341
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Effects of Television on Group Vitality: Can Television Empower Nondominant Groups?

, (JR.) &
Pages 193-219 | Published online: 18 May 2016

References

  • Albrecht, T. L. (1988). Communication and personal control in empowering organizations. In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 11 (pp. 380–390). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Allard, R., & Landry, R. (1986). Subjective ethnolinguistic vitality viewed as a belief system. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 7, 1–12.
  • Allen, R. L., & Bielby, W. T. (1979). Blacks’ attitudes and behaviors toward television. Communication Research, 6, 437–462.
  • Allen, R. L., & Hatchett, S. (1986). The media and social reality effects: Self and system orientations of Blacks. Communication Research, 13, 97–123.
  • Allen, R. L., & Thornton, M. C. (1992). Social structural factors, Black media and stereotypical self-categorizations among African Americans. National Journal of Sociology, 5, 43–75.
  • Atkin, D. (1992). An analysis of television series with minority-lead characters. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 9, 337–349.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
  • Barker, V., Giles, H., Noels, K., Duck, J., Hecht, M., & Clement, R. (2001). The English-only movement: A communication perspective. Journal of Communication, 51, 3–37.
  • Bauer, R. A. (1963). The initiative of the audience. Journal of Advertising Research, 3, 2–7.
  • Bell, J. (1992). In search of a discourse on aging: The elderly on television. Gerontologist, 32, 305–311.
  • Bishop, J. M., & Krause, D. R. (1984). Depictions of aging and old age on Saturday morning television. Gerontologist, 24, 91–94.
  • Bleise, N. W. (1986). Media in the rocking chair: Media uses and functions among the elderly. In G. Gumpert & R. Cathcart (Eds.), Intermedia: Interpersonal communication in a media world (pp. 573–582). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Blosser, B. J. (1988). Ethnic differences in children’s media use. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 32, 453–470.
  • Blumler, J. G. (1979). The role of theory in uses and gratifications studies. Communication Research, 6, 9–36.
  • Blumler, J. G. (1985). The social character of media gratifications. In K. E. Rosengren, L. A. Wenner, & P. Palmgreen (Eds.), Media gratifications research (pp. 41–60). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Bormann, E. G. (1988). “Empowering” as a heuristic concept in organizational communication. In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 11 (pp. 391–404). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Bourhis, R. Y. (1979). Language in ethnic interaction: A social psychological perspective. In H. Giles & B. Saint-Jacques (Eds.), Language and ethnic relations (pp. 117–142). Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
  • Bourhis, R. Y., Giles, H., & Rosenthal, D. (1981). Notes on the construction of a “subjective vitality questionnaire” for ethnolinguistic groups. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2, 144–155.
  • Bourhis, R. Y., & Sachdev, I. (1984). Cross-cultural communication in Montreal: Two field studies since Bill 101. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46, 33–48.
  • Brown, J. D., & Campbell, K. (1986). Race and gender in music videos: The same beat but a different drummer. Journal of Communication, 36(1), 94–106.
  • Brown, R. J. (1986). Social psychology: The second edition. New York: Blackwell.
  • Canary, D. J., & Spitzberg, B. H. (1993). Loneliness and media gratifications. Communication Research, 20, 800–821.
  • Chiles, A. M., & Zorn, T. E. (1995). Empowerment in organizations: Employees’ perceptions of the influences on empowerment. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 23, 1–25.
  • Clachar, A. (1997). Ethnolinguistic identity and Spanish proficiency in a paradoxical situation: The case of Puerto Rican return immigrants. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 18, 107–124.
  • Conway, J. C., & Rubin, A. M. (1991). Psychological predictors of television viewing motivation. Communication Research, 18, 443–463.
  • Dail, P. W. (1988). Prime-time television portrayal of older adults in the context of family life. Geron-tologist, 28, 700–706.
