1,245
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Competitive clientelism in secondary cities: urban ecologies of resistance in Lebanon

Pages 206-220 | Received 02 Feb 2021, Accepted 09 Aug 2021, Published online: 17 Aug 2021

References

  • Abu-Rish, Z. 2016. “Municipal Politics in Lebanon “ MERIP 46 (Fall, 280):http://www.merip.org/mer/mer280/municipal-politics-lebanon.
  • Allès, C. 2012. “The Private Sector and Local Elites: The Experience of Public Private Partnership in the Water Sector in Tripoli, Lebanon.” Mediterranean Politics 17 (3): 394–409. doi:10.1080/13629395.2012.725303.
  • Asfura-Heim, P., C. Steinitz, and G. Schbley. 2013. The Specter of Sunni Military Mobilization in Lebanon. Arlington, VA: CNA Report. https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/DOP-2013-U-006349-Final.pdf.
  • Bassel, S., J. S. Rabie Barakat, L. W. K. Al-Habbal, and S. Mikaelian. 2015. The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon. London: Pluto Press.
  • Baumann, H. 2012. “The ‘New Contractor Bourgeoisie’ in Lebanese Politics: Hariri, Mikati and Fares.” In Lebanon: After the Cedar Revolution, edited by A. Knudsen and M. Kerr, 125–144. London: Hurst.
  • Baumann, H. 2016. Citizen Hariri: Lebanon’s Neo-Liberal Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bayat, A. 2007. “Radical Religion and the Habitus of the Dispossessed: Does Islamic Militancy Have an Urban Ecology?” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31 (3): 579–590. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00746.x.
  • Bayat, A. 2012. “Politics in the City-Inside-Out.” City & Society 24 (2): 110–128. doi:10.1111/j.1548-744X.2012.01071.x.
  • Bayat, A., and K. Biekart. 2009. “Cities of Extremes.” Development and Change 40 (5): 815–825. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01584.x.
  • Becherer, R. 2005. “A Matter of Life and Debt: The Untold Costs of Rafiq Hariri’s New Beirut.” The Journal of Architecture 10 (1): 1–42. doi:10.1080/13602360500063089.
  • Calame, J., and E. Charlesworth. 2009. Divided Cities: Belfast, Beirut, Jerusalem, Mostar and Nicosia. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Cammett, M. 2014. Compassionate Communalism: Welfare and Sectarianism in Lebanon. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Davis, D. E., and N. L. de Duren. 2010. Cities & Sovereignty: Identity Politics in Urban Spaces. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press.
  • El Khazen, F. 2003. “Political Parties in Postwar Lebanon: Parties in Search of Partisans.” Middle East Journal 57 (4): 605–624.
  • el Khoury, M., and U. Panizza. 2001. Poverty and Social Mobility in Lebanon: A Few Wild Guesses. Beirut: Dep. of Economics, AUB, www.erf.org.eg/html/panizza_Elkhoury.pdf.
  • Fawaz, M. 2009. “Neoliberal Urbanity and the Right to the City: A View from Beirut’s Periphery.” Development and Change 40 (5): 827–852. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01585.x.
  • Gade, T. 2012. “Tripoli (Lebanon) as a Microcosm of the Crisis of Sunnism in the Levant.” BRISMES paper, http://brismes2012.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/gade-tine-lebanon-brismes-2012.pdf.
  • Gade, T. 2017. “Limiting Violent Spillover in Civil Wars: The Paradoxes of Lebanese Sunni Jihadism, 2011–17.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 10 (2): 187–206. doi:10.1080/17550912.2017.1311601.
  • Gade, T. 2019. “Together All the Way? Abeyance and Co-optation of Sunni Networks in Lebanon.” Social Movement Studies 18 (1): 56–77. doi:10.1080/14742837.2018.1545638.
  • Ghaddar, S. 2016. Machine Politics in Lebanon’s Alleyways: The Century Foundation, https://tcf.org/content/report/machine-politics-lebanons-alleyways/
  • Henley, A. D. M. 2017. ““Religious Authority And Sectarianism In Lebanon “.” In Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East, edited by F. Wehrey, 283–302. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Huxley, F. C. 1978. Wasita in a Lebanese Context: Social Exchange among Villagers and Outsiders. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
