References
- Adelphi. 2015. A new climate for peace: Taking action on climate and fragility risks. An independent report commissioned by the G7. Berlin: Adelphi.
- Aguiton, S. A. 2019. Fragile transfers: Index insurance and the global circuits of climate risks in Senegal. Nature and Culture 14 (3):282–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.3167/nc.2019.140305.
- Aguiton, S. A. 2020. A market infrastructure for environmental intangibles: The materiality and challenges of index insurance for agriculture in Senegal. Journal of Cultural Economy 14 (5):580–95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2020.1846590.
- Aitken, R. 2017. “All data is credit data”: Constituting the unbanked. Competition & Change 21 (4):274–300. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529417712830.
- Anand, N., A. Gupta, and H. Appel. 2018. The promise of infrastructure. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Andreucci, D., M. García-Lamarca, J. Wedekind, and E. Swyngedouw. 2017. “Value grabbing”: A political ecology of rent. Capitalism Nature Socialism 28 (3):28–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2016.1278027.
- Bankable Frontier Associates. 2013. Review of FSD’s Index based Weather Insurance Initiatives. Nairobi, Kenya: Financial Sector Deepening Kenya.
- Barnett, B. J., C. B. Barrett, and J. R. Skees. 2008. Poverty traps and index-based risk transfer products. World Development 36 (10):1766–85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.10.016.
- Barrett, C. B., and M. R. Carter. 2010. The power and pitfalls of experiments in development economics: Some non-random reflections. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 32 (4):515–48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppq023.
- Bayliss, K., and E. Van Waeyenberge. 2018. Unpacking the public private partnership revival. The Journal of Development Studies 54 (4):577–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2017.1303671.
- Beckett, V. 2015. Livestock insurance, a cash cow? Reactions, March 2.
- Bernards, N. 2018. The truncated commercialization of microinsurance and the limits of neoliberalism. Development and Change 49 (6):1447–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12454.
- Bernards, N. 2019. “Latent” surplus populations and colonial histories of drought, groundnuts, and finance in Senegal. Geoforum. Advance online publication. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.10.007.
- Bernards, N., and M. Campbell-Verduyn. 2019. Understanding technological change in global finance through infrastructures. Review of International Political Economy 26 (5):773–89. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1625420.
- Berndt, C. 2015. Behavioural economics, experimentalism and the marketization of development. Economy and Society 44 (4):567–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2015.1043794.
- Berndt, C., and M. Boeckler. 2016. Behave, global south! Economics, experiments, evidence. Geoforum 70:22–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.01.005.
- Bigger, P., J. Dempsey, A. Asiyanbi, K. Kay, R. Lave, B. Mansfield, T. Osborne, M. Robertson, and G. Simon. 2018. Reflecting on neoliberal natures: An exchange. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 1 (1–2):25–75.
- Büscher, B., W. Dressler, and R. Fletcher. 2014. Nature Inc.: Environmental conservation in the neoliberal age. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
- Cai, J., A. de Janvry, and E. Sadoulet. 2020. Subsidy policies and insurance demand. American Economic Review 110 (8):2422–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190661.
- Callon, M. 2007. What does it mean to say that economics is performative? In Do economists make markets? On the performativity of economics, ed. D. A. MacKenzie, F. Muniesa, and L. Siu, 311–57. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Carter, M. R. 2013. Sharing the risk and the uncertainty: Public–private reinsurance partnerships for viable agricultural insurance markets. I4 Index Insurance Innovation Initiative University of California, Davis Brief 1.
- Carter, M. R., L. Cheng, and A. Sarris. 2016. Where and how index insurance can boost the adoption of improved agricultural technologies. Journal of Development Economics 118:59–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.08.008.
- Casaburi, L., and J. Willis. 2018. Time versus state in insurance: Experimental evidence from contract farming in Kenya. American Economic Review 108 (12):3778–3813. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171526.
- Chantarat, S., A. G. Mude, C. B. Barrett, and M. R. Carter. 2013. Designing index-based livestock insurance for managing asset risk in northern Kenya. Journal of Risk and Insurance 80 (1):205–37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2012.01463.x.
- Chantarat, S., A. G. Mude, C. B. Barrett, and C. G. Turvey. 2017. Welfare impacts of index insurance in the presence of a poverty trap. World Development 94:119–38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.044.
- Christophers, B. 2014. From Marx to market and back again: Performing the economy. Geoforum 57:12–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.08.007.
