377
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Can (Salafi) jihadi insurgents politicise and become pragmatic in civil wars? Social movement restraint in Ahrar al-Sham in Syria

Pages 189-205 | Received 02 Feb 2021, Accepted 13 Sep 2021, Published online: 10 Oct 2021

References

  • Abazeid, A., and T. Pierret. 2018. “Les rebelles syriens d’Ahrar al-Sham: Ressorts contextuels et organisationnels d’une déradicalisation en temps de guerre civile.” Critique Internationale N° 78 (1): 63–84. doi:10.3917/crii.078.0063.
  • Abazeid, A. 2015. Ahrar Al-sham Ba‘d ‘Am Tawil. Istanbul: Markaz ‘umran lil-dirasat al-istratijiyya.
  • Abboud, S. N. 2018. Syria: Hot Spots in Global Politics. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Al-Ha’yat al-Shari’yya. 2014. “Bayan Al-ha’ya Al-shar’iyya Hawul Al-jabha Al-islamiyya Wa Qiyyadatha.” https://justpaste.it/fib0
  • Al-islamiyya, A.-J., A. Al-sham, F. Al-sham, J. al-Mujahideen, and A. Al-furqan. 2014. “Mithaq Sharaf Thawri Lil-kata’ib Al-muqatila.”
  • al-Jabhat al-Islamiyya, 2013. “Mithaq Al-jabha Al-islamiyya.”
  • Al-nahhas, L., 2015a. “I’m a Syrian and I Fight ISIL Every Day: It Will Take More than Bombs from the West to Defeat This Menace’.” Newspaper, 21.
  • Al-nahhas, L. 2015b. The Deadly Consequences of Mislabelling Syria’s Revolutionaries’, 10. Washinton DC: Washington Post.
  • Al-sham, A., 2013. “Mithaq Harakat Ahrar al-sham Al-islamiyya.”
  • Al-sham, A., 2015a. “Bayyan Insihab Min Mu’tamar Al-riyadh.”
  • Al-sham, A., 2015b. “Bayyan Tawdihi Hawul Mawaqif Harakat Ahrar al-sham.”
  • Al-sham, A., 2015c. “Qarar Idari 67/a.” November 11
  • Al-sham, A., 2015d. “Qarar Idari 68/a.” November 19
  • Al-sham, A., 2016a. “Qarar Idari 84/a.”
  • Al-sham, A., 2016b. “Qarar Idari 86/a.” June 2
  • Al-sham, A., 2017b. “Masa’il Fi Al-siyasat Al-shar‘iyya. Al-minbar Al-fikri.”
  • Al-sham, A., no.date.a. “Al-istidʿaf Wal-tamkin Bayna Muʿtayat Al-waqiʿa Wa Ahkam Al-din.”
  • Al-sham, A., no.date.b. “Al-qawl Al-mubin Fi Tartib Maqasid Al-shariʿa Wa Maslaha Al-nafs Wa Al Din.”
  • Al-sham, A., no.date.c. “Al-usul Al-shar‘iyya Li-l‘amal Al-islami Al-mu‘asir.”
  • Al-sham, A., no.date.e. “Al-usul Al-shar‘iyya Li-l‘amal Al-islami Al-mu‘asir.”
  • Al-sham, A. 2017a. “Hukm Rafa‘ ‘Alam Al-thawra Al-suriyya.”
  • Al-sham, A. no.date.d. “Shari’ya Al-ghab.”
  • Al-shami, A. 2013. Adwat ‘Ala Al-manhaj Al-jama‘a Al-mujahida.
  • Al-shami, S. 2014. “Qiyadi Sabiq Fi Ahrar Al-sham Yakshif Kulis Takhtit Qiyadat Al-ahrar Li Qital Al-dawla Wasat Rafd Kathir Min Afradha.” https://justpaste.it/edsk
  • Alimi, E. Y., L. Bosi, and C. Demetriou. 2015. The Dynamics of Radicalization: A Relational and Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Arquilla, J., and D. Ronfeldt. 2001. Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
  • Ashour, O. 2009. The de-Radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements. Abingdon-on-Thames: Taylor & Francis.
