescents with psychiatric disorders: 12-month data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent. Psychiatric Services, 65(3), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201100518
  • Cummings, R., & Druss, B. (2011). Racial/ethnic differences in mental health services use among adolescents with major depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(2), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.11.004
  • Curtin, S. C. (2020). State suicide rates among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24: United States, 2000-2018. National Vital Statistics Reports, 69(11), 1–10. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/93667
  • Duong, M. T., Bruns, E. J., Lee, K., Cox, S., Coifman, J., Mayworm, A., & Lyon, A. R. (2021). Rates of mental health service utilization by children and adolescents in schools and other common service settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 48(3), 420–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-020-01080-9
  • DuPont-Reyes, M. J., Villatoro, A. P., Phelan, J. C., Painter, K., & Link, B. G. (2020). Adolescent views of mental illness stigma: An intersectional lens. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000425
  • Edwards, A. L. (1957). The social desirability variable in personality assessment and research. Dryden Press.
  • Epstein, R., Blake, J., & González, T. (2017). Girlhood interrupted: The erasure of Black girls’ childhood. Center on Poverty and Inequality: George Law, 1–23. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3000695
  • Evans, E., Hawton, K., Rodham, K., & Deeks, J. (2005). The prevalence of suicidal phenomena in adolescents: A systematic review of population-based studies. Suicide & Life-Threat Behavior, 35(3), 250–329. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2005.35.3.239
  • Exec. Order No. 2020-7, 3 C.F.R. (2020).
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2008). About hate crime statistics, 2008. https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/index.html
  • Flores, G. (2010). Technical report – Racial and ethnic disparities in the health and health care of children. Pediatrics, 125(4), 978–1019. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0188
  • Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(3), 522–559. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000160
  • Gaddis, S. M. (2018). An introduction to audit studies in the social sciences. In Audit studies: Behind the scenes with theory, method, and nuance (vol. 14, pp. 3–44). Cham: Springer.
  • Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personal Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
  • Hall, W. J., Chapman, M. V., Lee, K. M., Merino, Y. M., Thomas, T. W., Payne, B. K., Eng, E., Day, S. H., & Coyne-Beasley, T. (2015). Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 105(12), 60–76. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302903
  • Jaber, R. M., Farroukh, M., Ismail, M., Najda, J., Sobh, H., Hammad, A., & Dalack, G. W. (2015). Measuring depression stigma towards depression and mental health treatment among adolescents in an Arab-American community. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 8(3), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2014.953188
  • Kugelmass, H. (2016). “Sorry, I’m not accepting new patients:” An audit study of access to mental health care. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 20(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146516647098
  • Kugelmass, H. (2019). “Just the type with whom I like to work”: Two correspondence field experiments in an online mental health care market. Society and Mental Health, 9(3), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869318755213
  • Leech, T., Irby-Shasanmi, A., & Mitchell, A. L. (2018). “Are you accepting new patients?” A pilot field experiment on telephone-based gatekeeping and Black patients’ access to pediatric care. Health Services Research, 54(S1), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13089
  • Meer, F., Grigutsch, L. A., Koranyi, N., Müller, F., & Rothermund, K. (2019). Predicting behaviors with the implicit measures: Disillusioning findings, reasonable explanations, and sophisticated solutions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02483
  • Mental Health America. (2020). Racism and mental health. https://mhanational.org/racism-and-mental-health
  • Miranda, J., McGuire, T. G., Williams, D. R., & Wang, P. (2008). Mental health in the context of health disparities. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(9), 1102–1108. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08030333
  • Naber, N. (2000). Ambigurous insiders: An investigation of Arab American invisibility. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(1), 37–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198700329123
  • National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2021). Mental health by the numbers. https://www.nami.org/mhstats
  • Noonan, A. S., Velasco-Mondragon, H. E., & Wagner, F. A. (2016). Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: An overdue opportunity for social justice. Public Health Reviews, 37(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-016-0025-4
  • Olfson, M., Gameroff, M. J., Marcus, S. C., & Waslick, B. D. (2003). Outpatient treatment of child and adolescent depression in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(12), 1236–1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1236
  • Oswald, F. L., Mitchell, G., Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., & Tetlock, P. E. (2013). Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of IAT criterion studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(2), 171–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032734
  • Park, J., Felix, K., & Lee, G. (2007). Implicit attitudes toward Arab-Muslims and the moderating effects of social information. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530701330942
  • Payne, B. K., & Hannay, J. W. (2021). Implicit bias reflects systemic racism. Trends in Cognitive Science, 25(11), 927–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.08.001
  • Peduzzi, P., Concato, J., Kemper, E., Holford, T. R., & Feinstein, A. R. (1996). A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49(12), 1373–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(96)00236-3
  • Planey, A. M., Smith, S. M., Moore, S., & Walker, T. D. (2019). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking among African American youth and their families: A systematic review study. Children and Youth Services Review, 101, 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.04.001
  • Priest, N., Slopen, N., Woolford, S., Philip, J. T., Singer, D., Kauffman, A. D., Mosely, K., Davis, M., Ransome, Y., & Williams, D. (2018). Stereotyping across intersections of race and age: Racial stereotyping among White adults working with children. PLOS One, 13(10), e0205614. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201696
  • Rhodes, A. E., Boyle, M. H., Bridge, J. E., Sinyor, M., Links, P. S., Tonmyr, L., Skinner, R., Bethell, J. M., Carlisle, C., Goodday, S., Hottes, T. S., Newton, A., Bennett, K., Sundar, P., Cheung, A. H., & Szatmari, P. (2014). Antecedents and sex/gender differences in youth suicidal behavior. World Journal of Psychiatry, 4(4), 120–132. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.120
  • Rodriquez, E. J., Livaudais-Toman, J., Gregorich, S. E., Jackson, J. S., Napoles, A. M., & Perez-Stable, E. J. (2018). Relationship between allostatic load, unhealthy behaviors, and depressive disorder in U.S. adults, 2005-2012 NHANES. Preventive Medicine, 110(8), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.002
  • Sabin, J., Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A., & Rivara, F. P. (2009). Physicians’ implicit and explicit attitudes about race by MD race, ethnicity, and gender. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20(3), 896–913. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0185
  • Schwarz, W. S. (2009). Adolescent mental health in the United States Fact sheet. National Center for Children in Poverty. https://www.nccp.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/text_878.pdf
  • Shin, R., Smith, L., Welch, J., & Ezeofor, I. (2016). Is Allison more likely than Lakesha to receive a callback from counseling professionals? A racism audit study. The Counseling Psychologist, 12(8), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000016668814
  • Sorkin, D. H., Ngo-Metzger, Q., Billimek, J., August, K. J., Greenfield, S., & Kaplan, S. H. (2011). Underdiagnosed and undertreated depression among racially/ethnically diverse patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 34(3), 598–600. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1825
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). The CBHSQ Report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343537/
  • Syed, S. T., Gerber, B. S., & Sharp, L. K. (2013). Traveling towards disease: Transportation barriers to health care access. Journal of Community Health, 38(5), 976–993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-013-9681-1
  • Tervalon, M., & Murray-García, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
  • United States Census Bureau. (2010). Rural America. https://mtgis-portal.geo.census.gov/arcgis/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=49cd4bc9c8eb444ab51218c1d5001ef6
  • United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2021). Shortage Areas. https://data.hrsa.gov/topics/health-workforce/shortage-areas
  • Yang, S., Zarr, R. L., Kass-Hout, T. A., Kourough, A., & Kelly, N. R. (2006). Transportation barriers to accessing health care for urban children. Journal of Health Care for Poor and Underserved, 17(4), 928–943. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2006.0137

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.