References
- Acik, N. 2014. “Kobane: The Struggle of Kurdish Women against Islamic State.” Open Democracy, 22 October. https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/necla-acik/kobane-struggle-of-kurdish-women-against-islamic-state
- Akkaya, A. H., and J. Jongerden. 2012. “Reassembling the Political: The PKK and the Project of Radical Democracy.” European Journal of Turkish Studies. doi:10.4000/ejts.4615.
- Al-Kanj, S. 2020 September 8 . “Who Is behind Wave of Killings of Tribal Sheikhs in East Syria.” Al Monitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/09/syria-deir-ez-zor-arab-tribes-kurdish-forces-assassination.html
- Al-Khuder, K. 2019. “The Conflict Has Torn Apart Syrian Tribes, but They Remain an Important Player.” Atlantic Council, July 11. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/the-conflict-has-torn-apart-syrian-tribes-but-they-remain-an-important-player/
- al-Musarea, A. 2019. “The Role of Syrian Tribes: Betting on a Lost Cause.” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Fikra Forum, 26 March. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/role-syrian-tribes-betting-lost-cause
- Al-Saidwi, H. 2018 October 5. “The Meaning of Manbij.” Diwan Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center. https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/77417
- Ali, H. 2019. Post-Arab Spring: The Arab World Between the Dilemma of the Nation-State and the Rise of Identity Conflicts. London: Palgrave.
- Allsopp, H. 2014. The Kurds of Syria: Political Parties and Identity in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Allsopp, H., and W. Van Wilgenburg. 2019. The Kurds of Northern Syria: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts. Vol. 2. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Alsharekh, A. 2018. “Tribal Social Evolution and Gender: Conflict in Urbanized Tribal Units.” LSE Middle East Centre Workshop Blog, 3 August. blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2018/08/03/tribal-social-evolution-and gender/
- ANHA: Hawar News Agency. 2020. “Khalil: PNK parties are ready to share their seats with ENKS.” 26 September. https://hawar.news.com/en/haber/khalil-pynk-parties-are-ready-to-share-their-seats-with-enks-h19490.html
- Arafat, H. 2019. “PKK Leader Jailed in Turkey Sends Message to Arab Tribes in Northeast Syria.” Kurdistan 24 online, 18 August. https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/20512-PKK-leader-jailed-in-Turkey-sends-message-to-Arab-tribes-in-northeast-Syria
- Arjona, A., N. Kasfir, and Z. Mampilly. 2015. “Introduction.” In Rebel Governance in Civil War, pp. 1-21. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Asfura-Heim, P. 2014. “‘No Security without Us’: Tribes and Tribalism in Al-Anbar Province in Iraq.” Center for Stability and Development. Center for Strategic Studies. DOI: https://www.cna.org/archive/CNA_Files/pdf/cop-2014-u-007918-final.pdf
- Aydıntaşbaş, A. 2020. “A New Gaza: Turkey’s Border Policy in Northern Syria.” European Council on Foreign Relations, May 28.
- Baczko, A., G. Dorronsoro, and A. Quesnay. 2018. Civil War in Syria: Mobilization and Competing Social Orders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Benathan, R. 2014. ”Guns, Widows & What You Don't Hear About in Syria: An Interview with Margaret Owen.” Bad Housekeeping: Writing a New Generation of Gender. 17 January. https://www.bad-housekeeping.com/2014/01/17/guns-widows-what-you-dont-hear-about-syria-an-interview-with-margaret-owen/
- Çağlayan, H. 2012. “From Kawa the Blacksmith to Ishtar the Goddess: Gender Constructions in Ideological-Political Discourses of the Kurdish Movement in Post-1980 Turkey.” European Journal of Turkish Studies 14. http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4657
- Cengiz, M. E. 2022. “The PYD-PKK Relationship Under Scrutiny.” European University Institute, Middle East Directions Programme Blog, 10 January. https://blogs.eui.eu/medirections/the-pyd-pkk-relationship-under-scrutiny
- Center for Operational Analysis and Research. 2019. “Tribal Tribulations: Tribal Mapping and State Actor Influence in Northeastern Syria.” 6 May. https://coar-global.org/2019/05/06/tribal-tribulations-tribal-mapping-and-state-actor-influence-in-northeastern-syria/
- Christou, W. 2020. “Can the Autonomous Administration Solve Its Tribal Problem in Northeast Syria?” Syria Direct https://syriadirect.org/can-the-autonomous-administration-solve-its-tribal-problem-in-northeast-syria/.
- Collier, P., and A. Hoeffler. 2004. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers 56: 563–595. doi:10.1093/oep/gpf064.
