The boundary setting of Chinese netizens’ citizenship identity: social media responses to the Regulations of the PRC on the Administration of Permanent Residence of Foreigners

References

• Anderson, Rachel, Sarah Taylor, Tessa Taylor, and Javier Virues-Ortega. “Thematic and Textual Analysis Methods for Developing Social Validity Questionnaires in Applied Behavior Analysis.” Behavioral Interventions 37, no. 3 (2022): 732–753. doi:10.1002/bin.1832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldassar, Loretta, and Roberta Raffaetà. “It’s Complicated, Isn’t It: Citizenship and Ethnic Identity in a Mobile World.” Ethnicities 18, no. 5 (2018): 735–760. doi:10.1177/1468796816684148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbieri, William A. Ethics of Citizenship: Immigration and Group Rights in Germany. Durham: Duke University Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Beiner, Ronald. “Why Citizenship Constitutes a Theoretical Problem in the Last Decade of the Twentieth Century.” In Theorizing Citizenship, edited by Ronald Beiner. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Bissoondath, Neil. Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada. London: Penguin, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Blei, David M., Andrew Y. Ng, and Michael I. Jordan. “Latent Dirichlet Allocation.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 3 (2003): 993–1022. doi:10.5555/944919.944937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, no. 2 (2006): 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, Marilynn B. “Social Identity and Citizenship in a Pluralistic Society.” In The Political Psychology of Democratic Citizenship, edited by Eugene Borgida, Christopher M. Federico, and John L. Sullivan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, Rogers. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Callahan, William A. “History, Identity, and Security: Producing and Consuming Nationalism in China.” Critical Asian Studies 38, no. 2 (2006): 179–208. doi:10.1080/14672710600671087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, Allen. “A Flawed Perspective: The Limitations Inherent within the Study of Chinese Nationalism.” Nations and Nationalism 15, no. 1 (2009): 20–35. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2009.00376.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• China Internet Network Information Centre. “The 50th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development.” 2022. http://www.cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/202212/P020221209344717199824.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Company, Zhihu. “Company News: Zhihu Inc Reports Second Quarter and First Half 2022.” August 30, 2022. https://ir.zhihu.com/2022-08-30-Zhihu-Inc-Reports-Second-Quarter-and-First-Half-2022-Unaudited-Financial-Results.
   Google Scholar
• Dagger, Richard. Civic Virtues: Rights, Citizenship, and Republican Liberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Green, Eva G. T. “Who Can Enter? A Multilevel Analysis on Public Support for Immigration Criteria across 20 European Countries.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 12, no. 1 (2009): 41–60. no doi:10.1177/1368430208098776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer, Justin, and Brandon M. Stewart. “Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts.” Political Analysis 21, no. 3 (2013): 267–297. doi:10.1093/pan/mps028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, Yanfeng, Xingxi Zhang, and Zhiwen Lin. “Factors Affecting Attitudes toward Migrants: An International Comparative Study.” Chinese Political Science Review 7, no. 2 (2022): 234–258. doi:10.1007/s41111-021-00186-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Taihui. “Rights in Action: The Impact of Chinese Migrant Workers’ Resistance on Citizenship Rights.” In Theorizing Chinese Citizenship, edited by Zhonghua Guo and Sujian Guo. Lanham: Lexington, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Zhonghua. Gongminshenfen de hexin wenti [The Core Issues of Citizenship]. Beijng: Zhongyangbianyi chubanshe, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Zhonghua. The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Citizenship. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Zhonghua, and Tuo Liang. “Differentiating Citizenship in Urban China: A Case Study of Dongguan City.” Citizenship Studies 21, no. 7 (2017): 773–791. doi:10.1080/13621025.2017.1353744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas, Jürgen. “Citizenship and National Identity: Some Reflections on the Future of Europe.” Praxis International 12, no. 1 (1992): 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, Jürgen. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Hainmueller, Jens, and Daniel J. Hopkins. “Public Attitudes toward Immigration.” Annual Review of Political Science 17 (2014): 225–249. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heater, Derek. Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and Education. Harlow: Longman Group, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Heater, Derek. What is Citizenship? Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Heater, Derek. World Citizenship and Government: Cosmopolitan Ideas in the History of Western Political Thought. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, Xijin. “Weishenme zheme duoren fandui waiguorenyongjutiaoli” [Why Are so Many People Opposed to the Regulations]. March 2, 2020. https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/110233297
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Xingtao. “Xiandai zhonghua minzu guannian xingcheng de lishi kaocha [A Historical Study on the Formation of the Modern Concept of “Chinese Nation].” Zhejiang shehui kexue 101, no. 1 (2002): 129–142. doi:10.14167/j.zjss.2002.01.020.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Zhongbin, Zesen Yang, and Tianguang Meng. “National Identity of Locality: The State, Patriotism, and Nationalism in Cyber China.” Journal of Chinese Political Science (2022). Online First. doi:10.1007/s11366-022-09820-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isin, Engin F., and Peter Nyers. “Introduction: Globalizing Citizenship Studies.” In Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies, edited by Engin F. Isin and Peter Nyers. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Isin, Engin F., and Patricia K. Wood. Citizenship and Identity. London: Sage Publications, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Jakimów, Małgorzata. “Resistance through Accommodation: A Citizenship Approach to Migrant Worker NGOs in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 108, no. 26 (2017): 915–930. doi:10.1080/10670564.2017.1337316.