  • Davis, R. H., & Westbrook, G. J. (1985). Television in the lives of the elderly: Attitudes and opinions. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 29, 209–214.
  • Dixon, T. L., & Linz, D. (2000). Overrepresentation and underrepresentation of African Americans and Latinos as lawbreakers on television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 131–154.
  • Dominick, J., & Greenberg, B. S. (1970). Mass media functions among low-income adolescents. In B. S. Greenberg & B. Dervin (Eds.), Use of the mass media by the urban poor (pp. 199–220). NewYork: Praeger.
  • Downing, M. (1974). Heroine of the daytime serial. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 130–137.
  • Eaton, C. (1997). Prime-time stereotyping on the new television networks. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74, 859–872.
  • Elasmar, M., Hasegawa, K., & Brain, M. (1999). The portrayal of women in U.S. prime time television. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43, 20–34.
  • Entman, R. (1992). Blacks in the news: Television, modern racism, and cultural change. Journalism Quarterly, 69, 341–361.
  • Entman, R. (1994). Representation and reality in the portrayal of Blacks on network television news. Journalism Quarterly, 71, 509–520.
  • Farr, R. M., & Moscovici, S. (1984). Social representations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fawcett, S. B., Paine-Andrews, A., Francisco, V. T., Schulz, J. A., Richter, K. P., Lewis, R. K., et al. (1995). Using empowerment theory in collaborative partnerships for community health and development. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 677–689.
  • Ferguson, D. A., & Perse, E. M. (2000). The World Wide Web as a functional alternative to television. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 44, 155–174.
  • Gerbner, G. (1969). Toward “cultural indicators”: The analysis of mass mediated message systems. AV Communication Review, 17, 137–148.
  • Gerbner, G. (1973). Cultural indicators: The third voice. In G. Gerbner, L. Gross, & W. Melody (Eds.), Communications technology and social policy (pp. 555–573). New York: Wiley.
  • Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 173–199.
  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1980). The “mainstreaming” of America: Violence profile no. 11. Journal of Communication, 30(3), 10–29.
  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1994). Growing up with television: The cultivation perspective. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 17–41). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Gerbner, G., & Signorielli, N. (1979). Women and minorities in television drama 1969–1978. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School of Communication.
  • Giles, H. (2001). Ethnolinguistic vitality. In R. Mesthrie (Ed.), Concise encyclopedia of sociolinguistics (pp. 472–473). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
  • Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y., & Taylor, D. M. (1977). Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In H. Giles (Ed.), Language, ethnicity, and intergroup relations (pp. 307–348). London: Academic Press.
  • Giles, H., & Johnson, P. (1981). The role of language in ethnic group relations. In J. Turner & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behavior (pp. 199–243). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • Giles, H., & Johnson, P. (1987). Ethnolinguistic identity theory: A social-psychological approach to language maintenance. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 68, 66–99.
  • Giles, H., Rosenthal, D., & Young, L. (1985). Perceived ethnolinguistic vitality: The Anglo-and Greek-Australian setting. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 6, 253–269.
  • Giles, H., & Viladot, A. (1994). Ethnolinguistic identity in Catalonia. Multilingual: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 13, 301–312.
  • Graves, S. B. (1980). Psychological effects of Black portrayals on television. In S. B. Withey & R. P. Abeles (Eds.), Television and social behavior: Beyond violence and children (pp. 259–289). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Greenberg, B. S., & Atkin, C. (1982). Learning about minorities from television: A research agenda. In G. Berry & C. Mitchell-Kernan (Eds.), Television and the socialization of the minority child (pp. 215–243). New York: Academic Press.
  • Greenberg, B. S., & Collette, L. (1997). The changing faces on TV: A demographic analysis of network television’s new seasons, 1966–1992. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 41, 1–13.
  • Greenberg, B. S., & Woods, M. G. (1999). The soaps: Their sex, gratifications, and outcomes. Journal of Sex Research, 36, 250–257.