- Curtis, D. E. A., and G. M. Sindre. 2019. “Transforming State Visions: Ideology and Ideas in Armed Groups Turned Political Parties – Introduction to Special Issue.” Government and Opposition 54 (3): 387–414. doi:10.1017/gov.2018.51.
- De Jong, A. 2016. “A Commune in Rojava ?” New Politics XV (4). Winter 2016: 69-76.
- Dri, K. F. 2021. “Rojava’s Road to Elections Is Riddled with Obstacles.” Rudaw , January 28. https://rudaw.net/english/analysis/28012021
- Duffield, M. 2001. Global Governance and the New War: The Merging of Development and Security. London: Zed Books.
- Dukhan, H. 2020. State and Tribes in Syria: Informal Alliances and Conflict Patterns. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Duyvesteyn, I. 2017. “Rebels and Legitimacy: An Introduction.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 28 (4/5): 669–685. doi:10.1080/09592318.2017.1322337.
- Fearon, J. D., and D. D. Laitin. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75–90. doi:10.1017/S0003055403000534.
- Gunes, C. 2012. The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance. London: Routledge.
- Gurses, M. 2018. Anatomy of a Civil War: Sociopolitical Impacts of the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Gurses, M. 2020. “The Evolving Kurdish Question in Turkey.” Middle East Critique 29 (3): 307–318. doi:10.1080/19436149.2020.1770448.
- Heras, N. A. 2020. “The Battle for the Tribes in Northeast Syria.” Geneva Centre for Security Policy. https://dam.gcsp.ch/files/doc/tribes-northeast-syria
- Huang, R. 2016. The Wartime Origins of Democratization: Civil War, Rebel Governance, and Political Regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- International Crisis Group. 2013 January 22. “Syria’s Kurds: A Struggle within A Struggle.” Middle East Report (136). https://crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/syria/syria-s-kurds-struggle-within-struggle
- International Crisis Group. 2014 May 8. “The Flight of Icarus? The PYD’s Precarious Rise in Syria.” Middle East Report (151): DOI. https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/syria/flight-icarus-pyd-s-precarious-rise-syria
- Jabar, F. A. 2000. “Shaykhs and Ideologues: Detribalization and Retribalization in Iraq, 1968-1998.” Middle East Report 215: 28–31. doi:10.2307/1520152.
- Jabar, F. A. 2003. “Sheikhs and Ideologues: Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Tribes under Patromonial Totalitarianism in Iraq, 1968-1998.” In Tribes and Power: Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Middle East, edited by F. A. Jaber and H. Dawod, 69–109. London: Saqi.
- Jongerden, J. 2019. “Learning from Defeat: Development and Contestation of the “New Paradigm” within Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK).” Kurdish Studies 7 (1): 72–92. doi:10.33182/ks.v7i1.507.
- Joseph, S. 1996. “Gender and Citizenship in the Middle East.” Middle East Report, no. 198: 4. doi:10.2307/3012867.
- Khoury, P. S., and J. Kostiner, eds. 1990. Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Knapp, M., A. Flach, and E. Ayboga. 2016. Revolution in Rojava: Democratic Autonomy and Women’s Liberation in Syrian Kurdistan. London: Pluto Press.
- Knight, K. 2006. “Transformations of the Concept of Ideology in the Twentieth Century.” The American Political Science Review 100 (4): 619–626. doi:10.1017/S0003055406062502.
- Leezenberg, M. 2016. “”The Ambiguities of Democratic Autonomy:The Kurdish Movement in Turkey and Rojava.”.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16 (4): 671–690. doi:10.1080/14683857.2016.1246529.
- Lia, B. 2022. “The Islamic State’s Tribal Policies in Syria and Iraq.” Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal 1–20. doi:10.1080/23802014.2022.2147990.
- Loyle, C. K., K. Cunningham, R. Huang, and D. Jung. 2021. “New Directions in Rebel Governance Research.” Perspectives on Politics 1–13. doi:10.1017/S1537592721001985.
- Lucente, A. 2020. “Northeast Syrian Women to Participate in Meetings on Tribal Matters.” Al-Monitor. 2 June. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/06/women-participate-meetings-tribal-politics-northeast-syria.html#ixzz77fTovFX1
- Mampilly, Z. C. 2011. Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life during War. Reprint ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Pres.
- McDowall, D. 2000. A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Motaparthy, P. 22 June 2018. “Human Rights Watch Letter on Child Recruitment to the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (Pyd)-led Autonomous Administration and Peoples ’Protection Units (YPG).” Accessed 25 September 2021 https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/03/human-rights-watch-letter-child-recruitment-kurdish-democratic-union-party-pyd-led
- Mullins, W. A. 1972. “On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science.” American Political Science Review 66 (2): 478–510. doi:10.2307/1957794.
