Reframing Pre-European Amazonia through an Anthropocene Lens

References

• AmazonArch. 2020. Home page. Accessed September 26, 2020. https://sites.google.com/view/amazonarch/home.
   Google Scholar
• Arroyo-Kalin, M. 2012. Slash-burn-and-churn: Landscape history and crop cultivation in pre-Columbian Amazonia. Quaternary International 249:4–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo-Kalin, M. 2016. Landscaping, landscape legacies, and landesque capital in pre-Columbian Amazonia. In The Oxford handbook of historical ecology and applied archaeology, ed. C. Isendahl and D. Stump. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balée, W. 1989. The culture of Amazonian forests. Advances in Economic Botany 7:1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Balée, W. 2006. The research program of historical ecology. Annual Review of Anthropology 35 (1):75–98. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123231.
   Google Scholar
• Balée, W. 2013. Cultural forests of the Amazon: A historical ecology of people and their landscapes. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balée, W., V. H. de Oliveira, R. dos Santos, M. Amaral, B. Rocha, N. Guerrero, S. Schwartzman, M. Torres, and J. Pezzuti. 2020. Ancient transformation, current conservation: Traditional forest management on the Iriri River, Brazilian Amazonia. Human Ecology 48 (1):1–15. doi: 10.1007/s10745-020-00139-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balée, W., and C. L. Erickson, eds. 2006. Time and complexity in the neotropical lowlands: Studies in historical ecology. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barlow, J., T. A. Gardner, A. C. Lees, L. Parry, and C. A. Peres. 2012. How pristine are tropical forests? An ecological perspective on the pre-Columbian human footprint in Amazonia and implications for contemporary conservation. Biological Conservation 151 (1):45–49. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, M. B., C. H. McMichael, D. R. Piperno, M. R. Silman, J. Barlow, C. A. Peres, M. Power, and M. W. Palace. 2015. Anthropogenic influence on Amazonian forests in pre-history: An ecological perspective. Journal of Biogeography 42 (12):2277–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cámara-Leret, R., M. A. Fortuna, and J. Bascompte. 2019. Indigenous knowledge networks in the face of global change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 (20):9913–18. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1821843116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement, C. R., W. M. Denevan, M. J. Heckenberger, A. B. Junqueira, E. G. Neves, W. G. Teixeira, and W. I. Woods. 2015a. The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 282: 20150813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement, C. R., W. M. Denevan, M. J. Heckenberger, A. B. Junqueira, E. G. Neves, W. G. Teixeira, and W. I. Woods. 2015b. Response to comment by McMichael, Piperno and Bush. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282 (1821):20152459. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement, C. R., C. Levis, J. Franco-Moraes, and A. B. Junqueira. 2020. Domesticated nature: The culturally constructed niche of humanity. In Participatory biodiversity conservation, ed. C. Baldauf, 35–51. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Denevan, W. M. 1966. The aboriginal cultural geography of the Llanos de Mojos of Bolivia, Ibero Americana 48. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Denevan, W. M. 1992. The pristine myth: The landscape of the Americas in 1492. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (3):369–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01965.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denevan, W. M. 1996. A bluff model of riverine settlement in prehistoric Amazonia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86 (4):654–81. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1996.tb01771.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denevan, W. M. 2004. Semi-intensive pre-European cultivation and the origins of anthropogenic dark earths in Amazonia. In Amazonian dark earths: Explorations in space and time, ed. B. Glaser and W. I. Woods, 135–43. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Denevan, W. M. 2006. Pre-European forest cultivation in Amazonia. In Time and complexity in the neotropical lowlands: Studies in historical ecology, ed. W. Balée and C. L. Erickson, 153–64. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Denevan, W. M. 2007. Pre-European human impacts on tropical lowland environments. In The physical geography of South America, ed. T. T. Veblen, K. R. Young, and A. R. Orme, 265–78. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Denevan, W. M. 2011. The “pristine myth” revisited. Geographical Review 101 (4):576–91. doi: 10.1111/j.1931-0846.2011.00118.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denevan, W. M. 2014. Estimating Amazonian Indian numbers in 1492. Journal of Latin American Geography 13 (2):207–17. doi: 10.1353/lag.2014.0036.
   Google Scholar
• Denevan, W. M., and C. Padoch. 1987. Swidden-fallow agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon. Advances in Economic Botany 5:1–102.