  • ICG. 2010. Lebanon’s Politics: The Sunni Community and Hariri’s Future Current. Beirut and Brussels: Int. Crisis Group, Middle East Report No. 96, 26 May 2010.
  • Johnson, M. 1985. Class and Client in Beirut: The Sunni Muslim Community and the Lebanese State 1840-1985. London: Ithaca Press.
  • Knudsen, A. J. 2011. “Nahr el-Bared: The Political Fall-out of a Refugee Disaster.” In Palestinian Refugees: Identity, Space and Place in the Levant, edited by A. Knudsen and S. Hanafi, 97–110. London: Routledge.
  • Knudsen, A. J. 2012. “Special Tribunal for Lebanon: Homage to Hariri?” In Lebanon: After the Cedar Revolution, edited by A. Knudsen and M. Kerr, 219–233. London: Hurst.
  • Knudsen, A. J. 2017a. “Patrolling a Proxy-War: Soldiers, Citizens and Zu’ama in Syria Street, Tripoli.” In Civil-Military Relations in Lebanon: Conflict, Cohesion and Confessionalism in a Divided Society, edited by A. J. Knudsen and T. Gade, 71–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Knudsen, A. J. 2019. Sunnism, Salafism, Sheikism: Urban Pathways of Resistance in Sidon, Lebanon. Oslo: Nupi, HYRES Research Note, http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2599516
  • Knudsen, A. J. 2020. “Sheikhs and the City: Urban Paths of Contention in Sidon, Lebanon.” Conflict and Society 6 (1): 34–51. doi:10.3167/arcs.2020.060103.
  • Knudsen, A. J., and T. Gade. 2017b. “The Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF): A United Army for A Divided Country?” In Civil-Military Relations in Lebanon: Conflict, Cohesion and Confessionalism in a Divided Society, edited by A. J. Knudsen and T. Gade, 1–22. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lust, E. 2009. “Competitive Clientelism in the Middle East.” Journal of Democracy 20 (3): 122–135. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0099.
  • Meier, D., and P. Rosita Di. 2017. “The Sunni Community in Lebanon: From “Harirism” to “Sheikhism”?” In Lebanon Facing the Arab Uprisings: Constraints and Adaptation, edited by D. Meier and P. Rosita Di, 35–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Mermier, F., and S. Mervin. 2012. Leaders Et Partisans Au Liban. Paris: Karthala.
  • Nizar, H. A. 2001. “Clientelism, Lebanon: Roots and Trends.” Middle Eastern Studies 37 (3): 167–178. doi:10.1080/714004405.
  • Pall, Z. 2013. Lebanese Salafis between the Gulf and Europe: Development, Fractionalization and Transnational Networks of Salafism in Lebanon. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Pall, Z. 2018. Salafism in Lebanon: Local and Transnational Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pullan, W., and B. Baille. 2013. Locating Urban Conflicts: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Everyday. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rabil, R. G. 2014. Salafism in Lebanon from Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
  • Rougier, B. 2015. The Sunni Tragedy in the Middle East: Northern Lebanon from al-Qaeda to ISIS. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Samaha, N. 2013. “Lebanon’s Sunnis Search for a Saviour.” al-Jazeera International (15 June), http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/2013615115015272727.html
  • Samra, M. A. 2011. “Revenge of the Wretched: Islamism and Violence in the Bab Al Tabaneh Neigbourhood of Tripoli.” In Arab Youth: Social Mobilization in Times of Risk, edited by S. Khalaf and R. S. Khalaf, 220–235. London: Saqi.
  • Sogge, E. L. 2021. The Palestinian National Movement in Lebanon: A Political History of the ‘Ayn al-Hilwe Camp. London: I. B. Tauris.
  • UN-Habitat. 2016. Tripoli: City Profile. Beirut. UN-Habitat, Lebanon. Tripoli: City Profile. Beirut: UN-Habitat, https://unhabitat.org/tripoli-city-profile
  • UN-Habitat. 2017. Saida City Profile. Beirut: UN-Habitat, unpublished draft, 246 pages.
  • Vloeberghs, W. 2012. “The Hariri Political Dynasty after the Arab Spring.” Mediterranean Politics 17 (2): 241–248. doi:10.1080/13629395.2012.694046.
  • Wehrey, F. 2017. Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Wiktorowicz, Q. 2004. Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press.