- Christophers, B. 2015. The limits to financialization. Dialogues in Human Geography 5 (2):183–200. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820615588153.
- Cole, S., X. Giné, and J. Vickery. 2017. How does risk management influence production decisions? Evidence from a field experiment. The Review of Financial Studies 30 (6):1935–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhw080.
- Coleman, E., W. Dick, S. Gilliams, I. Piccard, F. Rispoli, and A. Stoppa. 2017. Remote sensing for index insurance: Findings and lessons learned for smallholder agriculture. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development.
- Collier, S. J. 2011. Post-soviet social. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Da Costa, D. 2013. The “rule of experts” in making a dynamic micro-insurance industry in India. Journal of Peasant Studies 40 (5):845–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.857659.
- Dempsey, J., and M. M. Robertson. 2012. Ecosystem services: Tensions, impurities, and points of engagement within neoliberalism. Progress in Human Geography 36 (6):758–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512437076.
- Dempsey, J., and D. C. Suarez. 2016. Arrested development? The promises and paradoxes of “selling nature to save it.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 106 (3):653–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1140018.
- Donovan, K. P. 2018. The rise of the randomistas: On the experimental turn in international aid. Economy and Society 47 (1):27–58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2018.1432153.
- Elabed, G., and M. Carter. 2014. Ex-ante impacts of agricultural insurance: Evidence from a field experiment in Mali. Working paper, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA.
- European Commission. 2008. EU supports global insurance fund to help ACP countries “weather future storms” from climate change. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
- Felli, R. 2014. On climate rent. Historical Materialism 22 (3–4):251–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/1569206X-12341368.
- Fields, D. 2018. Constructing a new asset class: Property-led financial accumulation after the crisis. Economic Geography 94 (2):118–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2017.1397492.
- Fletcher, R., and J. Breitling. 2012. Market mechanism or subsidy in disguise? Governing payment for environmental services in Costa Rica. Geoforum 43 (3):402–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.11.008.
- Furlong, K. 2020. Geographies of infrastructure 1: Economies. Progress in Human Geography 44 (3):572–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132519850913.
- Giné, X., and D. Yang. 2009. Insurance, credit, and technology adoption: Field experimental evidence from Malawi. Journal of Development Economics 89 (1):1–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.09.007.
- Global Index Insurance Facility (GIIF). 2016. Achievements in ACP countries by Global Index Insurance Facility Phase 1 (2010–2015). Washington, DC: Global Index Insurance Facility/World Bank Group.
- Global Index Insurance Facility (GIIF). 2017. GIIF donor partners. Washington, DC: Global Index Insurance Facility/Index Insurance Forum, World Bank Group. Accessed August 28, 2020. https://www.indexinsuranceforum.org/giif-donor-partners.
- Golka, P. 2019. Financialization as welfare: Social impact investing and British social policy, 1997–2016. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
- Harvey, D. 2006. The limits to capital. Oxford, UK: Basil-Blackwell.
- Hazell, P., R. Sberro-Kessler, and P. Varangis. 2017. When and how should agricultural insurance be subsidized? Issues and good practices. Washington, DC: Global Index Insurance Facility.
- Hess, U., and P. Hazell. 2016. Innovations and emerging trends in agricultural insurance. Bonn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).
- Hill, R. V., N. Kumar, N. Magnan, S. Makhija, F. de Nicola, D. J. Spielman, and P. S. Ward. 2019. Ex ante and ex post effects of hybrid index insurance in Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics 136:1–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.09.003.
- Isakson, S. R. 2015a. Derivatives for development? Small‐farmer vulnerability and the financialization of climate risk management. Journal of Agrarian Change 15 (4):569–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12124.
- Isakson, S. R. 2015b. Small farmer vulnerability and climate risk: Index insurance as a financial fix. Canadian Food Studies/La Revue Canadienne Des Études Sur L'alimentation 2 (2):267–77. doi: https://doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v2i2.109.
- Janzen, S. A., and M. R. Carter. 2013. After the drought: The impact of microinsurance on consumption smoothing and asset protection. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Jarzabkowski, P., R. Bednarek, and P. Spee. 2015. Making a market for acts of God: The practice of risk-trading in the global reinsurance industry. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Jensen, N. D., and C. Barrett. 2017. Agricultural index insurance for development. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 39 (2):199–219. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppw022.
