527
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Funnels of Unfreedom: Time-Spaces of Recruitment and (Im)Mobility in the Trajectories of Trafficked Migrant Fishers

, & ORCID Icon
Pages 291-306 | Received 03 Mar 2021, Accepted 26 Mar 2022, Published online: 03 Aug 2022

References

  • Andrijasevic, R. 2003. The difference borders make: (Il)legality, migration and trafficking in Italy among Eastern European women. In Uprootings/regroundings: Questions of home and migration, ed. S. Ahmed, C. Castaneda, A.-M. Fortier, and M. Sheller, 251–72. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Baey, G., and B. S. Yeoh. 2018. The lottery of my life: Migration trajectories and the production of precarity among Bangladeshi migrant workers in Singapore’s construction industry. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27 (3):249–72. doi: 10.1177/0117196818780087.
  • Barrientos, S., U. Kothari, and N. Phillips. 2013. Dynamics of unfree labour in the contemporary global economy. Journal of Development Studies 49 (8):1037–41. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2013.780043.
  • Basa, C., V. De Guzman, and S. Marchetti. 2012. International migration and over-indebtedness: The case of Filipino workers in Italy. Human Settlements Working Paper No. 36, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.
  • Blazek, M., J. Esson, and D. P. Smith. 2019. Relational geographies of human trafficking: Inequality, manoeuvring and im/mobility across time and space. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 44 (1):63–78. doi: 10.1111/tran.12271.
  • Bylander, M. Forthcoming. Destination debts: Local and translocal loans in the migrant experience. Geoforum. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.06.015.
  • Chantavanich, S., S. Laodumrongchai, and C. Stringer. 2016. Under the shadow: Forced labour among sea fishers in Thailand. Marine Policy 68:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2015.12.015.
  • Collyer, M. 2007. In-between places: Trans-Saharan transit migrants in Morocco and the fragmented journey to Europe. Antipode 39 (4):668–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00546.x.
  • Conlon, D. 2011. Waiting: Feminist perspectives on the spacings/timings of migrant (im)mobility. Gender, Place and Culture 18 (3):353–60. doi: 10.1080/0966369X.2011.566320.
  • Cranston, S., A. Schapendonk, and E. Spaan. 2018. New directions in exploring the migration industries: Introduction to special issue. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (4):543–57. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2017.1315504.
  • Damir-Geilsdorf, S. 2017. Contract labour and debt bondage in the Arab Gulf states: Policies and practices in the Kafala system. In Bonded labour: Global and comparative perspectives (18th–21st century), ed. S. D-Geilsdorf, R. Lindner, G. Muller, O. Tappe, and M. Zeuske, 163–90. Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript-Verlag.
  • Datta, K., and C. Aznar. 2019. The space-times of migration and debt: Re-positioning migrants’ debt and credit practices and institutions in, and through, London. Geoforum 98:300–08. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.07.009.
  • Deshingkar, P., C. R. Abrar, M. T. Sultana, K. N. H. Haque, and M. S. Reza. 2019. Producing ideal Bangladeshi migrants for precarious construction work in Qatar. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (14):2723–38. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1528104.
  • Doezema, J. 2002. Who gets to choose? Coercion, consent, and the UN Trafficking Protocol. Gender & Development 10 (1):20–27. doi: 10.1080/13552070215897.
  • Environmental Justice Foundation. 2015. Thailand’s seafood slaves: Human trafficking, slavery and murder in Kantang’s fishing industry. Accessed May 10, 2021. https://ejfoundation.org/reports/thailands-seafood-slaves-human-trafficking-slavery-and-murder-in-kantangs-fishing-industry.
  • Environmental Justice Foundation. 2017. EJF in the field: Uncovering widespread slavery in Taiwan’s fisheries. Accessed May 12, 2021. https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/ejf-in-the-field-uncovering-widespread-slavery-in-taiwans-fisheries.
  • Farbenblum, B., and J. Nolan. 2017. The business of migrant worker recruitment: Who has the responsibility and leverage to protect rights? Texas International Law Journal 52 (1):1–44.
  • Findlay, A., D. McCollum, S. Shubin, E. Apsite, and Z. Krisjane. 2013. The role of recruitment agencies in imagining and producing the “good” migrant. Social & Cultural Geography 14 (2):145–67. doi: 10.1080/14649365.2012.737008.
  • Fouladvand, S., and T. Ward. 2019. Human trafficking, vulnerability and the state. The Journal of Criminal Law 83 (1):39–54. doi: 10.1177/0022018318814373.
  • Fudge, J., and K. Strauss. 2014. Temporary work, agencies, and unfree labour: Insecurity in the new world of work. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Gamlen, A. 2014. The new migration-and-development pessimism. Progress in Human Geography 38 (4):581–97. doi: 10.1177/0309132513512544.
  • Greenpeace. 2020a. Choppy waters: Forced labour and illegal fishing in Taiwan’s distant water fisheries. Taipei, Taiwan: Greenpeace East Asia.
  • Greenpeace. 2020b. Why are Indonesian fishing crews dying? Greenpeace International. Accessed March, 2, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/45068/indonesian-fishing-crews-dying/.
  • Harker, C. 2017. Debt-space: Topologies, ecologies and Ramallah, Palestine. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 35 (4):600–19. doi: 10.1177/0263775816686973.
  • Hoang, L. A. 2020. Debt and (un)freedoms: The case of transnational labour migration from Vietnam. Geoforum 116:33–41. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.08.001.
  • Hodal, K., and C. Kelly. 2014. Trafficked into slavery on Thai trawlers to catch food for prawns. The Guardian, June 10. Accessed March 1, 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/10/-sp-migrant-workers-new-life-enslaved-thai-fishing.
  • Howard, N. 2017. Of coyotes and caporali: How anti-trafficking discourses of criminality depoliticise exploitation and mobility. In Routledge handbook of human trafficking, ed. R. Piotrowicz, C. Rijken, and B. H. Uhl, 511–25. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Howard, N., and R. Forin. 2019. Migrant workers, “modern slavery” and the politics of representation in Italian tomato production. Economy and Society 48 (4):579–601. doi: 10.1080/03085147.2019.1672426.
  • Innes, A. J. 2016. In search of security: Migrant agency, narrative, and performativity. Geopolitics 21 (2):263–83. doi: 10.1080/14650045.2015.1107044.
  • Johansen, N. 2013. Governing the funnel of expulsion: Agamben, the dynamics of force, and minimalist. In The borders of punishment: Migration, citizenship, and social exclusion, ed. K. F. Aas and M. Bosworth, 257–72. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Kemp, A., and R. Raijman. 2014. Bringing in state regulations, private brokers, and local employers: A meso-level analysis of labor trafficking in Israel. International Migration Review 48 (3):604–42. doi: 10.1111/imre.12109.
  • Kern, A., and U. Muller-Boker. 2015. The middle space of migration: A case study on brokerage and recruitment agencies in Nepal. Geoforum 65:158–69. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.07.024.
  • Kim, A. D. 2015. Doing human trafficking research: Reflections on ethical challenges. Journal of Research in Gender Studies 5 (2):171–90.
  • Krifors, K. 2021. Logistics of migrant labour: Rethinking how workers “fit” transnational economies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (1):148–65. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2020.1754179.
  • LeBaron, G. 2014. Reconceptualizing debt bondage: Debt as a class-based form of labor discipline. Critical Sociology 40 (5):763–80. doi: 10.1177/0896920513512695.
  • LeBaron, G. 2015. Unfree labour beyond binaries: Insecurity, social hierarchy and labour market restructuring. International Feminist Journal of Politics 17 (1):1–19. doi: 10.1080/14616742.2013.813160.
  • Lerche, J. 2011. The unfree labour category and unfree labour estimates: A continuum within low-end labour relations?. Manchester Papers in Political Economy, Working Paper No. 10, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
  • Li, T. M. 2017. The prices of un/freedom: Indonesia’s colonial and contemporary plantation labour regimes. Comparative Studies in Society and History 59 (2):245–76. doi: 10.1017/S0010417517000044.
  • Lindquist, J. 2012. The elementary school teach, the thug and his grandmother: Informal brokers and transnational migration in Indonesia. Pacific Affairs 85 (1):69–89. doi: 10.5509/201285169.
  • Mackay, M., B. Hardesty, and C. Wilcox. 2020. The intersection between illegal fishing, crimes at sea, and social well-being. Frontiers in Marine Science 7 (October):1–9. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.589000.
  • Marschke, M., and P. Vandergeest. 2016. Slavery scandals: Unpacking labour challenges and policy responses within the offshore fisheries sector. Marine Policy 68:39–46. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.02.009.
  • Martin, P. L. 2017. Merchants of labor: Recruiters and international labor migration. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Massey, D. 2005. For space. London: Sage.
  • Matte Guilmain, L., and J. Hanley. 2021. Creative recourse in cases of forced labour: Using human trafficking, human rights and labour law to protect migrant workers. International Migration 59 (2):126–39. doi: 10.1111/imig.12743.
  • McCollum, D., and A. Findlay. 2018. Oiling the wheels? Flexible labour markets and the migration industry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (4):558–74. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2017.1315505.
  • McGrath, S. 2013. Many chains to break: The multi-dimensional concept of slave labour in Brazil. Antipode 45 (4):1005–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01024.x.
  • McGrath, S. 2016. Unfree labour. In International encyclopedia of geography: People, the Earth, environment, and technology. London: Wiley.
  • Natarajan, N., K. Brickell, and L. Parsons. 2021. Diverse drivers of modern slavery: From microfinance to unfree labour in Cambodia. Development and Change 52 (2):241–64. doi: 10.1111/dech.12623.
  • O’Connell Davidson, J. 2013. Troubling freedom: Migration, debt, and modern slavery. Migration Studies 1 (2):176–95.
  • Parrenas, R., R. Silvey, M. Hwang, and C. A. Choi. 2019. Serial labour migration: Precarity and itineracy among Filipino and Indonesian domestic workers in Singapore. International Migration Review 53 (4):1230–58. doi: 10.1177/0197918318804769.
  • Pye, O. 2017. A plantation precariat: Fragmentation and organising potential in the palm oil global production network. Development and Change 48 (5):942–64. doi: 10.1111/dech.12334.
  • Sandy, L. 2006. Sex work in Cambodia: Beyond the voluntary/forced dichotomy. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 15 (4):449–69. doi: 10.1177/011719680601500402.
  • Sarkar, M. 2017. Constrained labour as instituted process: Transnational contract work and circular migration in late capitalism. European Journal of Sociology 58 (1):171–204. doi: 10.1017/S0003975617000054.
  • Schapendonk, J., and G. Steel. 2014. Following migrant trajectories: The im/mobility of sub-Saharan Africans en route to the European Union. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104 (2):262–70. doi: 10.1080/00045608.2013.862135.
  • Schapendonk, J., I. van Liempt, I. Schwarz, and G. Steel. 2020. Re-routing migration geographies: Migrants, trajectories and mobility regimes. Geoforum 116:211–16. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.06.007.
  • Schapendonk, J., I. van Liempt, and B. Spierings. 2015. Travellers and their journeys: A dynamic conceptualisation of transient migrants’ and backpackers’ behavior and experiences on the road. Migration Studies 3 (1):49–67. doi: 10.1093/migration/mnu033.
  • Schrooten, M., N. B. Salazar, and G. Dias. 2016. Living in mobility: Trajectories of Brazilians in Belgium and the UK. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (7):1199–1215. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2015.1089160.
  • Schwarz, C., D. Alvord, D. Daley, M. Ramaswamy, E. Rauscher, and H. Britton. 2019. The trafficking continuum: Service providers’ perspectives on vulnerability, exploitation, and trafficking. Affilia 34 (1):116–32. doi: 10.1177/0886109918803648.
  • Spaan, E., and T. van Naerssen. 2018. Migration decision-making and migration industry in the Indonesia–Malaysia corridor. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (4):680–95.
  • Stringer, C., and T. Harré. 2019. Human trafficking as a fisheries crime? An application of the concept to the New Zealand context. Marine Policy 105 (July):169–76. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.12.024.
  • Stringer, C., S. Hughes, D. H. Whittaker, N. Haworth, and G. Simmons. 2016. Labour standards and regulation in global value chains: The case of the New Zealand fishing industry. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 48 (10):1910–27. doi: 10.1177/0308518X16652397.
  • Stringer, C., D. H. Whittaker, and G. Simmons. 2016. New Zealand’s turbulent waters: The use of forced labour in the fishing industry. Global Networks 16 (1):3–24. doi: 10.1111/glob.12077.
  • Sultana, H. 2020. Migration, trafficking, sex work and constrained choices: Gender and sustainable development in Bangladesh. In Urban spaces and gender in Asia, ed. U. J. Divya and C. Brassard, 147–59. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International.
  • United Nations Inter-Agency Project. 2008. Guide to ethics and human rights in counter-trafficking. Bangkok, Thailand: UNIAP.
  • United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. 2000. Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children. Geneva, Switzerland: UNODC OHCHR.
  • Urbana, I. 2021. Slow motion slaughter caught on camera. The Outlaw Ocean Project. Accessed February 3, 2021. substack.com.
  • Urbina, I. 2015. “Sea slaves”: The human misery that feeds pets and livestock. The New York Times, July 27. Accessed March 1, 2021. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/27/world/outlaw-ocean-thailand-fishing-sea-slaves-pets.html?_r=0.
  • Vandergeest, P. 2019. Law and lawlessness in industrial fishing: Frontiers in regulating labour relations in Asia. International Social Science Journal 68:326–41.
  • Vandergeest, P., and M. Marschke. 2020. Modern slavery and freedom: Exploring contradictions through labour scandals in the Thai fisheries. Antipode 52 (1):291–315. doi: 10.1111/anti.12575.
  • Wee, K., C. Goh, and B. S. Yeoh. 2020. Translating people and policy: The role of maid agents in brokering between employers and migrant domestic workers in Singapore’s migration industry. International Migration Review 54 (4):992–1015. doi: 10.1177/0197918319897570.
  • Weitzer, R. 2007. The social construction of sex trafficking: Ideology and institutionalization of a moral crusade. Politics & Society 35 (3):447–75. doi: 10.1177/0032329207304319.
  • Wilhelm, M., A. Kadfak, V. Bhakoo, and K. Skattang. 2020. Private governance of human and labor rights in seafood supply chains—The case of the modern slavery crisis in Thailand. Marine Policy 115 (May):103833–38. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103833.
  • Yea, S. 2013. Troubled waters: The trafficking of Filipio men into the long haul fishing industry in Asia. Singapore: TWC2.
  • Yea, S. 2015. Trafficked enough? Human rights, missing bodies and victim identification in Singapore. Antipode 47 (4):1080–1100. doi: 10.1111/anti.12144.
  • Yea, S. 2017. The art of not being caught: Temporal strategies for disciplining unfree labour in Singapore’s contract migration. Geoforum 78:179–88. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.05.003.
  • Yea, S. 2020a. Pre-figuring stigma in post-trafficking lives: Relational geographies of return and reintegration. Area 52 (3):558–65. doi: 10.1111/area.12620.
  • Yea, S. 2020b. Towards critical political geographies of (anti) human trafficking. Progress in Human Geography 45 (3):513–30. doi: 10.1177/0309132520923136.
  • Zhang, V. 2018. Im/mobilising the migration decision. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36 (2):199–216. doi: 10.1177/0263775817743972.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.