A Site to Resist and Persist: Diversity, Social Justice, and the Unique Nature of Sport

References

• Agyemang, K., Singer, J. N., & DeLorme, J. (2010). An exploratory study of black male college athletes’ perceptions on race and athlete activism. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 45, 419–435. doi:10.1177/1012690210374691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amos, C., Holmes, G., & Strutton, D. (2008). Exploring the relationship between celebrity endorser effects and advertising effectiveness. International Journal of Advertising, 27, 209–234. doi:10.1080/02650487.2008.11073052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. L., & Jackson, S. J. (Eds.). (2001). Sport stars: The cultural politics of sporting celebrity. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Avery, D. R. (2011). Support for diversity in organizations. Organizational Psychology Review, 1, 239–256. doi:10.1177/2041386611402115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacharach, S. B. (1989). Organizational theories: Some criteria for evaluation. Academy of Management Review, 14, 496–515. doi:10.5465/amr.1989.4308374
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldoni, J. (2011, March). Using stories to persuade. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2011/03/using-stories-as-a-tool-of-per
   Google Scholar
• Battilana, J. (2006). Agency and institutions: The enabling role of individuals’ social position. Organization, 13, 653–676. doi:10.1177/1350508406067008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battilana, J., Leca, B., & Boxenbaum, E. (2009). How actors change institutions: Towards a theory of institutional entrepreneurship. The Academy of Management, 3(1), 65–107. doi:10.1080/19416520903053598
   Google Scholar
• Bissinger, H. G. (1990). Friday night lights: A town, a team, and a dream. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Brockington, D., & Henson, S. (2015). Signifying the public: Celebrity advocacy and post-democratic politics. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 18, 431–448. doi:10.1177/1367877914528532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzuvis, E. E. (2015). Athletic compensation for women too? Title IX implications of Northwestern and O. ’Bannon. Journal of College and University Law, 4, 297–341.
   Google Scholar
• Casteel, K. (2017, October). How do Americans feel about the NFL protests? It depends on how you ask. FiveThirtyEeight. Retrieved from: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-do-americans-feel-aboutthe-nfl-protests-it-depends-on-how-you-ask/.
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick, S. (2011). Editorial: The distinctiveness of sport: Opportunities for research in the field. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 1, 120–123. doi:10.1108/20426781111146727
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L. (2006). Toward a distinctive sport management discipline. Journal of Sport Management, 20(1), 1–21. doi:10.1123/jsm.20.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coakley, J. (2015). Sports in society: Issues and controversies (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Colella, A., Hebl, M., & King, E. (2017). One hundred years of discrimination research in the Journal of Applied Psychology: A sobering synopsis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 500–513. doi:10.1037/apl0000084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquitt, J. A., & Zapata-Phelan, C. P. (2007). Trends in theory building and theory testing: A five-decade study of the Academy of Management Journal. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 1281–1303. doi:10.5465/amj.2007.28165855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, J. N., Macauly, C., & Rodriguez, S. H. (in press). Race and resistance: A typology of African American sport activism. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. doi:10.1177/1012690217718170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, M. (2017, February). NHL, You can play spread message of inclusion: Initiative hits home with players. CBC. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/you-can-play-hockey-is-for-everyone-1.3995050
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B. (2015). Diversity and inclusion in sport organizations (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B., & Ahn, N. Y. (in press). Moderation in sport management research: Room for growth. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. doi:10.1080/1091367X.2018.1472095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B., & Regan, M. R., Jr. (2012). Political activism, racial identity and the commercial endorsement of athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47, 657–669. doi:10.1177/1012690211416358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B., & Sartore, M. L. (2010). Championing diversity: The influence of personal and organizational antecedents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 788–810.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B., & Welty Peachey, J. (2012). Foundations of the sociology of sport and physical activity. In G. B. Cunningham & J. N. Singer (Eds.), Sociology of sport and physical activity (2nd ed., pp. 1–19). College Station, TX: Center for Sport Management Research and Education.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B., Fink, J. S., & Doherty, A. J. (Eds.). (2016). Routledge handbook of theory in sport management. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, K. A. (2017, September). The sports world is finally catching up to the women who were there first. ESPNW. Retrieved from http://www.espn.com/espnw/voices/article/20834406/when-comes-team-wide-demonstrations-women-were-there-first
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P. (1988). Interest and agency in institutional theory. In L. G. Zucker (Ed.), Research on institutional patterns: Environment and culture. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Dix, S., Phau, I., & Pougnet, S. (2010). “Bend it like Beckham”: The influence of sports celebrities on young adult consumers. Young Consumers, 11(1), 36–46. doi:10.1108/17473611011025993
   Google Scholar
• Dunning, E. (1999). Sport matters: Sociological studies of sport, violence and civilization. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, H. (1969). The revolt of the Black athlete. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, H. (2016). The fourth wave: Black athlete protests in the second decade of the 21st century. Keynote address at the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport conference, Tampa Bay, Florida, 3 November.