  • Bacon, T. 2018. Why Terrorist Groups Form International Alliances. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Baczko, A., G. Dorronsoro, and A. Quesnay. 2018. Civil War in Syria: Mobilization and Competing Social Orders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Balanche, F. 2006. La région alaouite et le pouvoir syrien. Paris: Karthala.
  • Balanche, F. 2011. “Géographie de la révolte syrienne.” Outre-terre n° 29 (3): 437–458. doi:10.3917/oute.029.0437.
  • Balanche, F. 2018. “Sectarianism in Syria’s Civil War.” In Washington Institute for Near East Policy (Washington DC).
  • Belhadj, S. 2013. La Syrie de Bashar al-Asad: Anatomie d’un régime autoritaire. Paris: Belin.
  • Bosi, L., Ó. Ó Dochartaigh, and D. Pisoiu. 2015. Political Violence in Context: Time, Space and Milieu. Colchester: ECPR Press.
  • Bouhlel, F., and Y. Guichaoua. 2021 Norms, Non-combatants’ Agency and Restraint in Jihadi Violence in Northern Mali International Interactions, 1–18.
  • Busher, J., and T. Bjørgo. 2020. “Restraint in Terrorist Groups and Radical Milieus.” Perspectives on Terrorism 14 (6): 2–13.
  • Byman, D. 2019. Road Warriors: Foreign Fighters in the Armies of Jihad. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cafarella, J., 2014. “Jabhat Al Nusra in Syria.” Institute for the Study of War. http://www.understandingwar.org/report/jabhat−al−nusra−syria
  • Carenzi, S. 2020. “A Downward Scale Shift? The Case of Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham.” Perspectives on Terrorism 14 (6): 91–105.
  • Cavatorta, F., and F. Merone. 2013. “Moderation through Exclusion? The Journey of the Tunisian Ennahda from Fundamentalist to Conservative Party.” Democratization 20 (5): 857–875. doi:10.1080/13510347.2013.801255.
  • Charap, S., E. Treyger, and E. Geist. 2019. Understanding Russia’s Intervention in Syria. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
  • Clark, J. A. 2004. Islam, Charity, and Activism: Middle-Class Networks and Social Welfare in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • della Porta, D., T. H. Donker, B. Hall, E. Poljarevic, and D. P. Ritter. 2017. Social Movements and Civil War: When Protests for Democratization Fail. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.
  • della Porta, D. 2013. Clandestine Political Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Drevon, J., and P. Haenni, 2021. “How Global Jihad Relocalises and Where It Leads. The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria.” The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria (January 2021), Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper No. RSCAS, 8.
  • Drevon, J. 2015. “The Emergence of ex-Jihadi Political Parties in post-Mubarak Egypt.” The Middle East Journal 69 (4): 511–526. doi:10.3751/69.4.11.
  • Drevon, J. 2017a. “The Constrained Institutionalization of Diverging Islamist Strategies: The Jihadis, the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Salafis between Two Aborted Egyptian Revolutions.” Mediterranean Politics 22 (1): 16–34. doi:10.1080/13629395.2016.1230946.
  • Drevon, J. 2017b. “The Jihadi Social Movement (JSM) between Factional Hegemonic Drive, National Realities, and Transnational Ambitions.” Perspectives on Terrorism 11 (6): 55–62.
  • Drevon, J. 2021. “Ahrar al-Sham’s Politicisation during the Syrian Conflict.” In Salafi Social and Political Movements: National and Transnational Contexts, edited by M. Bano, and A. al-Saud. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Göldner-Ebenthal, K., and A. Elsayed. 2019. Salafi Jihadi Armed Groups and Conflict (De-) Escalation. The Case of Ahrar al-Sham in Syria. Berlin: Berghof Foundation.