- Jensen, N. D., C. B. Barrett, and A. G. Mude. 2017. Cash transfers and index insurance: A comparative impact analysis from northern Kenya. Journal of Development Economics 129:14–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.08.002.
- Jensen, N. D., A. G. Mude, and C. B. Barrett. 2018. How basis risk and spatiotemporal adverse selection influence demand for index insurance: Evidence from northern Kenya. Food Policy 74:172–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.01.002.
- Johnson, L. 2010. Climate change and the risk industry: The multiplication of fear and value. In Global political ecology, ed. R. Peet, P. Robbins, and M. Watts, 185–202. London and New York: Routledge.
- Johnson, L. 2013. Index insurance and the articulation of risk-bearing subjects. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 45 (11):2663–81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1068/a45695.
- Johnson, L. 2021. Rescaling index insurance for climate and development in Africa. Economy and Society 50 (2):248–74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2020.1853364.
- Johnson, L., B. Wandera, N. Jensen, and R. Banerjee. 2019. Competing expectations in an index-based livestock insurance project. The Journal of Development Studies 55 (6):1221–39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1453603.
- Karlan, D., R. Osei, I. Osei-Akoto, and C. Udry. 2014. Agricultural decisions after relaxing credit and risk constraints. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (2):597–652. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju002.
- Keucheyan, R. 2018. Insuring climate change: New risks and the financialization of nature. Development and Change 49 (2):484–501. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12367.
- Knudson, C. 2018. One size does not fit all: Universal livelihood insurance in St. Lucia. Geoforum 95:78–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.06.023.
- Lee, R., G. L. Clark, J. Pollard, and A. Leyshon. 2009. The remit of financial geography—Before and after the crisis. Journal of Economic Geography 9 (5):723–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbp035.
- Lehtonen, T.-K., and J. Liukko. 2011. The forms and limits of insurance solidarity. Journal of Business Ethics 103 (Suppl. 1):33–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1221-x.
- Lehtonen, T.-K., and J. Liukko. 2015. Producing solidarity, inequality and exclusion through insurance. Res Publica 21 (2):155–69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-015-9270-5.
- Leichenko, R., and K. O’Brien. 2008. Environmental change and globalization: Double exposures. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Lewis, D. 2009. International development and the “perpetual present”: Anthropological approaches to the re-historicization of policy. The European Journal of Development Research 21 (1):32–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2008.7.
- Li, T. M. 2007. The will to improve: Governmentality, development, and the practice of politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Li, T. M. 2010. To make live or let die? Rural dispossession and the protection of surplus populations. Antipode 41:66–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00717.x.
- MacKenzie, D. 2006. An engine, not a camera: How financial models shape markets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Madajewicz, M., A. H. Tsegay, and M. Norton. 2013. Managing risks to agricultural livelihoods: Impact evaluation of the HARITA Program in Tigray, Ethiopia, 2009–2012. Boston: Oxfam America.
- Mawdsley, E. 2015. DFID, the private sector and the re-centring of an economic growth agenda in international development. Global Society 29 (3):339–58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2015.1031092.
- Mawdsley, E. 2018. From billions to trillions: Financing the SDGs in a world beyond aid. Dialogues in Human Geography 8 (2):191–95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820618780789.
- Mawdsley, E., W. E. Murray, J. Overton, R. Scheyvens, and G. Banks. 2018. Exporting stimulus and “shared prosperity”: Reinventing foreign aid for a retroliberal era. Development Policy Review 36:O25–O43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12282.
- Mobarak, A. M., and M. R. Rosenzweig. 2013. Informal risk sharing, index insurance, and risk taking in developing countries. American Economic Review 103 (3):375–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.375.
- Muellerleile, C. 2018. Calming speculative traffic: An infrastructural theory of financial markets. Economic Geography 94 (3):279–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2017.1307100.
- Mullally, C., S. Boucher, and M. Carter. 2013. Encouraging development: Randomized encouragement designs in agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 95 (5):1352–58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aat041.
- Müller, B., L. Johnson, and D. Kreuer. 2017. Maladaptive outcomes of climate insurance in agriculture. Global Environmental Change 46:23–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.06.010.
- Ouma, S. 2016. From financialization to operations of capital: Historicizing and disentangling the finance–farmland-nexus. Geoforum 72:82–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.02.003.
- Ouma, S., L. Johnson, and P. Bigger. 2018. Rethinking the financialization of “nature.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50 (3):500–511. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X18755748.