- Netjes, R., and L. Hulch. 2020. “The Gordian Knot of Kurdish Unity Talks in Syria.” The Atlantic Council, September 22. https://atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-gordian-knot-of-kurdish-unity-talks-in-syria/
- Netjes, R., and E. van Veen. 2021. “Henchman, Rebel, Democrat, Terrorist: The YPG/PYD during the Syrian Conflict.” CRU Report. https://clingendael.org/pub/2021/the-ypgpyd-during-the-syrian-conflict/
- Nordland, R. 2018. “Women are Free, and Armed, in Syria’s Kurdish-Controlled North.” New York Times. 24 February. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/24/world/middleeast/syria-kurds-womens-rights-gender-equality.html
- Öcalan, A. 2010. “The Revolution Is Female.” Abdullah Öcalan´s writings in ‘Il Manifesto’. 9 March. http://www.freedom-for-ocalan.com/english/hintergrund/schriften/ilmanifesto.htm
- Öcalan, A. 2012. Democratic Confederalism. London: Transmedia Publishing Ltd.
- Öcalan, A. 2017. The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan. London: Pluto Press.
- Öcalan, A. 2018. “How to Live, What to Do, Where to Start.” Internationalist Commune Online DOI https://internationalistcommune.com/how-to-live-what-to-do-where-to-start-by-abdullah-ocalan/
- Özcan, N. O. 2007. “PKK Recruitment of Female Operatives.” Terrorism Focus 4 (28). https://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4394>
- Phillips, A. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Press, K. 2021. “Cemil Bayik Says Future of Kurds Lays with Damascus.” 29 October. C. and A. Maxa. 2019. “Against Anarchism - Abdullah Öcalan’s Theoretical Traces” The Kurds before a Regional Transformation, edited by F.I. Seyder. Vienna: Lit Verlag. https://kurdpress.com/en/news/1644/Cemil-Bayik-says-future-of-Kurds-lays-with-Damascus/Lechowski
- Putnam, R. 1971. “Studying Elite Political Culture: The Case of Ideology.” American Political Science Review 65 (3): 651–681. doi:10.2307/1955512.
- Romano, D., and M. Gurses. 2014. Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
- Sartori, G. 1969. “Politics, Ideology, and Belief Systems.” The American Political Science Review 63 (2): 398–411. doi:10.2307/1954696.
- Savelsberg, E., D. Romana and M. Gurses 2014. ”The Syrian-Kurdish Movements: Obstacles Reather Than Driving Forces for Democratization.” In Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East, edited by D. Romana and M. Gurses New York: Palgrave Macmillain.
- Skjelderup, M.W. 2022 “Insurgent Engagement with Kinship Group Authorities: Production of Order and Governance in Somalia’s Lower Jubba Province.” Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal. 1–17. doi:10.1080/23802014.2022.2130968.
- Skretting, V. B. 2022 “Tribal Engagement Strategies in the Islamic Emirate of Azawad.” Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal. 1–20. doi:10.1080/23802014.2022.2111461.
- Stewart, M. 2021. Governing for Revolution: Social Transformation in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- The Syrian Observer. 2018. “Supreme Council of Tribes and Clans Completes Tour inside Syria.” 4 January. Van Bruinessen, M. 1992. Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. London: Zed Books. https://syrianobserver.com/news/21516/supreme_council_tribes_clans_completes_tour_inside_syria.html
- Tank, P. 2017. “Kurdish Women in Rojava: From Resistance to Reconstruction.” Die Welt das Islams 57: 404–428. doi:10.1163/15700607-05734p07.
- Tank, P. 2020. “The Shifting Turkish Agenda in Syria’s Evolving Conflict: Understanding the Drivers of Turkey’s Policy in Syria.” PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO. https://www.prio.org/publications/12295
- Van Bruinessen, M. 1992. Aga, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. London: Zed Books Ltd.
- Van Wilgenburg, W. 2021. “US Officials Meet with SDC Leader in Washington.” Kurdistan 24 online. 29 September. https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/25726-US-officials-meet-with-SDC-leader-in-Washington
- Vismara, E. 2018. “The Contemporary Nature of Tribalism. Anthropological Insights on the Libyan Case” Christian Michelsen Institute.” CMI Working Paper WP 2018:12. https://www.cmi.no/publications/6695-the-contemporary-nature-of-tribalism
- Williams, P. 2001. “Turkey’s H20 Diplomacy in the Middle East.” Security Dialogue 32 (1): 27–40. doi:10.1177/0967010601032001003.