   Google Scholar
• de Souza, J. G., D. P. Schaan, M. Robinson, A. D. Barbosa, L. E. O. C. Aragão, B. H. Marimon, B. S. Marimon, I. B. da Silva, S. S. Khan, F. R. Nakahara, et al. 2018. Pre-Columbian earth-builders settled along the entire southern rim of the Amazon. Nature Communications 9: 1125. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03510-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, E. C. 2015. Ecology in an anthropogenic biosphere. Ecological Monographs 85 (3):287–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, E. C. 2018. Anthropocene: A very short introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, E. C., A. H. W. Beusen, and K. Klein Goldewijk. 2020. Anthropogenic biomes: 10,000 BCE to 2015 CE. Land 9: 129. doi: 10.3390/land9050129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, E. C., and N. Ramankutty. 2008. Putting people in the map: Anthropogenic biomes of the world. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 6 (8):439–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, C. L. 2000. An artificial landscape-scale fishery in the Bolivian Amazon. Nature 408 (6809):190–93. doi: 10.1038/35041555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, C. L. 2006. The domesticated landscape of the Bolivian Amazon. In Time and complexity in the neotropical lowlands: Studies in historical ecology, ed. W. Balée and C. L. Erickson, 236–78. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson, C. L. 2003. Historical ecology and future explorations. In Amazonian dark earths: Wim Sombroek’s vision, ed. J. Lehmann, 455–500. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Franco-Moraes, J., A. F. M. B. Baniwa, F. R. C. Costa, H. P. Lima, C. R. Clement, and G. H. Shepard, Jr. 2019. Historical landscape domestication in ancestral forests with nutrient-poor soils in northwestern Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management 446:317–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, J., W. Teixeira, N. P. S. Falcão, W. I. Woods, J. Lehmann, and A. B. Junqueira. 2011. Anthropogenic soils in the Central Amazon: From categories to a continuum. Area 43 (3):264–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnett, S. T., N. D. Burgess, J. E. Fa, Á. Fernández-Llamazares, Z. Molnár, C. J. Robinson, J. E. M. Watson, K. K. Zander, B. Austin, E. S. Brondizio, et al. 2018. A spatial overview of the global importance of Indigenous lands for conservation. Nature Sustainability 1 (7):369–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B., and J. J. Birk. 2012. State of the scientific knowledge on the properties and genesis of anthropogenic dark earths in Central Amazonia (terra preta do índio). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 82:39–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B., J. Lehmann, and W. Zech. 2002. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal—A review. Biology and Fertility of Soils 35 (4):219–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B., and W. I. Woods, eds. 2004. Amazonian dark earths: Explorations in space and time. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Guariguata, M. R., P. Cronkleton, A. E. Duchelle, and P. A. Zuidema. 2017. Revisiting the “cornerstone of Amazonian conservation”: A socioecological assessment of Brazil nut exploitation. Biodiversity and Conservation 26 (9):2007–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Håkansson, N. T., and M. Widgren, eds. 2014. Landesque capital: The historical ecology of enduring landscape modifications. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hecht, S. B. 2003. Indigenous soil management and the creation of Amazonian dark earths: Implications of Kayapó practices. In Amazonian dark earths: Origin, properties, management, ed. J. Lehmann, 355–72. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
   Google Scholar
• Hecht, S. B. 2016. Domestication, domesticated landscapes, and tropical natures. In The Routledge companion to the environmental humanities, ed. U. Kitteise, J. Christensen, and M. Niemann, 21–34. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Heckenberger, M. J., A. Kuikuro, U. T. Kuikuro, J. C. Russell, M. Schmidt, C. Fausto, and B. Franchetto. 2003. Amazonia 1492: Pristine forest or cultural parkland? Science 301 (5640):1710–14. doi: 10.1126/science.1086112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckenberger, M. J., J. B. Petersen, and E. G. Neves. 1999. Village size and permanence in Amazonia: Two archaeological examples from Amazonia. Latin American Antiquity 10 (4):353–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckenberger, M. J., J. C. Russell, C. Fausto, J. R. Toney, M. J. Schmidt, E. Pereira, B. Franchetto, and A. Kuikuro. 2008. Pre-Columbian urbanism, anthropogenic landscapes, and the future of the Amazon. Science 321 (5893):1214–17. doi: 10.1126/science.1159769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckenberger, M. J., J. C. Russell, J. R. Toney, and M. J. Schmidt. 2007. The legacy of cultural landscapes in the Brazilian Amazon: Implications for biodiversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 362 (1478):197–208. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPBES. 2019. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
   Google Scholar
• Iriarte, J., S. Elliott, S. Y. Maezumi, D. Alves, R. Gonda, M. Robinson, J. Gregorio de Souza, J. Watling, and J. Handley. 2020. The origins of Amazonian landscapes: Plant cultivation, domestication and the spread of food production in tropical South America. Quaternary Science Reviews 248:106582. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iriarte, J., M. Robinson, J. de Souza, A. Damasceno, F. da Silva, F. Nakahara, A. Ranzi, and L. Aragao. 2020. Geometry by design: Contributions of LIDAR to the understanding of settlement patterns of the mound villages of S.W. Amazonia. Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 3 (1):151–69. doi: 10.5334/jcaa.45.