- Paying for the rain: In Africa, agricultural insurance often falls on stony ground. 2018. The Economist. Accessed August 24, 2020. https://www.economist.com/financeand-economics/2018/12/15/in-africa-agricultural-insurance-often-falls-on-stony-ground.
- Peterson, N. 2012. Developing climate adaptation: The intersection of climate research and development programmes in index insurance. Development and Change 43 (2):557–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2012.01767.x.
- Petryna, A. 2009. When experiments travel: Clinical trials and the global search for human subjects. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Polanyi, K. 2001. The great transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.
- Poovey, M. 2015. On “the limits to financialization.” Dialogues in Human Geography 5 (2):220–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820615588159.
- Purcell, T. F., A. Loftus, and H. March. 2020. Value–rent–finance. Progress in Human Geography 44 (3):437–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132519838064.
- Rankin, K. 2008. Manufacturing rural finance in Asia: Institutional assemblages, market societies, entrepreneurial subjects. Geoforum 39 (6):1965–77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.08.001.
- Reeves, J. 2016. Ten concerns about climate and disaster insurance schemes—and one rights-based alternative. ActionAid UK. Accessed August 27, 2020. https://www.actionaid.org.uk/publications/ten-concerns-about-climate-and-disaster-insurance-schemes-and-one-rights-based.
- Roberts, S. M. 2014. Development capital: USAID and the rise of development contractors. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104 (5):1030–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2014.924749.
- Robertson, M., and J. D. Wainwright. 2013. The value of nature to the state. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 103 (4):890–905. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.765772.
- Rottenburg, R. 2009. Social and public experiments and new figurations of science and politics in postcolonial Africa. Postcolonial Studies 12 (4):423–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790903350666.
- Roy, A. 2010. Poverty capital: Microfinance and the making of development. London and New York: Routledge.
- Samuelson, P. A. 1954. The pure theory of public expenditure. The Review of Economics and Statistics 36 (4):387–89. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1925895.
- Serfilippi, E., M. Carter, and C. Guirkinger. 2020. Insurance contracts when individuals “greatly value” certainty: Results from a field experiment in Burkina Faso. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 180:731–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.07.017.
- Sheth, A. S. 2017. Cultivating risk: Weather insurance, technology and financialization in India. PhD diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Soederberg, S. 2013. Universalising financial inclusion and the securitisation of development. Third World Quarterly 34 (4):593–612. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.786285.
- Stoeffler, Q., M. Carter, C. Guirkinger, and W. Gelade. 2021. The spillover impact of index insurance on agricultural investment by cotton farmers in Burkina Faso. The World Bank Economic Review June (lhab011). doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhab011.
- Taylor, M. 2016. Risky ventures: Financial inclusion, risk management and the uncertain rise of index-based insurance. In Risking capitalism, S. Soederberg (ed). 237–66. Emerald Group.
- Tobacman, J., D. Stein, V. Shah, L. Litvine, S. Cole, and R. Chattopadhyay. 2017. Insuring farmers against weather shocks: Evidence from India. 2017 ed. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation. Accessed August 27, 2020. http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/impact-evaluations/insuring-farmers-against-weather-shocks-evidence-india.
- Viard-Crétat, A., and C. Buffet. 2017. Climate change, a new “buzzword” for the “perpetual present” of development aid? In Globalising the climate: COP21 and the climatisation of global debates, ed. S. Aykut, J. Foyer, and E. Morena, 135–52. London and New York: Routledge.
- Ward, C., and M. B. Aalbers. 2016. “The shitty rent business”: What’s the point of land rent theory? Urban Studies 53 (9):1760–83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016638975.
- Webber, S. 2015. Randomising development: Geography, economics and the search for scientific rigour. Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 106 (1):36–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12086.
- Webber, S., and C. Prouse. 2018. The new gold standard: The rise of randomized control trials and experimental development. Economic Geography 94 (2):166–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2017.1392235.
- Whiteside, H. 2020. Public–private partnerships: Market development through management reform. Review of International Political Economy 27 (4):880–902. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1635514.
- World Food Programme. 2020. R4 Rural Resilience Initiative quarterly report October–December 2019. Rome, Italy: World Food Programme.
- World Trade Organization. 2012. Uruguay round agreement on agriculture. Geneva, Switzerland: World Trade Organization.
- Zeller, C. 2007. From the gene to the globe: Extracting rents based on intellectual property monopolies. Review of International Political Economy 15 (1):86–115. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290701751316.