   Google Scholar
• Fahey, J. F. (2008). Sport: Mirror of society. Play True, 2, 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, J. S. (2016). Hiding in plain sight: The embedded nature of sexism in sport. Journal of Sport Management, 30(1), 1–7. doi:10.1123/jsm.2015-0278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, J. S., Cunningham, G. B., & Kensicki, L. J. (2004). Using athletes as endorsers to sell women’s sport: Attractiveness vs. expertise. Journal of Sport Management, 18, 350–367. doi:10.1123/jsm.18.4.350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, J. S., Parker, H. M., Cunningham, G. B., & Cuneen, J. (2012). Female athlete endorsers: Determinants of effectiveness. Sport Management Review, 15(1), 13–22. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2011.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2001). The psychological continuum model: A conceptual framework for understanding an individual's psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4, 119–150. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
   Google Scholar
• Gaines, C. (2016, May). The 20 most popular athletes in the world. Business Insider. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/most-famous-athletes-2016-5
   Google Scholar
• Garber, M. (2017, September). They took a knee: This weekend, a series of taunting messages from the president led to a widescale protest among players—in the NFL, and beyond. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/09/why-the-nfl-is-protesting/540927/
   Google Scholar
• Ginwright, S., & James, T. (2002). From assets to agents of change: Social justice, organizing, and youth development. New Directions for Student Leadership, 2002, 27–46. doi:10.1002/yd.25
   Google Scholar
• Girginov, V. (2010). Culture and the study of sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10, 397–417. doi:10.1080/16184742.2010.502741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hans, J. D., Kersey, M., & Kimberly, C. (2012). Self-Perceived origins of attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(1), 4–17. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.638547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, D. A., Kravitz, D. A., Mayer, D. M., Leslie, L. M., & Lev-Arey, D. (2006). Understanding attitudes toward affirmative action programs in employment: Summary and meta-analysis of 35 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1013–1036. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, D. (1996). The politics of race and sport: resistance and domination in the 1968 African American Olympic protest movement. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19(3), 548–566.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, S. (2009). Crossing the line: Sport and the limits of civil rights protests. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26(1), 101–121. doi:10.1080/09523360802500576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovland, C. I., & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 635–650. doi:10.1086/266350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoye, R., Smith, A. C. T., Nicholson, M., & Stewart, B. (2015). Sport management: Principles and applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Huffman, A., Watrous, K., & King, E. B. (2008). Supporting a diverse workforce: What type of support is most meaningful for lesbian and gay employees. Human Resource Management, 47, 237–253. doi:10.1002/hrm.20210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. (2006, February). Etan Thomas’ voice is one worth listening to. ESPN.com. Retrieved from http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/blackhistory/news/story?id=2343032
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. J. (2017). Personal reflections on the past, present and future of sociology of sport. Research in the Sociology of Sport, 10, 65–86.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, M. J., & Schumann, D. W. (2000). The strategic use of celebrity athlete endorsers in Sports Illustrated: An historic perspective. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9, 65–76.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, P., & Wolff, E. A. (2010). Playing and protesting: Sport as a vehicle for social change. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34, 154–175. doi:10.1177/0193723509360218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koernig, S. K., & Boyd, T. C. (2009). To catch a tiger or let him go: The match-up effect and athlete endorsers for sport and non-sport brands. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 18(1), 25–38.
   Google Scholar
• Koo, J., & Lee, Y. (in press). Sponsor-event congruence effects: The moderating role of sport involvement and mediating role of sponsor attitudes. Sport Management Review. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2018.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L’Etang, J. (2006). Public relations and sport in promotional culture. Public Relations Review, 32, 386–394. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, W., & Cunningham, G. B. (in press). Moving toward understanding social justice in sport organizations: A study of engagement in social justice advocacy in sport organizations. Journal of Sport and Social Issues.