   Google Scholar
• Junqueira, A. B., C. Levis, F. Bongers, M. Peña-Claros, C. R. Clement, F. Costa, and H. ter Steege. 2017. Response to comment on “Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition.” Science 358 (6361):eaan8837. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junqueira, A. B., G. H. Shepard, Jr., and C. R. Clement. 2010. Secondary forests on anthropogenic soils in Brazilian Amazonia conserve agrobiodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 19 (7):1933–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junqueira, A. B., N. B. Souza, T. J. Stomph, C. J. Almekinders, C. R. Clement, and P. C. Struik. 2016. Soil fertility gradients shape the agrobiodiversity of Amazonian homegardens. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 221:270–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junqueira, A. B., T. J. Stomph, C. R. Clement, and P. C. Struik. 2011. Variation in soil fertility influences cycle dynamics and crop diversity in shifting cultivation systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 215:122–32.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, C. 2005. Whose nature, whose culture? Private production of space and the “preservation” of nature. In Remaking reality: Nature at the millennium, ed. B. Braun and N. Castree, 46–63. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Kawa, N. C. 2016. Amazonia in the Anthropocene: People, soils, plants, forests. Austin: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kern, D. C, G. D’aquino, T. E. Rodrigues, F. J. Lima Frazao, W. Sombroek, T. P. Myers, and E. G. Neves. Distribution of Amazonian dark earths in the Brazilian Amazon. In Amazonian dark earths: Origin, properties, management, ed. J. Lehmann, 51–75. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann, J., D. C. Kern, B. Glaser, and W. I. Woods, eds. 2003. Amazonian dark earths: Origin, properties, management. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
   Google Scholar
• Levis, C., M. S. Silva, M. A. Silva, C. P. Moraes, E. K. Tamanaha, B. M. Flores, E. G. Neves, and C. R. Clement 2014. What do we know about the distribution of Amazonian Dark Earth along tributary rivers in Central Amazonia? In Antes de Orellana: Actas del 3er Encuentro Internacional de Arqueología Amazónica, ed. R. Stéphen, pp. 305–12. Lima, Peru: Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos.
   Google Scholar
• Levis, C., F. R. C. Costa, F. Bongers, M. Peña-Claros, C. R. Clement, A. B. Junqueira, E. G. Neves, E. K. Tamanaha, F. O. G. Figueiredo, R. P. Salomão, et al. 2017. Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition. Science 355 (6328):925–31. doi: 10.1126/science.aal0157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levis, C., B. M. Flores, P. A. Moreira, B. G. Luize, R. P. Alves, J. Franco-Moraes, J. Lins, E. Konings, M. Peña-Claros, F. Bongers, et al. 2018. How people domesticated Amazonian forests. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5:1–21. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levis, C., M. Peña-Claros, C. R. Clement, F. R. C. Costa, R. P. Alves, M. J. Ferreira, C. G. Figueiredo, and F. Bongers. 2020. Pre-Columbian soil fertilization and current management maintain food resource availability in old-growth Amazonian forests. Plant and Soil 450 (1–2):29–48. doi: 10.1007/s11104-020-04461-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lins, J., H. P. Lima, F. B. Baccaro, V. F. Kinupp, G. H. Shepard, Jr., and C. R. Clement. 2015. Pre-Columbian floristic legacies in modern homegardens of Central Amazonia. PLoS ONE 10 (6):e0127067. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardo, U., J. Iriarte, L. Hilbert, J. Ruiz-Pérez, J. M. Capriles, and H. Veit. 2020. Early Holocene crop cultivation and landscape modification in Amazonia. Nature 581 (7807):190–93. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2162-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madari, B. E., W. G. Sombroek, and W. I. Woods 2004. Research on anthropogenic dark earth soils: Could it be a solution to sustainable development in the Amazon? In Amazonian Dark Earths: Explorations in space and time, ed. B. Glaser and W. I. Woods, pp. 169–81. Berlin, DE: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Maezumi, S. Y., D. Alves, M. Robinson, J. G. de Souza, C. Levis, R. L. Barnett, E. Almeida de Oliveira, D. Urrego, D. Schaan, and J. Iriarte. 2018. The legacy of 4,500 years of polyculture agroforestry in the eastern Amazon. Nature Plants 4 (8):540–47. doi: 10.1038/s41477-018-0205-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKey, D. 2019. Pre-Columbian human occupations of Amazonia and its influence on current landscapes and biodiversity. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 91 (Suppl. 3):e20190087. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201920190087.
