References
- Álvarez Velasco, S. 2020. From Ecuador to elsewhere: The reconfiguration of a transit country. Migration and Society, Advances in Research 3:1–16.
- América Digital. 2019. La carrera de obstáculos para una visa humanitaria de Perú [The obstacle course to get a humanitarian visa in Peru]. América Digital, July 11. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.americadigital.com/informate/los-carrera-de-obstaculos-de-una-visa-humanitaria-para-peru-24057.
- Anthias, F. 2012. Transnational mobilities, migration research and intersectionality. Nordic Journal of Migration Research 2 (2):102–10. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10202-011-0032-y.
- Anzaldúa, G. 1987. Borderlands/La frontera. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books.
- Aravena, N. 2019. Chile rechazó el ingreso de 13.742 extranjeros en 2018, la mayor cifra en los últimos 5 años [Chile rejects entry of 13,742 foreigners in 2018, the highest figure in the last 5 years]. El Mercurio, April 4. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://digital.elmercurio.com/2019/04/16/C/IT3IUGQ4#zoom=page-width.
- Bastia, T. 2019. Gender, migration and social transformation: Intersectionality in Bolivian itinerant migrations. London and New York: Routledge.
- Berents, H., and C. ten Have. 2017. Navigating violence: Fear and everyday life in Colombia and Mexico. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 6 (1):103–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i1.373.
- Bermudez, A. 2016. International migration, transnational politics and conflict: The gendered experiences of Colombian migrants in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Büscher, M., J. Urry, and K. Witchger, eds. 2010. Mobile methods. London and New York: Routledge.
- CASEN. 2015. Inmigrantes: Principales resultados (versión extendida) [Immigrants: Principal results (extended version)]. Observatorio del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social, Santiago, Chile. Accessed April 17, 2020. http://observatorio.ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/casen-multidimensional/casen/docs/CASEN_2015_INMIGRANTES_21122016_EXTENDIDA_publicada.pdf.
- Collyer, M. 2007. In-between places: Trans-Saharan transit migrants in Morocco and the fragmented journey to Europe. Antipode 39 (4):668–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00546.x.
- Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. 2018. Censo nacional de población y vivienda 2018 Colombia. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, Bogota, Colombia. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/censo-nacional-de-poblacion-y-vivenda-2018/cuantos-somos.
- Davies, S., and J. True. 2015. Reframing conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence: Bringing gender analysis back in. Security Dialogue 46 (6):495–512. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010615601389.
- De Genova, N., and A. Roy. 2020. Practices of illegalisation. Antipode 52 (2):352–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12602.
- Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. 2018. Censo nacional de población y vivienda 2018 Colombia [National population and housing census 2018 Colombia]. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, Bogota, Colombia. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticaspor-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/censo-nacional-depoblacion-y-vivenda-2018/cuantos-somos.
- Departamento de Extranjería y Migración. 2020. Preguntas frecuentes turismo [Frequently asked questions tourism]. Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, Santiago, Chile. Accessed March 4, 2020. https://www.extranjeria.gob.cl/visitar-chile/faqturismo/.
- Díaz de Leon, A. 2020. “Transient communities”: How Central American transit migrants form solidarity without trust. Journal of Borderlands Studies. Advance online publication. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2020.1824683.
- Domenech, E. 2017. Las políticas de migración en Sudamérica: Elementos para el análisis crítico del control migratorio y fronterizo [Migration policies in South America: Elements for the critical analysis of migration and border control]. Terceiro Milênio: Revista Crítica de Sociologiá e Política 8 (1):19–48.
- Echagüe Alfaro, C. 2018. “Incivilidades”: Notas sobre cómo la intervención estatal nocturna en el centro de Antofagasta endurece “las fronteras” [‘Incivilities’: Notes on how nocturnal state intervention in the center of Antofagasta hardens borders]. Polis 17 (51):39–61.
- Echeverri, M. 2016. Otredad racializada en la migración forzada de afrocolombianos a Antofagasta (Chile) [Racialized Othering in the forced migration of Afro-Colombians to Antofagasta (Chile)]. Nomadas 45:91–103.
- EFE. 2019. Perú exigirá visado a los venezolanos a partir de 15 de junio [Peru will require Venezuelans to have visas from 15 June]. EFE América, June 7. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/peru-exigira-visado-a-los-venezolanos-partir-del-15-de-junio/20000013-3994883.