  • Goodarzi, J. M. 2009. Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East. London: IB Tauris.
  • Gopal, A., and J. Hodge. 2021. Social Networks, Class, and the Syrian Proxy War. Washington DC: New America.
  • Gopal, A. 2018. Syria’s Last Bastion of Freedom. New Yorker.
  • Goya, M. 2017. Etoile rouge: Enseignements opérationnels de quatre ans d’engagement russe en Syrie. Seattle: Amazon Media.
  • Gunning, J. 2009. “Social Movement Theory and the Study of Terrorism.” In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, edited by R. Jackson, M. Smyth, and J. Gunning, 156–177, Abingdon-on-Thames: Taylor & Francis.
  • Ha’yat Tahrir al-Sham, 2018a. “Al-jihad Wa Al-siyasa Al-shar‘iyya Bayna Al-thawabit Wa Al-mutaghirat.”
  • Ha’yat Tahrir al-Sham, 2018b “Satuksar Hamlatihim Wa Yahzimun Bi Idhn Illah.”
  • Ha’yat Tahrir al-Sham, 2018c. “Thawrat Al-sham Lan Tamut.”
  • Haddad, B. S. 2011. Business Networks in Syria: The Political Economy of Authoritarian Resilience. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Hafez, M. M. 2003. Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Hafez, M. M. 2019. “Not My Brother’s Keeper: Factional Infighting in Armed Islamist Movements.” Journal of Religion and Violence 7 (2): 189–208. doi:10.5840/jrv2019112265.
  • Hafez, M. M. 2020. “Fratricidal Rebels: Ideological Extremity and Warring Factionalism in Civil Wars.” Terrorism and Political Violence 32 (3): 604–629. doi:10.1080/09546553.2017.1389726.
  • Hamilton, R. E., C. Miller, and A. Stein. 2020. Russia’s War in Syria: Assessing Russian Military Capabilities and Lessons Learned. Pennsylvania: Foreign Policy Research Institute.
  • Hamming, T. R. 2020. “The Al Qaeda–Islamic State Rivalry: Competition Yes, but No Competitive Escalation.” Terrorism and Political Violence 32 (1): 20–37. doi:10.1080/09546553.2017.1342634.
  • Hassan, H. 2018. “Two Houses Divided: How Conflict in Syria Shaped the Future of Jihadism.” CTC Sentinel 11 (9): 1–8.
  • Heller, S. 2015. Ahrar al-Sham’s Revisionist Jihadism, 30. Washington DC: War on the Rocks.
  • Hinnebusch, R. 2012. “Syria: From ‘Authoritarian Upgrading’ to Revolution?” International Affairs 88 (1): 95–113. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01059.x.
  • Hinnebusch, R. 2019. “What Went Wrong: Understanding the Trajectory of Syria’s Conflict Matar, L, and Kadri, A.” In Syria: From National Independence to Proxy War, 29–52. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hoover, J. 2019. Ibn Taymiyya. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • ICG (International Crisis Group). 2012. Tentative Jihad. Brussels: Syria’s Fundamentalist Opposition.
  • Jones, S. G. 2020. Moscow’s War in Syria. Washington DC: CSIS.
  • Kaválek, T. 2015. “From al-Qaeda in Iraq to Islamic State: The Story of Insurgency in Iraq and Syria in 2003-2015.” Alternatives: Turkish Journal of Ternational Relations 14 (1): 1–32.
  • Lawson, G. 2015. “Revolution, Nonviolence, and the Arab Uprisings.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 20 (4): 453–470. doi:10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-453.
  • Lefèvre, R., and A. El Yassir, 2014. “The Sham Legion: Syria’s Moderate Islamists.”
  • Lefèvre, R. 2021. Jihad in the City: Militant Islam and Contentious Politics in Tripoli. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lia, B. 2015. “Understanding Jihadi Proto-states.” Perspectives on Terrorism 9 (4): 31–41.