   Google Scholar
• McKey, D., S. Rostain, J. Iriarte, B. Glaser, J. J. Birk, I. Holst, and D. Renard. 2010. Pre-Columbian agricultural landscapes, ecosystem engineers, and self-organized patchiness in Amazonia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (17):7823–28. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908925107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael, C. H., K. J. Feeley, C. W. Dick, D. R. Piperno, and M. B. Bush. 2017. Comment on “Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition.” Science 358 (6361):eaan8347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael, C. H., D. R. Piperno, and M. B. Bush. 2015. Comment on Clement et al. 2015. “The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282 (1821):20151837. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael, C. H., D. R. Piperno, M. B. Bush, M. R. Silman, A. R. Zimmerman, M. F. Raczka, and L. C. Lobato. 2012. Sparse pre-Columbian human habitation in western Amazonia. Science 336 (6087):1429–31. doi: 10.1126/science.1219982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael, C. H., M. W. Palace, M. B. Bush, B. Braswell, S. Hagen, E. G. Neves, M. R. Silman, E. K. Tamanaha, and C. Czarnecki. 2014. Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in Amazonia. Proceeding of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281:20132475. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meggers, B. J. [1971] 1996. Amazonia: Man and culture in a counterfeit paradise. Washington, DC: Smithsonian.
   Google Scholar
• Meggers, B. J. 2001. The continuing quest of El Dorado: Round two. Latin American Antiquity 12 (3):304–25. doi: 10.2307/971635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepstad, D., S. Schwartzman, B. Bamberger, M. Santilli, D. Ray, P. Schlesinger, P. Lefebvre, A. Alencar, E. Prinz, G. Fiske, et al. 2006. Inhibition of Amazon deforestation and fire by parks and indigenous lands. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 20 (1):65–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00351.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neves, E. G. 1998. Twenty years of Amazonian archaeology in Brazil (1977–1997). Antiquity 72 (277):625–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neves, E. G. 2013. Was agriculture a key productive activity in pre-colonial Amazonia? The stable productive basis for social equality in the Central Amazon. In Human–environmental interactions: Current and future directions, ed. E. S. Brondízio and E. F. Moran, 371–88. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Odonne, G., M. van den Bel, M. Burst, O. Brunaux, M. Bruno, E. Dambrine, D. Davy, M. Desprez, J. Engel, B. Ferry, et al. 2019. Long-term influence of early human occupations on current forests of the Guiana Shield. Ecology 100 (10):e02806. doi: 10.1002/ecy.2806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palace, M. W., C. N. H. McMichael, B. H. Braswell, S. C. Hagen, M. B. Bush, E. Neves, E. Tamanaha, C. Herrick, and S. Frolking. 2017. Ancient Amazonian populations left lasting impacts on forest structure. Ecosphere 8 (12):e02035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pärssinen, M., D. P. Schaan, and A. Ranzi. 2009. Pre-Columbian geometric earthworks in the upper Psurus: A complex society in western Amazonia. Antiquity 83 (322):1084–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, C. M. 2000. Pre-Columbian silviculture and indigenous management of neotropical forests. In Imperfect balance: Landscape transformations in the pre-Columbian Americas, ed. D. L. Lentz, 203–22. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Piperno, D. R., C. H. McMichael, and M. B. Bush. 2015. Amazonia and the Anthropocene: What was the spatial extent and intensity of human landscape modification in the Amazon Basin at the end of prehistory? The Holocene 25 (10):1588–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piperno, D. R., C. H. McMichael, and M. B. Bush. 2017. Further evidence for localized, short-term anthropogenic forest alterations across pre-Columbian Amazonia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (21):E4118–E4119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1705585114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero‐Vallejo, E., Y. Klomberg, F. Bongers, L. Poorter, M. Toledo, and M. Peña‐Claros. 2015. Amazonian dark earth shapes the understory plant community in a Bolivian forest. Biotropica 47 (2):152–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, P., C. Hunt, M. Arroyo-Kalin, D. Evans, and N. Boivin. 2017. The deep human prehistory of global tropical forests and its relevance for modern conservation. Nature Plants 3:17093. doi: 10.1038/nplants.2017.93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosevelt, A. C. 1991. Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical archaeology on Marajó Island, Brazil. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roosevelt, A. C. 2013. The Amazon and the Anthropocene: 13,000 years of human influence in a tropical rainforest. Anthropocene 4:69–87. doi: 10.1016/j.ancene.2014.05.001.