   Google Scholar
• Jakimów, Malgorzata. China’s Citizenship Challenge: Labour NGOs and the Struggle for Migrant Workers’ Rights. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Janoski, Thomas. “Citizenship in China: A Comparison of Rights with the East and West.” In Theorizing Chinese Citizenship, edited by Zhonghua Guo and Sujian Guo. Lanham: Lexington, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Janoski, Thomas. Citizenship and Civil Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, Richard. Social Identity. Abingdon: Routledge, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Kymlicka, Will. Liberalism, Community, and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Fan. “Xifang jindai minzu guannian he huayizhibian de jiaohui [The Intersection of Modern Western Ethnic Concepts and ‘the Distinction of Hua and Yi’].” Beijing shifan daxue xuebao 206, no. 2 (2008): 66–72.
   Google Scholar
• Liang, Qichao. “Lishi shang zhongguo minzu zhi guancha [Observations on Chinese Nationalities in History].” In Yinbingshi heji (Vol. 41), edited by Qichao Liang. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1936.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Dongshu, and Li Shao. “Public Opinion Backlash against China’s International Expansion.” Journal of Contemporary China 135, no. 31 (2022): 366–382. doi:10.1080/10670564.2021.1966896.
   Google Scholar
• Xing, Lv. “Wo zai zhihu huahuati: zhihu de shengchan yu yonghuwenhua [The Production and Culture of Zhihu].” Zhongguo jizhe 558, no. 6 (2020): 82–84.
   Google Scholar
• Mai, Xin, and Jiejing Wang. “Situational Differences, Migratory Duration, and Social Integration of Internal Migrants in Urban China.” Cities 125 (2022): 103596. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2022.103596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, T. H. Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950.
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics of China. “2010 nian diliuci quanguo renkou pucha jieshou pucha dengji de gangaotai jumin he waijirenyuan zhuyao shuju [Main Data of Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Registered in the 2010 Sixth National Census].” April 29, 2011. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/201104/t20110429_30329.html.
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics of China. “Diqici quanguo renkou pucha gongbao (dibahao) [Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (no. 8)]. May 11, 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/202106/t20210628_1818827.html.
   Google Scholar
• Niu, Geng, and Guochang Zhao. “Identity and Trust in Government: A Comparison of Locals and Migrants in Urban China.” Cities 83 (2018): 54–60. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.06.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang, Jin. Baqiannian zhongguo longwenhua [Eight Thousand Years of Chinese Dragon Culture]. Beijing: Renmin ribao chubanshe, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Parekh, Bhikhu. “Dilemmas of a Multicultural Theory of Citizenship.” Constellations 4, no. 1 (1997): 54–62. doi:10.1111/1467-8675.00036.
   Google Scholar
• Pasquali, Paola. “Migration Regimes and the Governance of Citizenship: A Comparison between Legal Categories of Migration in China and in the European Union.” Journal of Chinese Governance 7, no. 4 (2022): 633–657. doi:10.1080/23812346.2020.1791505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, Altman Yuzhu, Ivy Shixin Zhang, James Cummings, and Xiaoxiao Zhang. “Boris Johnson in Hospital: A Chinese Gaze at Western Democracies in the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Media International Australia 177, no. 1 (2020): 76–91. doi:10.1177/1329878X20954452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, Altman Yuzhu, James Cummings, and Yang Li. “Post-Reform Gender Politics: How Do Chinese Internet Users Portray Theresa May on Zhihu.” Feminist Media Studies 22, no. 1 (2022): 48–65. no doi:10.1080/14680777.2020.1788110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portis, Edward B. “Citizenship & Personal Identity.” Polity 18, no. 3 (1986): 457–472. doi:10.2307/3234770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajchman, John. The Identity in Question. Abingdon: Routledge, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, Nikolas. Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self. Abingdon: Routledge, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Solinger, Dorothy. Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, Philip. “Civic Nationalism, Civic Nations and the Problem of Migration.” In Migration and Mobility, edited by Subrata Ghatak, Anne Showstack Sassoon. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• State Ethnic Affairs Commission. Zhongguo minzu tongji nianjian 2018 [China’s Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2018]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Tuurosong, Damasus, Rashid Hassan Pelpuo, and Justine Bakuuro. “Stylistics as an Approach to Discourse Analysis: A Thematic Textual Analysis.” British Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 2 (2018): 58–71.