  • Haley, K. (1997). Cable channels seek promise of Hispanic market. Broadcasting and Cable, 127, 44–45.
  • Harwood, J. (1997). Viewing age: Lifespan identity and television viewing choices. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 41, 203–213.
  • Harwood, J. (1999). Age identification, social identity gratifications, and television viewing. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43, 123–136.
  • Harwood, J., Giles, H., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1994). The genesis of vitality theory: Historical patterns and discoursal dimensions. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 108, 167–206.
  • Hawkins, R. P., & Pingree, S. (1981). Uniform messages and habitual viewing: Unnecessary assumptions in social reality effects. Human Communication Research, 7, 291–301.
  • Hogg, M. A., & Rigoli, N. (1996). Effects of ethnolinguistic vitality, ethnic identification, and linguistic contacts on minority language use. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15, 76–89.
  • Inglis, M., & Gudykunst, W. (1982). Institutional completeness and communication acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 6, 251–272.
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19–32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Katz, E., Gurevitch, M., & Haas, H. (1973). On the uses of the mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38, 164–181.
  • Kiecolt, K. J., & Sayles, M. (1988). Television and the cultivation of attitudes toward subordinate groups. Sociological Spectrum, 8, 19–33.
  • Kielwasser, A. P., & Wolf, M. A. (1994). Silence, differences, and annihilation: Understanding the impact of mediated heterosexism on high school students. High School Journal, 77, 58–79.
  • Kim, J., & Rubin, A. M. (1997). The variable influence of audience activity on media effects. Communication Research, 24, 107–135.
  • Kippax, S., & Murray, J. P. (1980). Using the mass media: Need gratification and perceived utility. Communication Research, 7, 335–360.
  • Korzenny, F., & Neuendorf, K. (1980). Television viewing and self-concept of the elderly. Journal of Communication, 30(1), 71–80.
  • Kraemer, R. (1993). Social psychological factors related to the study of Arabic among Israeli high school students: A test of Gardner’s socio-educational model. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15, 83–100.
  • Kraemer, R., Olshtain, E., & Badier, S. (1994). Ethnolinguistic vitality, attitudes, and networks of linguistic contact: The case of the Israeli Arab minority. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 108, 79–95.
  • Kubey, R. W. (1980). Television and aging: Past, present and future. Gerontologist, 20, 16–35.
  • Kubey, R., Shifflet, M., Weerakkody, N., & Ukeiley, S. (1995). Demographic diversity on cable—Have the new cable channels made a difference in the representation of gender, race, and age? Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 39, 459–471.
  • Landry, R., & Allard, R. (1992). Ethnolinguistic vitality and the bilingual development of minority and majority group students. In W. Fase, K. Jaespaert, & S. Kroon (Eds.), Maintenance and loss of minority languages (pp. 223–251). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
  • Landry, R., & Allard, R. (1994). Diglossia, ethnolinguistic vitality, and language behavior. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 108, 15–42.
  • Landry, R., Allard, R., & Theberge, R. (1991). School and family French ambiance and the bilingual development of Francophone western Canadians. Canadian Modern Language Review, 47, 878–915.
  • Landry, R., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1997). Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology,16, 23–49.
  • Lauzen, M. M., & Dozier, D. M. (1999). Making a difference in prime time: Women on screen and behind the scenes in the 1995–96 television season. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43, 1–19.
  • Lull, J. (1985). On the communicative properties of music. Communication Research, 12, 363–372.
  • Mares, M. L. (1996). The role of source confusions in television’s cultivation of social reality judgments. Human Communication Research, 23, 278–297.
  • Mastro, D. E., & Greenberg, B. S. (2000). The portrayals of racial minorities on prime time television. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 44, 690–703.
  • McGhee, P. E., & Frueh, T. (1980). Television viewing and the learning of sex-role stereotypes. Sex Roles, 6, 179–188.
  • McNeil, J. C. (1975). Feminism, femininity and the television series: A content analysis. Journal of Broadcasting, 19, 259–271.