- El Mostrador. 2019. Jesuitas critican visa consular exigida por el Gobierno a venezolanos en Chacalluta, “Los DD.HH. no son hasta que me convenga” [Jesuits criticize consular visa required of Venezuelans in Chacalluta by Government, “Human rights are not only while they are convenient”)] El Mostrador, June 4. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2019/06/24/jesuitas-critican-visa-consular-exigida-por-el-gobierno-a-venezolanos-en-chacalluta-los-dd-hh-no-son-hasta-que-me-convenga/.
- Faist, T. 1998. Transnational social spaces out of international migration: Evolution, significance, and future prospects. European Journal of Sociology 39 (2):213–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975600007621.
- Faria, C. 2017. Towards a countertopography of intimate war: Contouring violence and resistance in a South Sudanese diaspora. Gender, Place & Culture 24 (4):575–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2017.1314941.
- Fluri, J. L., and A. Piedalue. 2017. Embodying violence: Critical geographies of gender, race, and culture. Gender, Place & Culture 24 (4):534–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2017.1329185.
- Fowks, J. 2019. Perú cierre la puerta a los migrantes venezolanos [Peru closes the door to Venezuelan migrants]. El País, June 8. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/06/07/america/1559932265_923817.html.
- Galtung, J. 1969. Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research 6 (3):167–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301.
- Gobierno de Chile. 2021. Nueva Ley de Migraciones: Conoce las nuevas herramientas para asegurar un proceso ordenado, seguro y regular de quienes lleguen a vivir a Chile [New Migration Law: Find out about the new tools for ensuring an ordered, safe, and regular process for those arriving to live in Chile]. Accessed August 9, 2021. https://www.gob.cl/noticias/nueva-ley-de-migraciones-conoce-las-nuevas-herramientas-para-asegurar-un-proceso-ordenado-seguro-y-regular-de-quienes-lleguen-vivir-chile/.
- Gokariksel, B., M. Hawkins, C. Neubert, and S. Smith, eds. 2021. Feminist geography unbound: Discomfort, bodies, and prefigured futures. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.
- Grajales, J. 2016. Violence entrepreneurs, law and authority in Colombia. Development and Change 47 (6):1294–315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12278.
- Guizardi, M., ed. 2015. Las fronteras del transnacionalismo: Límites y desbordes de la experiencia migrante en el centro y norte de Chile [The boundaries of transnationalism: Limits and spill-overs in the migrant experience in the center and north of Chile]. Santiago, Chile: Ocho Libros.
- Huerta Varela, A. 2016. Luchas migrantes en contextos de tránsito migratorio: El caso del movimiento migrante centroamericano [Migrant struggles in transit migration contexts: The case of the Central American migration movement]. REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 24 (48):31–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880004803.
- Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. 2018. Características de la inmigración internacional en Chile, censo 2017 [Characteristics of international migration in Chile, 2017 census]. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas.
- Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas and Departamento de Extranjería y Migración. 2019. Estimación de personas extranjeras residentes en Chile al 31 de diciembre 2018 [Estimate of foreigners resident in Chile as of 31 December 2018]. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas and Departamento de Extranjería y Migración.
- International Organization for Migration. 2019. Venezuelan refugee and migrant crisis. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.iom.int/venezuela-refugee-and-migrant-crisis.
- Iturra Valenzuela, L. 2018. El cuerpo otro y los otros espacios. El discurso soberano en los agentes estatales de seguridad sobre la inmigración [The Other body and the Other spaces. State security agents’ sovereign discourse about immigration]. In El afán de cruzar las fronteras. Enfoques transdisciplinarios sobre migraciones y movilidad en Sudamérica y Chile, ed. M. Tapia Ladino and N. Liberona Concha, 365–84. Santiago, Chile: RiL Editores.
- Jackson, P., P. Crang, and C. Dwyer. 2004. Transnational spaces. London and New York: Routledge.
- Katz, C. 2004. Growing up global: Economic restructuring and children’s everyday lives. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Kelly, L. 1988. Surviving sexual violence. Oxford, UK: Polity Press.
- Levitt, P., and B. Jaworsky. 2007. Transnational migration studies: Past developments and future trends. Annual Review of Sociology 33 (1):129–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131816.
- Liberona Concha, N. 2015. La frontera cedazo y el desierto como aliado: Prácticas institucionales racistas en el ingreso a Chile [The porous border and the desert as ally. Racist institutional practices upon entry to Chile]. Polis (Santiago) 14 (42):143–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-65682015000300008.