   Google Scholar
• Sauer, C. O. [1958] 1963. Man in the ecology of tropical America. In Land and life: A selection from the writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer, ed. J. Leighly, 182–93. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schaan, D. P. 2016. Sacred geographies of ancient Amazonia: Historical ecology and social complexity. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, M. J., A. Rapp Py-Daniel, C. de Paula Moraes, R. B. M. Valle, C. F. Caromano, W. G. Texeira, C. A. Barbosa, J. A. Fonseca, M. P. Magalhães, D. Silva do Carmo Santos, et al. 2014. Dark earths and the human built landscape in Amazonia: A widespread pattern of anthrosol formation. Journal of Archaeological Research 42:152–65.
   Google Scholar
• Shepard, G. H., Jr., E. G. Neves, C. R. Clement, H. Lima, C. Moraes, and G. Mendes dos Santos. 2020. Ancient and traditional agriculture in South America: Tropical lowlands. In Oxford research encyclopedia: Environmental sciences. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steiner, C., W. G. Teixeira, and W. Zech. 2004. Slash and char: An alternative to slash and burn practiced in the Amazon Basin. In Amazonian dark earths: Explorations in space and time, ed. B. Glaser and W. I. Woods, 183–93. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Stenborg, P., D. P. Schaan, and C. G. Figueiredo. 2018. Contours of the past: LiDAR data expands the limits of late pre-Columbian human settlement in the Santarém Region, Lower Amazon. Journal of Field Archaeology 43 (1):44–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, W. G., D. C. Kern, B. E. Madari, H. N. Lima, and W. I. Woods, eds. 2009. As Terras Pretas de Índio da Amazônia: Sua caracterização e uso deste conhecimento na criação de novas areas. Manaus, Brazil: Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, R., N. J. Moore, E. Arima, S. Perz, C. Simmons, M. Caldas, D. Vergara, and C. Bohrer. 2009. Protecting the Amazon with protected areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (26):10582–86. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806059106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, W. S., S. R. Gorelik, A. Baccini, J. L. Aragon-Osejo, C. Josse, C. Meyer, M. N. Macedo, C. Augusto, S. Rios, T. Katan, et al. 2020. The role of forest conversion, degradation, and disturbance in the carbon dynamics of Amazon indigenous territories and protected areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (6):3015–25. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1913321117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watling, J., J. Iriarte, F. E. Mayle, D. Schaan, L. C. R. Pessenda, N. J. Loader, F. A. Street-Perrott, R. E. Dickau, A. Damasceno, A. Ranzi, et al. 2017a. Impact of pre-Columbian “geoglyph” builders on Amazonian forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (8):1868–73. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1614359114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watling, J., J. Iriarte, F. E. Mayle, D. Schaan, L. C. R. Pessenda, N. J. Loader, F. A. Street-Perrott, R. E. Dickau, A. Damasceno, A. Ranzi, et al. 2017b. Reply to Piperno et al., “It is too soon to argue for localized, short-term human impacts in interfluvial Amazonia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (21):E4120–E4121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1705697114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J. E. M., O. Venter, J. Lee, K. R. Jones, J. G. Robinson, H. P. Possingham, and J. R. Allan. 2018. Protect the last of the wild. Nature 563 (7729):27–30. doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-07183-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WinklerPrins, A. M. G. A. 2009. Sweep and char and the creation of Amazonian dark earths in homegardens. In Amazonian dark earths: Wim Sombroek’s vision, ed. W. I. Woods, 205–11. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• WinklerPrins, A. M. G. A. 2014. Terra preta—The mysterious soils of the Amazon. In The soil underfoot: Infinite possibilities for a finite resource, ed. G. J. Churchman and E. R. Landa, 235–45. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
   Google Scholar
• WinklerPrins, A. M. G. A., and N. P. S. Falcão. 2010. Soil fertility management and its contribution to the formation of Amazonian dark earth in urban homegardens, Santarém, Pará, Brazil. In Transactions of the Nineteenth World Congress of Soil Science, Brisbane, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, W. I. 2013. Betty Meggers: Her later years. Andean Past 11:15–20.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, W. I., and J. M. McCann. 1999. The anthropogenic origin and persistence of Amazonian dark earths. Yearbook of the Conference of Latin American Geographers 25:7–14.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, W. I., W. G. Teixeira, J. Lehmann, C. Steiner, A. M. G. A. WinklerPrins, and L. Rebellato, eds. 2009. Amazonian dark earths: Wim Sombroek’s vision. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler, S. Z. 2019. The Anthropocene in geography. Geographical Review 109 (2):271–80. doi: 10.1111/gere.12343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar