Effect of river confinement on depth and spatial extent of bed disturbance affecting salmon redds

References

• Böhm T, Ancey C, Frey P, Reboud JL, Ducottet C. 2004. Fluctuations of the solid discharge of gravity-driven particle flows in a turbulent stream. Phys Rev E. 69(6):061307. doi:10.1103/physreve.69.061307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böhm T, Frey P, Ducottet C, Ancey C, Jodeau M, Reboud JLs. 2006. Two-dimensional motion of a set of particles in a free surface flow with image processing. Exp Fluids. 41(1):1–11. doi:10.1007/s00348-006-0134-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown RA, Pasternack GB. 2008. Engineered channel controls limiting spawning habitat rehabilitation success on regulated gravel-bed rivers. Geomorphology. 97(3–4):631–654. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buffington JM, Montgomery DR. 1997. A systematic analysis of eight decades of incipient motion studies, with special reference to gravel-bedded rivers. Water Resour Res. 33(8):1993–2029. doi:10.1029/96WR03190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capart H, Fraccarollo L. 2011. Transport layer structure in intense bed-load. Geophys Res Lett. 38:L20402. doi:10.1029/2011GL049408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascades Environmental Services. 1991. Cedar River instream flow and salmonid habitat utilization study. Seattle (Washington). Final report submitted to Seattle Water Department.
   Google Scholar
• City of Seattle. 2000. Final Cedar River watershed habitat conservation plan for the issuance of a permit to allow incidental take of threatened and endangered species. Seattle (Washington).
   Google Scholar
• DeVries P. 1997. Riverine salmonid egg burial depths: review of published data and implications for scour studies. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 54:1685–1698. doi:10.1139/cjfas-54-8-1685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVries P. 2002. Bedload layer thickness and disturbance depth in gravel bed streams. J Hydraul Eng. 128(11):983–991. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2002)128:11(983)
   Google Scholar
• DeVries P, Burges SJ, Daigneau J, Stearns D. 2001. Measurement of the temporal progression of scour in a pool-riffle sequence in a gravel bed stream using an electronic scour monitor. Water Resour Res. 37:2805–2816. doi:10.1029/2001WR000357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins EM, Pasternack GB, Merz JE. 2007. Use of slope creation for rehabilitating incised, regulated, gravel bed rivers. Water Resour Res. 43:W05432. doi:10.1029/2006WR005159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez Luque R, Van Beek R. 1976. Erosion and transport of bed-load sediment. J Hydraul Res. 14(2):127–144. doi:10.1080/00221687609499677
   Google Scholar
• Gao P. 2008. Transition between two bed-load transport regimes: saltation and sheet flow. J Hydraul Eng. 134(3):340–349. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2008)134:3(340)
   Google Scholar
• Garcia MH. 2008. Sediment transport and morphodynamics, in Sedimentation Engineering. In: Garcia MH, editor. Processes, measurements, modeling, and practice: ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice. Vol. 110. Reston (VA): American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 21–163.
   Google Scholar
• Geist DR, Dauble DD. 1998. Redd site selection and spawning habitat use by fall Chinook salmon: the importance of geomorphic features in large rivers. Environ Manage. 22:655–669. doi:10.1007/s002679900137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendaszek AS, Magirl CS, Czuba CR. 2012. Geomorphic response to flow regulation and channel and floodplain alteration in the gravel-bedded Cedar River, Washington, USA. Geomorphology. 179:258–268. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendaszek AS, Magirl CS, Czuba CR, Konrad CP. 2013. The timing of scour and fill in a gravel-bedded river measured with buried accelerometers. J Hydrol. 295:186–196. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.012
   Google Scholar
• Harrison LR, Legleiter CJ, Wydzga MA, Dunne T. 2011. Channel dynamics and habitat development in a meandering, gravel bed river Water Resour Res. 47:W04513. doi:10.1029/2009WR008926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haschenburger JK. 1999. A probability model of scour and fill in gravel-bed channels. Water Resour Res. 35:2857–2869. doi:10.1029/1999WR900153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haschenburger JK, Church M. 1998. Bed material transport estimated from the virtual velocity of sediment. Earth Surf Processes Landforms. 23(9):791–808. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199809)23:9<791::aid-esp888>3.0.co;2-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan MA. 1990. Scour, fill, and burial depth of coarse material in gravel bed streams. Earth Surf Processes Landforms. 15:341–356. doi:10.1002/esp.3290150405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan MA, Church M. 1994. Vertical mixing of coarse particles in gravel bed rivers: a kinematic model. Water Resour Res. 30:1173–1185. doi:10.1029/93WR03351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondolf GM, Wilcock PR. 1996. The flushing flow problem: defining and evaluating objectives. Water Resour Res. 32:2589–2599. doi:10.1029/96WR00898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondolf GM, Wolman MG. 1993. The sizes of salmonid spawning gravels. Water Resour Res. 29:2275–2285. doi:10.1029/93WR00402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapointe M, Eaton B, Driscoll S, Latulippe C. 2000. Modelling the probability of salmonid egg pocket scour due to floods. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 57:1120–1130. doi:10.1139/f00-033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisle TE. 1989. Sediment transport and resulting deposition in spawning gravels, north coastal California. Water Resour Res. 25:1303–1319. doi:10.1029/WR025i006p01303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May CL, Pryor B, Lisle TE, Lang M. 2009. Coupling hydrodynamic modeling and empirical measures of bed mobility to predict the risk of scour and fill of salmon redds in a large regulated river. Water Resour Res. 45:W05402. doi:10.1029/2007WR006498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald RR, Nelson JM, Kinzel PJ, Conway JS. 2005. Modeling surface-water flow and sediment mobility with the Multi-Dimensional Surface-Water Modeling System (MD_SWMS). US Geol Surv Fact Sheet 2005–3078.
   Google Scholar
• McKean J, Tonina D. 2013. Bed stability in unconfined gravel bed mountain streams: with implications for salmon spawning viability in future climates. J Geophys Res Earth Surf. 118:1227–1240. doi:10.1002/jgrf.20092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meybeck M. 2003. Global analysis of river systems: from Earth system controls to Anthropocene syndromes. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci. 358(1440):1935–1955. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery DR, Buffington JM, Peterson NP, Schuett-Hames D, Quinn TP. 1996. Stream-bed scour, egg burial depths, and the influence of salmonid spawning on bed surface mobility and embryo survival. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 53:1061–1070. doi:10.1139/f96-028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouilleron H, Charru F, Eiff O. 2009. Inside the moving layer of a sheared granular bed. J Fluid Mech. 628:229–239. doi:10.1017/s0022112009006636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2015. ESA salmon listings: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northwest Regional Office web site. [ accessed 2015 June 11]. Available from: http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/.
   Google Scholar
• Nawa R, Frissell CA. 1993. Measuring scour and fill of gravel streambeds with scour chains and sliding bead monitors. N Am J Fish Manage. 13:634–639. doi:10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0634:MSAFOG>2.3.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Nelson JM, Bennett JP, Wiele SM. 2003. Flow and sediment transport modeling. In: Kondolph M, Piegay H, editors. Tools in fluvial geomorphology. Chichester (England): Wiley and Sons. p. 539–576.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson JM, Smith JD. 1989. Flow in meandering channels with natural topography. In: Ikeda S, Parker G, editors. River meandering. Vol. 12, Water Resour Monogr Ser. Washington (DC): AGU. p. 69–102.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins SJ. 2002. Cedar River gravel study phase 2 report. Seattle WA. for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Seattle District and Jones & Stokes Bellevue Washington. Vol. 55.
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer AM, Pasternack GB, Moir HJ, Fulton AA. 2010. Riffle-pool maintenance and flow convergence routing observed on a large gravel-bed river. Geomorphology. 114(3):143–160. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.06.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Foufoula-Georgiou E, Porté-Agel F, Wilcock PR. 2012. Coupled dynamics of the co-evolution of gravel bed topography, flow turbulence and sediment transport in an experimental channel. J Geophys Res. 117:F04016. doi:10.1029/2011JF002323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Porté-Agel F, Foufoula-Georgiou E. 2010. On the influence of gravel bed dynamics on velocity power spectra. Water Resour Res. 46:W04509. doi:10.1029/2009WR008190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AK. 1973. Development and application of spawning velocity and depth criteria for Oregon salmonids. Trans Am Fish Soc. 102:312–316. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1973)102<312:DAAOSV>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne RE, Ames JJ. 1987. A note on variability of marine survival of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and effects of flooding on spawning success. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 44:1791–1795. doi:10.1139/f87-222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Geological Survey. 2012. National Water Information System—Web interface. [ accessed 2012 Jan 10]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN.
   Google Scholar
• Vörösmarty CJ, McIntyre PB, Gessner MO, Dudgeon D, Prusevich A, Green P, Glidden S, Bunn SE, Sullivan CA, Reidy Liermann C, et al. 2010. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature. 468(7321):334–334. doi:10.1038/nature09549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald AR. 2009. High flows for fish and wildlife in Washington. Vol. 30. Olympia (WA): State of Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcock PR, Barta AF, Shea CC, Kondolf GM, Matthews WVG, Pitlick J. 1996. Observations of flow and sediment entrainment on a large gravel-bed river. Water Resour Res. 32(9):2897–2909. doi:10.1029/96WR01628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolman MG. 1954. A method of sampling coarse river-bed material. Trans Am Geophys Union. 35(6):951–956.
   Google Scholar