   Google Scholar
• Vortherms, Samantha A. “Localized Citizenships: Household Registration as an Internal Citizenship Institution.” In Theorizing Chinese Citizenship, edited by Zhonghua Guo and Sujian Guo. Lanham: Lexington, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Wan, Vanessa. “What Is Zhihu? A Marketing Guide to The Largest Q&A Platform in China.” 2019. https://www.dragonsocial.net/blog/zhihu-marketing-guide/
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Canglong. “Confucianism and Citizenship: A Review of Opposing Conceptualizations.” In Theorizing Chinese Citizenship, edited by Zhonghua Guo and Sujian Guo. Lanham: Lexington, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Huiyao. Zhongguo guoji yimin baogao 2014 [Annual Report on Chinese International Migration 2014]. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Yudan. “Zhihu chuangshiren zhouyuan: rang renmen genghao de fenxiang zhishi jingyan he jianjie [Zhihu Founder Zhou Yuan: Allow People to Share Knowledge and Insights More Preferably].” Sichuan Daily, November 1, 2022. https://epaper.scdaily.cn/shtml/scrb/20221101/284090.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Weber, Max. The City. New York: The Free Press, 1958.
   Google Scholar
• Woodman, Sophia. “Legitimating Exclusion and Inclusion: ‘Culture’, Education and Entitlement to Local Urban Citizenship in Tianjin and Lanzhou.” Citizenship Studies 21, no. 7 (2017): 755–772. doi:10.1080/13621025.2017.1353739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, Yihan. “The Broken Ladder: Why Education Provides No Upward Mobility for Migrant Children in China.” The China Quarterly 221 (2015): 161–184. doi:10.1017/S0305741015000016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, Yihan, and Peixuan Huang. “The Citizenship of Middle Class in China.” In The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Citizenship, edited by Zhonghua Guo. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Xiong, Yihan, and Miao Li. “Citizenship Education as NGO Intervention: Turning Migrant Children in Shanghai into ‘New Citizens.” Citizenship Studies 21, no. 7 (2017): 792–808. doi:10.1080/13621025.2017.1353741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, Yihan, and Miao Li. “Industrial Ecology and Local Citizenship of Migrant Children in Urban China.” Journal of Chinese Governance 7, no. 3 (2022): 466–488. doi:10.1080/23812346.2021.1956174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Fayin. “Citizenship Institutions in Chinese Peasant-Workers’ Everyday Life: Toward a Theory of Citizenship Practice.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 21, no. 4 (2016): 453–468. doi:10.1007/s11366-016-9437-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Shuqin. School Leadership, Citizenship Education and Politics in China: Experiences from Junior Secondary Schools in Shanghai. New York: Springer, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Miaoyan. “Learning to Be Safe Citizens: State-Run Boarding Schools and the Dynamics of Tibetan Identity.” Citizenship Studies 21, no. 7 (2017): 824–841. doi:10.1080/13621025.2017.1353738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, Zixi. “Wangluo quanshi shequn de guojia rentong jiangou [Construction of National Identity of Interpretive Communities in Cyberspace].” Chuanmei guancha 464, no. 8 (2022): 45–53. doi:10.19480/j.cnki.cmgc.2022.08.014.
   Google Scholar
• Young, Iris Marion. “Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of Universal Citizenship.” In Theorizing Citizenship, edited by Ronald Beiner. New York: State University of New York, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Zhigang. “Zaihua waiguoren fanzui de xingshi falv yingdui [Criminal Law Response to Crimes Committed by Foreigners in China].” Zhongguo shehui kexue 198, no. 6 (2012): 134–159.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Chenchen. “Right-Wing Populism with Chinese Characteristics? Identity, Otherness and Global Imaginaries in Debating World Politics Online.” European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 1 (2020): 88–115. doi:10.1177/1354066119850253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Juanjuan, Haojie Pan, Merih Wahid, and Fangzhou Liu. “Vulnerability of Chinese Rural-To-Urban Migrants to Social Exclusion: Spatial Pattern and Mechanism.” Frontiers of Architectural Research 10, no. 3 (2021): 572–583. doi:10.1016/j.foar.2021.03.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, Dahua. “Zhongguo jindai minzuzhuyi yu zhonghua minzu ziwoyishi de juexing [Modern Chinese Nationalism and the Awakening of Chinese National Self-Consciousness].” Minzu yanjiu 203, no. 3 (2013): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Jing, Arundel, Rowan, Shuhai Zhang, Qiong He, and Yilin Yang. “Intra-National Citizenship and Dual-Hukou Strategies among Migrant Families in China.” Habitat International 108 (2021): 102311. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Jing, Liyue Lin, Shuangshuang Tang, and Shuhai Zhang. “To Settle but Not Convert Hukou among Rural Migrants in Urban China: How Does Family-Level Eligibility for Citizenship Benefits Matter?” Habitat International 120 (2022): 102511. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2022.102511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yutong, Zou. “Zimeiti de zhuzuoquan baohu: lishi, xianzhuang, kunjing: jiyu zhihu dazhu de shijiao [Copyright Protection of the Social Media: history, Current Situation and Plight–Perspective on Zhihu Users]”. Qingnian jizhe 731, no. 15 (2022): 88–90. doi:10.15997/j.cnki.qnjz.2022.15.023.
   Google Scholar