   Google Scholar
• Mahony, D. F., Hums, M. A., Andrew, D. P., & Dittmore, S. W. (2010). Organizational justice in sport. Sport Management Review, 13, 91–105. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.002
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel, S. R. (1999). An investigation of match‐up effects in sport sponsorship advertising: The implications of consumer advertising schemas. Psychology and Marketing, 16, 163–184. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199903)16:2<163::AID-MAR6>3.0.CO;2-Y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnick, M. J., & Jackson, S. J. (2002). Globalization American-style and reference idol selection. The importance of athlete celebrity others among New Zealand youth. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37, 429–448. doi:10.1177/1012690202037004027
   Google Scholar
• Melton, E. N., & Cunningham, G. B. (2014). Who are the champions? Using a multilevel model to examine perceptions of employee support for LGBT inclusion in sport organizations. Journal of Sport Management, 28, 189–206. doi:10.1123/jsm.2012-0086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, D. S., & Gamson, J. (1995). The challenge of cultural elites: Celebrities and social movements. Sociological Inquiry, 65, 181–206. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1995.tb00412.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milano, M., & Chelladurai, P. (2011). Gross domestic sport product: The size of the sport industry in the United States. Journal of Sport Management, 25(1), 24–35. doi:10.1123/jsm.25.1.24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D. (1999). Principles of social justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, E. F. (2017, March). How former NBA player Craig Hodges helped create the activist athlete today. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from https://www.rollingstone.com/sports/features/craig-hodges-and-the-modern-activist-athlete-w472667
   Google Scholar
• Nalapat, A., & Parker, A. (2005). Sport, celebrity and popular culture: Sachin Tendulkar, cricket and Indian nationalisms. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40, 433–446. doi:10.1177/1012690205065750
   Google Scholar
• NBA Players. (2018, March). NBA Players unite to protest police shooting. VOA News. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/basketball-league-protesting-shooting-of-unarmed-black-man/4316183.html
   Google Scholar
• Ohanian, R. (1990). Construction and validation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers' perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Journal of Advertising, 19, 39–52. doi:10.1080/00913367.1990.10673191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, H. M., & Fink, J. S. (2008). The effect of sport commentator framing on viewer attitudes. Sex Roles, 58(1–2), 116–126. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9344-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett, A. C., & Cunningham, G. B. (2017). Creating inclusive physical activity spaces: The case of body-positive yoga. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 88, 329–338. doi:10.1080/02701367.2017.1335851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plunkett Research. (no date). Sports & recreation business statistics analysis, business and industry statistics. Retrieved from https://www.plunkettresearch.com/statistics/sports-industry/
   Google Scholar
• Pornpitakpan, C. (2004). The persuasiveness of source credibility: A critical review of five decades’ evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 243–281. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02547.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, S. (2008). Souled out? How blacks are winning and losing in sports. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, J. (2017, October). NFL owners’ pushback against protests could inch players closer to the positive change they seek. The Undefeated. Retrieved from https://theundefeated.com/features/nfl-owners-pushback-against-protests-could-inch-players-closer-to-the-positive-change-they-seek/
   Google Scholar
• Rhee, E. Y., & Fiss, P. C. (2014). Framing controversial actions: Regulatory focus, source credibility, and stock market reaction to poison pill adoption. Academy of Management Journal, 57, 1734–1758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoden, W. C. (2006). Forty million dollar slaves. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sage, D. S., & Eitzen, G. H. (2016). Sociology of North American sport (10th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and job design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 224–253. doi:10.2307/2392563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartore, M. L., & Cunningham, G. B. (2010). The lesbian label as a component of women's stigmatization in sport organizations: A comparison of two health and kinesiology departments. Journal of Sport Management, 24, 481–501.
   Google Scholar
• Schad, T. (2018, March). Aly Raisman suing US Olympic Committee, USA Gymnastics over sexual abuse. USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2018/03/02/aly-raisman-suing-u-s-olympic-committee-usa-gymnastics-sexual-abuse-larry-nassar/388084002/
   Google Scholar
• Schoenfeld, B. (2017, September). The justice league. Esquire. Retrieved from https://www.esquire.com/sports/a12461360/nba-activism/
   Google Scholar
• Slack, T. (1996). From the locker room to the board room: Changing the domain of sport management. Journal of Sport Management, 10(1), 97–105. doi:10.1123/jsm.10.1.97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack, T. (1998). Is there anything unique about sport management? European Journal for Sport Management, 5, 21–29.
   Google Scholar
• Slack, T. (2003). Sport in the global society: Shaping the domain of sport studies. International Journal of the History of Sport, 20, 118–129. doi:10.1080/09523360412331305923
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. C., & Stewart, B. (2010). The special features of sport: A critical revisit. Sport Management Review, 13(1), 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.002
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. A., Lathrop, A. H., & Bradish, C. L. (2003). “Who is your hero?”. Implications for athlete endorsement strategies. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12, 103–110.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, H. (2015). Activating change through allyship. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 8(1), 37–42. doi:10.1123/jis.2015-0025
   Google Scholar
• Veri, M. J. (2016). Got athletes? The use of male athlete celebrity endorsers in early twentieth-century dairy-industry promotions. Journal of Sport History, 43, 290–305.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, T. (2011). The fields of fall: Small-town high school football in Iowa. Retrieved from booklocker.com
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, B., Van Luijk, N., & Boit, M. K. (2015). When celebrity athletes are ‘social movement entrepreneurs’: A study of the role of elite runners in run-for-peace events in post-conflict Kenya in 2008. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50, 929–957. doi:10.1177/1012690213506005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, G., Pegoraro, A., & Watanabe, N. M. (2018). Student-athletes’ organization of activism at the University of Missouri: Resource mobilization on twitter. Journal of Sport Management, 32(1), 24–37. doi:10.1123/jsm.2017-0031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 341–352. doi:10.1086/208520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziller, T., & Prada, M. (2017, September). The WNBA has been at the forefront of protesting racial injustice. SBNation. Retrieved from https://www.sbnation.com/2017/9/24/16357206/national-anthem-protest-wnba-history-donald-trump
   Google Scholar