Bibliography
- Abierta, V. 2011. “La Alianza entre el Bloque Metro y Las Bandas de Medellín.” October 20. https://verdadabierta.com/la-alianza-entre-el-bloque-metro-y-las-bandas-de-medellin/
- Abierta, V. 2016. “La Historia de las Milicias en Medellín Pasa por Justicia y Paz.” September 15. https://verdadabierta.com/la-historia-de-las-milicias-en-medellin-pasa-por-justicia-y-paz/.
- Arjona, A. Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
- Bahl, V. 2012. “Murder Capital to Modern Miracle? The Progression of Governance in Medellin.” DPU Working Paper No. 143, May. Colombia.
- Beall, J., T. Goodfellow, and D. Rodgers. 2011. “Cities, Conflict and State Fragility.” Cities and Fragile States Working Paper 85. LSE Development Studies Institute. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/39766/1/Cities%2C_conflict_and_state_fragility_wp852%28author%29.pdf
- Betancur, J. L. “Approaches to the Regularization of Informal Settlements: The Case of Primed in Medellin, Colombia.” Global Urban Development Magazine 3, no. 1 (Nov. 2007). http://www.globalurban.org/GUDMag07Vol3Iss1/Betancur.htm.
- Blair, E., M. G. Hernández, and A. M. Muñoz Guzmán. “Conflictividades Urbanas vs. ‘Guerra’ Urbana: Otra ‘Clave’ para Leer el Conflicto en Medellín.” Universitas Humanística, no. 67 ( Jan–Jun. 2009): 29–54.
- Bollens, S. “Managing Urban Ethnic Conflict.” In Globalism and Local Democracy: Challenge and Change in Europe and North America, edited by R. Hambleton, H. V. Savitch, and M. Stewart, 108–124. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002.
- Büscher, K. “African Cities and Violent Conflict: The Urban Dimension of Conflict and Post-Conflict Dynamics in Central and Eastern Africa.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 2 (2018): 2018. doi:10.1080/17531055.2018.1458399.
- Cañas, A., and P. Emilio. “Conflictos Urbanos en un País en Guerras: Miedo, Satanización y Realismo Trágico.” In Chapter 4 in Violencias y Conflictos Urbanos: Un Reto para las Políticas Públicas, 111–156. Medellín: Instituto Popular de Capacitación, 2003.
- Ceballos, R. “Violencia Reciente en Medellín: Una Aproximación a los Actores.” Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’études Andines 29, no. 3 (2000): 381–401.
- Clunan, A., and H. Trinkunas. “Alternative Governance in Latin America.” In Routledge Handbook of Latin American Security, edited by D. R. Mares and A. M. Kacowicz, 99–110. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.
- Colak, A. A., and J. Pearce. “Securing the Global City? an Analysis of the ‘medellín Model’ through Participatory Research.” Conflict, Security & Development 15, no. 3 (2015): 197–228. doi:10.1080/14678802.2015.1055136.
- Colby, S., and F. Fukuyama. 2011. “Half a Miracle.” Foreign Policy, April 25. https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/04/25/half-a-miracle/
- Dahl, R. A. “The Concept of Power.” Behavioral Science 2, no. 3 (1957): 201–215.
- Dávila, L. F. “Violencia Urbana, Conflicto y Crimen en Medellín: Una Revisión de las Publicaciones Académicas al Respecto.” Revista Criminalidad 58, no. 2, ( May–Aug. 2016).
- Davis, D. “Non-State Armed Actors, New Imagined Communities and Shifting Patterns of Sovereignty and Insecurity in the Modern World.” Contemporary Security Policy 30, no. 2 (2009). doi:10.1080/13523260903059757.
- De la Calle, L. “Compliance Vs. Constraints: A Theory of Rebel Targeting in Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 3 (2017): 427–441. doi:10.1177/0022343316686823.
- Duncan, G. 2005. “Del Campo a la Ciudad en Colombia: La Infiltración Urbana de los Señores de la Guerra.” Documento CEDE, January. https://economia.uniandes.edu.co/components/com_booklibrary/ebooks/d2005-02.pdf
- Elkus, A., and J. P. Sullivan. “Command of the Cities: Towards a Theory of Urban Strategy.” Small Wars Journal. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/command-of-the-cities-towards-a-theory-of-urban-strategy
- Espinal, A., A. Manuel, J. G. Ramírez, and D. J. Sierra. “Medellín: El Complejo Camino de la Competencia Armada.” In Parapolítica: La Ruta de La Expansión Paramilitar y los Acuerdos Políticos, edited by M. Romero, 109–164. Bogotá: Intermedio, 2007.
- Felbab-Brown, V. 2011. “Reducing Urban Violence: Lessons from Medellín, Colombia.” Brookings, February 14. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/reducing-urban-violence-lessons-from-medellin-colombia/
- Felbab-Brown, V. “Crime–War Battlefields.” Survival 55, no. 3 (2013): 147–166. doi:10.1080/00396338.2013.802859.
- Freedman, L. “Strategic Studies and the Problem of Power.” In Strategic Studies: A Reader, edited by T. G. Mahnken and J. A. Maiolo, 9–21. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
- Giraldo Ramírez, J. “Conflicto Armado Urbano y Violencia Homicida: El Caso de Medellín.” Urvio: Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana no. 5 (Sept. 2008): 99–113.
- Guerrilla y Población Civil: Trayectoria de las FARC 1949-2013. Bogotá: Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, 2014.
- Hills, A. Future War in Cities: Rethinking a Liberal Dilemma. London: Frank Cass, 2004.
- Hanson, S. 2008. “Colombia’s Right-Wing Paramilitaries and Splinter Groups.” Council on Foreign Relations, January 10. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/colombias-right-wing-paramilitaries-and-splinter-groups.
- Hoffman, F. G. Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Arlington: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, 2007.
- The International Institute for Strategic Studies. “Peace and Security in Bogotá: Transformations and Perspectives after the Armed Conflict.” 2018. https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2018/07/peace-and-security-in-bogota
- Isacson, A., M. Meye, and A. Morse. “Medellín: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back.” In Tackling Urban Violence in Latin America: Reversing Exclusion through Smart Policing and Social Investment, 6–9. Washington, DC: Washington Office on Latin America, 2011.
- Jaramillo, A. M., and M. Y. Gil. “Medellín en Su Laberinto: Criminalidad y Violencia en Los Comienzos del Siglo XXI.” In Ciudades en La Encrucijada: Violencia y Poder Criminal en Río de Janeiro, Medellín, Bogotá y Ciudad Juárez, 119–184. Medellín: Corporación Región, 2014.
- Jaramillo, A. M., and F. G. Sanín. “Crime, (counter-)insurgency and the Privatization of Security - the Case of Medellín, Colombia.” Environment and Urbanization 16, no. 17 (2004): 17–30. doi:10.1177/095624780401600209.
- Kalyvas, S. N. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Kilcullen, D. Out of the Mountains: The Coming Age of the Urban Guerrilla. London: Hurst, 2013.
- Mamouri, A. 2013. “Southern Suburbs Stand Apart in Beirut.” Al-Monitor, December 27 https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/12/beirut-southern-surburbs-residents-syria.html#ixzz5wb2XJO8c
- Mampilly, Z. C. Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life during War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011.
- Maninger, S. “The Urbanisation of Conflict.” African Security Review 9, no. 1 (2000). doi:10.1080/10246029.2000.9628037.
- Maruf, H. 2018. “In Somalia, Businesses Face ‘taxation’ by Militants.” Voice of America, December 03. https://www.voanews.com/africa/somalia-businesses-face-taxation-militants
- Medellín: Memorias de una Guerra Urbana. Bogotá: Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, 2017.
- Medina Franco, G. Una historia de las milicias de Medellín. Medellín: Instituto Popular de Capacitación, 2006.
- Mehler, A. “Oligopolies of Violence in Africa South of the Sahara.” Nord-Sud Aktuell 18, no. 3 (2004): 539–548.
- Menkhaus, K. “Non-State Security Providers and Political Formation in Somalia.” CSG Papers no. 5, April. Centre for Security Governance, 2016.
- Moncada, E. “Urban Violence, Political Economy and Territorial Control: Insights from Medellín.” Latin American Research Review 51, no. 4 (2016): 225–248. doi:10.1353/lar.2016.0057.
- Montero, D. 2010. “Violencia en las Comunas de Medellín: No Futuro.” La Silla Vacía, August 25. https://lasillavacia.com/historia/violencia-en-las-comunas-de-medellin-no-futuro-17593?page=2
- Nye, J. The Future of Power. New York: PublicAffairs, 2011.
- O’Donnell, G. Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999.
- Palma, L., and J. David. 2013. “Queríamos que Castaño Llegara a La Presidencia.” El Espectador, September 28. https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/queriamos-castano-llegara-presidencia-articulo-449263
- “Proyecto Memoria de la Violencia: Una Construcción Social desde la Perspectiva de las Víctimas. Los Casos de Bogotá y Medellín (1980–2010) – Informe Final.” Colciencias, December 2012. http://www.region.org.co/images/publicamos/documentos/Informe%20Colciencias%20Medelln.pdf
- Resolution Concerning Decent Work and the Informal Economy. Geneva: International Labour Organisation, 2002. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_098314.pdf
- Risse, T. “Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood.” In Governance without a State? Policies and Politics in Areas of Limited Statehood, edited by T. Risse, 1–38. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2011.
- Rozema, R. “Paramilitares y Violencia Urbana en Medellín, Colombia.” Foro Internacional 89, no. 47 (2007): 535–550.
- Rozema, R. “Urban DDR-Processes: Paramilitaries and Criminal Networks in Medellín, Colombia.” Journal of Latin American Studies 40, no. 3 (2008). doi:10.1017/S0022216X08004392.
- Sampaio, A. “Before and after Urban Warfare: Conflict Prevention and Transition in Cities.” International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 1 (2016): 71–95. doi:10.1017/S1816383117000145.
- Sampaio, A. “Conflict Expansion to Cities.” In Armed Conflict Survey 2019, 21–28. London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), 2019.
- Sanín, G. “Francisco. ‘organization and Governance: The Evolution of Urban Militias in Medellín, Colombia’.” In Rebel Governance in Civil War, edited by A. Arjona, N. Kasfir, and Z. Mampilly, 246–264. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
- Schuberth, M. “The Challenge of Community-Based Armed Groups: Towards a Conceptualization of Militias, Gangs, and Vigilantes.” Contemporary Security Policy 36, no. 2 (2015). doi:10.1080/13523260.2015.1061756.
- Staniland, P. “Cities on Fire: Social Mobilization, State Policy, and Urban Insurgency.” Comparative Political Studies 43, no. 12 (2010). doi:10.1177/0010414010374022.
- Tiempo, E., 2015. “Operación Orión, Una Historia que Cumple 13 Años de Impunidad.” October 18 https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-16406579
- Tremaria, S., and S. Wienand. “Paramilitarism in a Post-Demobilization Context? Insights from the Department of Antioquia in Colombia European.” Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, no. 103 (2017): 25–50.
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2018 “Revision of World Urbanization Prospects.” May 16. https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html
- Valencia, L., and C. Montoya. 2016. “Las Bandas Criminales y el Postconflicto.” Fundación Paz y Reconciliación, February 24. https://pares.com.co/2016/02/24/las-bandas-criminales-y-el-postconflicto/.
- Vergara, J. R. G. “¿Se Comportan Igual Las Tasas de Desempleo de las Siete Principales Ciudades Colombianas?” Documentos de Trabajo sobre Economía Regional 55. Colombia: Banco de La República, February 2005.
- Von Einsiedel, S. “Civil War Trends and the Changing Nature of Armed Conflict.” United Nations University Centre for Policy Research. Occasional Paper 10. March, 2017.