  • Meers, E. (2002, March 5). We want our gay TV. Advocate, 858, 56–57.
  • Morgan, M., & Rothschild, N. (1983). Impact of the new television technology: Cable TV, peers, and sex-role cultivation in the electronic environment. Youth and Society, 15, 33–50.
  • Morgan, M., & Shanahan, J. (1997). Two decades of cultivation research: An appraisal and meta-analysis. In B. R. Burleson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 20 (pp. 1–45). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1990). Cultivation analysis: Conceptualization and methodology. In N. Signorielli & M. Morgan (Eds.), Cultivation analysis: New directions in media effects research (pp. 13–34). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Moscovici, S. (1981). On social representations. In J. Forgas (Ed.), Social cognition: Perspectives on everyday understanding (pp. 181–209). London: Academic Press.
  • Mundorf, N., & Brownell, W. (1990). Media preferences of older and younger adults. Gerontologist, 30, 685–692.
  • Nielsen Media Research. (2002). The African American television audience. Retrieved January 17th, 2002, from http://www.nielsenmedia.com/ethnicmeasure/african-american/programAA.html
  • Oliver, M. B. (1994). Portrayals of crime, race, and aggression in “reality-based” police shows: A content analysis. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 38, 179–192.
  • O’Sullivan, P. B. (1999). Bridging the mass-interpersonal divide: Synthesis scholarship in HCR. Human Communication Research, 25, 569–588.
  • Pacanowsky, M. (1988). Communicating in the empowering organization. In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 11 (pp. 356–379). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Perse, E. M. (1986). Soap opera viewing patterns of college students and cultivation. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 30, 175–193.
  • Perse, E. M., & Rubin, A. M. (1990). Chronic loneliness and television use. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34, 37–53.
  • Pfau, M., Mullen, L. J., Deidrich, T., & Garrow, K. (1995). Television viewing and public perceptions of attorneys. Human Communication Research, 21, 307–330.
  • Pfau, M., Mullen, L. J., & Garrow, K. (1995). The influence of television viewing on public perceptions of physicians. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 39, 441–458.
  • Pierson, H. D., Giles, H., & Young, L. (1987). Intergroup vitality perceptions during a period of political uncertainty: The case of Hong Kong. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 8, 451–460.
  • Reynolds, P. D. (1971). A primer in theory construction. New York: Macmillan.
  • Robinson, J. D., & Skill, T. (1995). The invisible generation: Portrayals of the elderly on prime-time television. Communication Reports, 8, 111–119.
  • Rosenwasser, S. M., Lingenfelter, M., & Harrington, A. F. (1989). Nontraditional gender role portrayals on television and children’s gender role perceptions. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 10, 97–105.
  • Rubin, A. M. (1983). Television uses and gratifications: The interactions of viewing patterns and motivations. Journal of Broadcasting, 27, 37–51.
  • Rubin, A. M. (1994). Media uses and effects: A uses-and-gratifications perspective. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 417–436). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Rubin, A. M., Perse, E. M., & Taylor, D. S. (1988). A methodological examination of cultivation. Communication Research, 15, 107–134.
  • Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1985). Social categorization and power differentials in group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 415–434.
  • Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1991). Power and status differentials in minority and majority group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 1–24.
  • Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1993). Ethnolinguistic vitality: Some motivational and cognitive considerations. In M. Hogg & D. Abrams (Eds.), Group motivation: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 33–51). New York: Harvester-Wheatsheat.
  • Sachdev, I., Bourhis, R. Y., Phang, S. W., & D’Eye, J. (1987). Language attitudes and vitality perceptions: Intergenerational effects amongst Chinese Canadian communities. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 6, 287–307.
  • Seggar, J. F. (1975). Imagery of women in television drama: 1974. Journal of Broadcasting, 19, 273–282.