  • Lister, C., 2016c. “The Free Syrian Army: A Decentralized Insurgent Brand.” Brookings Project on US Relations with the Islamic World Analysis Paper, (26).
  • Lister, C. 2016a. Profiling Jabhat al-Nusra. Washington DC: Brookings Institution.
  • Lister, C. 2016b. The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lund, A., 2013. “Syria’s Salafi Insurgents: The Rise of the Syrian Islamic Front.” UI Occasional Papers, 17.
  • Lund, A. 2014. Syria’s Ahrar al-Sham Leadership Wiped Out in Bombing. Washington DC: Carnegie Institute Endowement for International Peace.
  • Maher, S. 2016. Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mantoux, S. 2017. “Le Parti islamique du Turkestan, bras armé ouïghour d’al-Qaïda en Syrie”. France Soir
  • Matesan, I. E. 2020. The Violence Pendulum: Tactical Change in Islamist Groups in Egypt and Indonesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mazur, K. 2021. Revolution in Syria: Identity, Networks, and Repression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McAdam, D., J. D. McCarthy, and M. N. Zald. 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McQuinn, B., F. Terry, O. Kaplan, and F. Gutiérrez-Sanin. 2021. Introduction: Promoting Restraint in War, 1–30. International Interactions.
  • Mendelsohn, B. 2015. The al-Qaeda Franchise: The Expansion of al-Qaeda and Its Consequences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Moghadam, A. 2008. The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks. Baltimore: JHU Press.
  • Moghadam, A. 2017. Nexus of Global Jihad: Understanding Cooperation among Terrorist Actors. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Phillips, C. 2016. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. Yale: Yale University Press.
  • Pierret, T. 2013. Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution. Vol. 41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pierret, T. 2015a. “Crise et déradicalisation: Les rebelles syriens d’Ahrar al-Sham.” Confluences Méditerranée N° 94 (3): 43–49. doi:10.3917/come.094.0043.
  • Pierret, T. 2015b. “Les salafismes dans l’insurrection syrienne: Des réseaux transnationaux à l’épreuve des réalités locales.” Outre-Terre N° 44 (3): 196–215. doi:10.3917/oute1.044.0196.
  • Revkin, M. R. 2020. “What Explains Taxation by Resource-rich Rebels? Evidence from the Islamic State in Syria.” The Journal of Politics 82 (2): 757–764. doi:10.1086/706597.
  • Schwab, R. 2018. “Insurgent Courts in Civil Wars: The Three Pathways of (Trans) Formation in Today’s Syria (2012–2017).” Small Wars & Insurgencies 29 (4): 801–826. doi:10.1080/09592318.2018.1497290.
  • Schwedler, J. 2006. Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schwedler, J. 2011. “Can Islamists Become Moderates: Rethinking the Inclusion-Moderation Hypothesis.” World Politics 63 (2): 347. doi:10.1017/S0043887111000050.
  • Staniland, P. 2014. Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Svensson, I., and D. Finnbogason. 2021. “Confronting the Caliphate? Explaining Civil Resistance in Jihadist Proto-states.” European Journal of International Relations 27 (2): 572–595. doi:10.1177/1354066120976790.
  • Tarsha, H. 2018. “Harakat Ahrar Al-sham Al-islamiyya Al-nasha Wal Istimrar.” https://justpaste.it/2g47w
  • Van Dam, N. 2011. The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society under Asad and the Ba’th Party. London: IB Tauris.
  • Van Dam, N. 2017. Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Wagemakers, J. 2012. A Quietist Jihadi: The Ideology and Influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Weinstein, J. M. 2007. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wickham, C. R., 2004. “The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt’s Wasat Party.” Comparative Politics, pp.205–228.
  • Wiktorowicz, Q., ed. 2004. Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Wiktorowicz, Q. 2006. “Anatomy of the Salafi Movement.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29 (3): 207–239. doi:10.1080/10576100500497004.
  • Wood, E. J. 2003. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.