- Lube Guizardi, M., and A. Garcés Hernández. 2012. Mujeres peruanas en las regiones del norte de Chile: Apuntes preliminares para la investigación [Peruvian women in the northern regions of Chile: Preliminary notes for research]. Estudios Atacameños 44:5–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432012000200002.
- Mahler, S., and P. Pessar. 2001. Gendered geographies of power: Analyzing gender across transnational spaces. Identities 7 (4):441–59. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2001.9962675.
- Massey, D. 1994. Space, place, and gender. London: Polity Press.
- Massey, D. 2005. For space. London: Sage.
- McDowell, L. 1992. Doing gender: Feminism, feminists and research methods in human geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 17 (4):399–416. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/622707.
- McIlwaine, C. 2010. Migrant machismos: Exploring gender ideologies and practices among Latin American migrants in London from a multi-scalar perspective. Gender, Place & Culture 17 (3):281–300. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09663691003737579.
- McIlwaine, C., and Y. Evans. 2020. Urban violence against women and girls (VAWG) in transnational perspective: Reflections from Brazilian women in London. International Development Planning Review 42 (1):93–112. doi: https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2018.31.
- Medrano, H. 2018. Este es el número de muertes por accidentes de tránsito por carreteras del Perú [This is the number of deaths due to traffic accidents on Peru’s highways]. El Comercio, February 23. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://elcomercio.pe/peru/numero-accidentes-transito-carreteras-peru-2017-noticia-499060-noticia/.
- Mountz, A. 2017. Island detention: Affective eruption as trauma’s disruption. Emotion, Space and Society 24:74–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2017.02.006.
- Naples, N. 2010. Borderlands studies and border theory: Linking activism and scholarship for social justice. Sociology Compass 4 (7):505–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00290.x.
- Organización Internacional de Migraciones. 2012. Perfil migratorio de Colombia 2012. Organización Internacional de Migraciones [Colombia’s migration profile]. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/pbn/docs/Perfil-Migratorio-de-Colombia-2012.pdf.
- Parker, N., and N. Vaughan-Williams. 2009. Lines in the sand? Towards an agenda for critical border studies. Geopolitics 14 (3):582–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040903081297.
- Parker, N., and N. Vaughan-Williams. 2012. Critical border studies: Broadening and deepening the “lines in the sand” agenda. Geopolitics 17 (4):727–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2012.706111.
- Purkayastha, B. 2012. Intersectionality in a transnational world. Gender & Society 26 (1):55–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211426725.
- Radicati, A. 2020. The unstable coastline: Navigating dispossession and belonging in Colombo. Antipode 52 (2):542–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12597.
- Ramírez, C., C. Chan, and C. Stefoni, eds. 2021. Migración, etnicidad y espacio: Aproximaciones críticas desde la etnografía [Migration, ethnicity, and space: Critical approaches from ethnography]. Santiago, Chile: RiL Editores.
- Rose, G. 1997. Situating knowledges: Positionality, reflexivities and other tactics. Progress in Human Geography 21 (3):305–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1191/030913297673302122.
- Ryburn, M. 2016. Living the Chilean dream? Bolivian migrants’ incorporation in the space of economic citizenship. Geoforum 76:48–58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.08.006.
- Ryburn, M. 2018. Uncertain citizenship: Everyday practices of Bolivian migrants in Chile. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Schapendonk, J. 2018. Navigating the migration industry: Migrants moving through an African–European web of facilitation/control. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (4):663–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1315522.
- Schapendonk, J., and G. Steel. 2014. Following migrant trajectories: The im/mobility of sub-Saharan Africans en route to the European Union. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104 (2):262–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.862135.
- Schapendonk, J., I. van Liempt, I. Schwarz, and G. Steel. 2020. Re-routing migration geographies: Migrants, trajectories and mobility regimes. Geoforum 116:211–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.06.007.
- Schwarz, I. 2020. Migrants moving through mobility regimes: The trajectory approach as a tool to reveal migratory processes. Geoforum 116:217–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.03.007.
- Servicio Jesuita a Refugiados Colombia. 2018. La Ruta [The route]. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/74873.pdf
- Sheller, M. 2018. Theorising mobility justice. Tempo Social 30 (2):17–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2018.142763.
- Sheller, M., and J. Urry. 2006. The new mobilities paradigm. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38 (2):207–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1068/a37268.