  • Seggar, J. F., & Wheeler, P. (1973). World of work on TV: Ethnic and sex representation in drama. Journal of Broadcasting, 17, 201–214.
  • Shanahan, J., Morgan, M., & Stenbjerre, M. (1997). Green or brown? Television and the cultivation of environmental concern. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 41, 305–323.
  • Shrum, L. J. (1995). Assessing the social influence of television: A social cognition perspective on cultivation effects. Communication Research, 22, 402–429.
  • Shrum, L. J. (1996). Psychological processes underlying cultivation effects: Further tests of construct accessibility. Human Communication Research, 22, 482–509.
  • Shrum, L. J. (2001). Processing strategy moderates the cultivation effect. Human Communication Research, 27, 94–120.
  • Shrum, L. J., & O’Guinn, T. C. (1993). Processes and effects in the construction of social reality: Construct accessibility as an explanatory variable. Communication Research, 20, 436–471.
  • Signorielli, N. (1981). Content analysis: More than just counting minorities. In Search of diversity: Symposium on minority audience and programming research (pp. 97–108). Washington, DC: Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Office of Communication Research.
  • Signorielli, N. (1986). Selective television viewing: A limited possibility. Journal of Communication, 36(3), 64–76.
  • Signorielli, N. (1991). Adolescents and ambivalence toward marriage: A cultivation analysis. Youth and Society, 23, 121–149.
  • Signorielli, N., & Bacue, A. (1999). Recognition and respect: A content analysis of prime-time television characters across three decades. Sex Roles, 40, 527–544.
  • Signorielli, N., & Lears, M. (1992). Children, television, and conceptions about chores: Attitudes and behaviors. Sex Roles, 27, 157–170. Signorielli, N., & Morgan, M. (2001). Television and the family: The cultivation perspective. In J. Bryant & J. A. Bryant (Eds.), In television and the American family (2nd ed., pp. 333–351). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Spurlock, J. (1982). Television, ethnic minorities, and mental health. In G. Berry & C. Mitchell-Kernan (Eds.), Television and the socialization of the minority child (pp. 71–79). New York: Academic Press
  • Steenland, S. (1995). Content analysis of the image of women on television. In C. M. Lont (Ed.), Women and media: Content, careers, and criticism (pp. 179–189). San Francisco: Wadsworth
  • Stroman, C. A. (1986). Television viewing and self-concept among Black children. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 30, 87–93
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson. Tan, A. S. (1982). Television use and social stereotypes. Journalism Quarterly, 59, 119–122
  • Tan, A. S., & Tan, G. (1979). Television use and self-esteem of Blacks. Journal of Communication, 29(1), 129–135.
  • Tedesco, N. (1974). Patterns in prime time. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 119–124
  • Tuchman, G. (1978). Introduction: The symbolic annihilation of women by the mass media. In G. Tuchman, A. K. Daniels, & J. Benet (Eds.), Hearth and home: Images of women in the mass media (pp. 3–38). New York: Oxford University Press
  • Turner, J., & Brown, R. J. (1978). Social status, cognitive alternatives, and intergroup relations. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups (pp. 201–234). London: Academic Press
  • Volgy, T. J., & Schwarz, J. E. (1980). TV entertainment programming and sociopolitical attitudes. Journalism Quarterly, 57, 150–155
  • Ward, L. M., & Rivadeneyra, R. (1999). Contributions of entertainment television to adolescents’ sexual attitudes and expectations: The role of viewing amount versus viewer involvement. Journal of Sex Research, 36, 237–249
  • Weaver, D. H. (1980). Audience need for orientation and media. Communication Research, 7, 361–376
  • Yagmur, K., de Bot, K., & Korzilius, H. (1999). Language shift and ethnolinguistic vitality of Turkish in Australia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 20, 51–69
  • Zaller, J. R. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press
  • Zemach, T., & Cohen, A. A. (1986). Perception of gender equality on television and in social reality. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 30, 427–444.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.