- Silvey, R. 2006. Geographies of gender and migration: Spatializing social difference. International Migration Review 40 (1):64–81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00003.x.
- Staeheli, L., and R. Pain. 2014. Introduction: Intimacy-geopolitics and violence. Area 46 (4):344–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12138.
- Stang, M. F., and S. Stefoni. 2016. La microfísica de las fronteras: Criminalización, racialización y expulsabilidad de los migrantes colombianos en Antofagasta, Chile [The microphysics of borders: Criminalization, racialization and deportability of Colombian migrants in Antofagasta, Chile]. Astrolabio 17:42–80.
- Subercaseaux, B. 2007. Raza y nación: El caso de Chile [Race and nation: The case of Chile]. Contracorriente. Una revista de historia social y literatura de América Latina 5 (1):19–63.
- Tapia Ladino, M., and N. Liberona Concha, eds. 2018. El afán de cruzar las fronteras. Enfoques transdisciplinarios sobre migraciones y movilidad en Sudamérica y Chile [The effort of border crossing. Transdisciplinary focuses on migration and mobility in South America and Chile]. Santiago, Chile: RiL Editores.
- Thayer, L. E. 2021. Nueva ley de migraciones: Por qué precariza el trabajo y la residencia de los migrantes y puede promover más ingresos clandestinos. CIPER Académico, May 24. Accessed August 9, 2021. https://www.ciperchile.cl/2021/04/27/nueva-ley-de-migraciones-por-que-precariza-el-trabajo-y-la-residencia-de-los-migrantes-y-puede-promover-mas-ingresos-clandestinos/.
- Tijoux, M. E., ed. 2016. Racismo en Chile: La piel como marca de la inmigración [Racism in Chile. Skin as a marker of immigration]. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria.
- Triandafyllidou, A. 2019. The migration archipelago: Social navigation and migrant agency. International Migration 57 (1):5–19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12512.
- Ugarte, S. 2021. Desired formality: Labor migration, black markets, and the state in Chile. Focaal: 1–14. Advance online publication. doi: https://doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2021.031103.
- United Nations Population Fund. 2019. Estado de la población mundial 2019 [State of the world population 2019]. United Nations Population Fund. Accessed April 17, 2020. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPA_PUB_2019_ES_Estado_de_la_Poblacion_Mundial.pdf.
- Ureta, W., and C. Figueroa. 2021. ¿Ordenando la casa o precarizando la migración? [Establishing order in the house or precaritizing migration?]. La Tercera, June 21. Accessed August 9, 2021. https://www.latercera.com/opinion/noticia/ordenando-la-casa-o-precarizando-la-migracion/GC3NZ6JR65ADHGDWHPZ6RJPQ4M/.
- Vigh, H. 2006. Navigating terrains of war: Youth and soldiering in Guinea-Bissau. New York: Berghahn.
- Vigh, H. 2009. A second look at the concept of social navigation. Anthropological Theory 9 (4):419–38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499609356044.
- Vogt, W. 2016. Stuck in the middle with you: The intimate labours of mobility and smuggling along Mexico’s migrant route. Geopolitics 21 (2):366–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2015.1104666.
- Walsh, S. 2019. The Chilean exception: Racial homogeneity, mestizaje and eugenic nationalism. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies 25 (1):105–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2019.1579499.
- Wilkins, A. 2017. Gender, migration and intimate geopolitics: Shifting senses of home among women on the Myanmar-Thailand border. Gender, Place & Culture 24 (11):1549–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2017.1380608.
- Wimmer, A., and N. Glick-Schiller. 2002. Methodological nationalism and beyond: Nation-state building, migration, and the social sciences. Global Networks 2 (4):301–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0374.00043.
- Wright, M. 2004. From protests to politics: Sex work, women’s worth and Ciudad Juárez. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94 (2):369–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402013.x.
- Wright, M. 2005. Paradoxes, protests and the Mujeres de Negro of northern Mexico. Gender, Place and Culture 12 (3):277–92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690500202376.
- Wright, M. 2011. Necropolitics, narcopolitics, and femicide: Gendered violence on the Mexico–U.S. border. Signs 36 (3):707–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/657496.
- Zaragocin, S., and M. A. Caretta. 2021. Cuerpo-territorio: A decolonial feminist geographical method for the study of embodiment. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 111 (5):1503–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2020.1812370.