References
- Alemi, M. M., Geissinger, J., Simon, A. A., Chang, S. E., & Asbeck, A. T. (2019). A passive exoskeleton reduces peak and mean EMG during symmetric and asymmetric lifting. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology: Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology, 47, 25–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.05.003
- Alemi, M. M., Madinei, S., Kim, S., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2020). Effects of two passive back-support exoskeletons on muscle activity, energy expenditure, and subjective assessments during repetitive lifting. Human Factors, 62(3), 458–474. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819897669
- Baltrusch, S. J., van Dieën, J. H., Koopman, A. S., Näf, M. B., Rodriguez-Guerrero, C., Babič, J., & Houdijk, H. (2020). Spexor passive spinal exoskeleton decreases metabolic cost during symmetric repetitive lifting. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(2), 401–412. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04284-6
- Baltrusch, S. J., van Dieën, J. H., van Bennekom, C. A. M., & Houdijk, H. (2018). The effect of a passive trunk exoskeleton on functional performance in healthy individuals. Applied Ergonomics, 72, 94–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.04.007
- Bassani, T., Casaroli, G., & Galbusera, F. (2019). Dependence of lumbar loads on spinopelvic sagittal alignment: An evaluation based on musculoskeletal modeling. PloS One, 14(3), e0207997. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207997
- Bassani, T., Stucovitz, E., Qian, Z., Briguglio, M., & Galbusera, F. (2017). Validation of the AnyBody full body musculoskeletal model in computing lumbar spine loads at L4L5 level. Journal of Biomechanics, 58, 89–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.04.025
- Bevan, S. (2015). Economic impact of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) on work in Europe. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology, 29(3), 356–373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2015.08.002
- Bieniek, A., Szczygiol, A., Michnik, R., Chrzan, M., Wodarski, P., & Jurkojc, J. (2018). Analysis of skeletal muscle system loads for the most optimal positions during lifting in different load distances. In Proceedings of the International Conference of the Polish Society of Biomechanics (pp. 221–230). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97286-2
- Browning, R. C., Modica, J. R., Kram, R., & Goswami, A. (2007). The effects of adding mass to the legs on the energetics and biomechanics of walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(3), 515–525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802b3562
- Castro, A. B. D. (2003). Hierarchy of controls’: Providing a framework for addressing workplace hazards. American Journal of Nursing, 103(12), 104.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders & ergonomics. https://cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/musculoskeletal-disorders/index.html
- Damsgaard, M., Rasmussen, J., Christensen, S. T., Surma, E., & De Zee, M. (2006). Analysis of musculoskeletal systems in the AnyBody modeling system. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 14(8), 1100–1111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2006.09.001
- de Looze, M. P., Bosch, T., Krause, F., Stadler, K. S., & O'Sullivan, L. W. (2016). Exoskeletons for industrial application and their potential effects on physical work load. Ergonomics, 59(5), 671–681. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1081988
- Del Ferraro, S., Falcone, T., Ranavolo, A., & Molinaro, V. (2020). The effects of upper-body exoskeletons on human metabolic cost and thermal response during work tasks – A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207374
- Epstein, S., Sparer, E. H., Tran, B. N., Ruan, Q., Dennerlein, J., Singhal, D., & Lee, B. (2018). Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among surgeons and interventionalists: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surgery, 153(2), e174947. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2017.4947
- Eston, R. G., Rowlands, A. V., & Ingledew, D. K. (1998). Validity of heart rate, pedometry, and accelerometry for predicting the energy cost of children’s activities. Journal of Applied Physiology, 84(1), 362–371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.362
- Frost, D. M., Abdoli-E, M., & Stevenson, J. M. (2009). Plad (personal lift assistive device) stiffness affects the lumbar flexion/extension moment and the posterior chain EMG during symmetrical lifting tasks. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology: Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology, 19(6), e403–e412. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.12.002
- Geregei, A. M., Shitova, E. S., Malakhova, I. S., Shuporin, E. S., Bondaruk, E. V., Efimov, A. R., & Takh, V. (2020). Up-to-date techniques for examining safety and physiological efficiency of industrial exoskeletons. Health Risk Analysis, 3, 148–159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2020.3.18.eng
- Graham, R. B., Agnew, M. J., & Stevenson, J. M. (2009). Effectiveness of an on-body lifting aid at reducing low back physical demands during an automotive assembly task: Assessment of EMG response and user acceptability. Applied Ergonomics, 40(5), 936–942. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2009.01.006
- Halaki, M., & Ginn, K. (2012). Normalization of EMG signals: To normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to? In Ganesh R. Naik (Ed.), Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis – A perspective on current applications and future challenges. Intechopen Rijeka.
- Hermens, H. J. (1999). European Recommendations for Surface Electromyography. Results of the SENIAM Project. Roessingh Research and Development: Enschede, The Netherlands. ISBN 9075452152.
- Johnson, A. P., Goršič, M., Regmi, Y., Davidson, B. S., Dai, B., Novak, D. (2018). Design and pilot evaluation of a reconfigurable spinal exoskeleton [Paper presentation]. Conference Proceedings: … Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2018 (pp. 1731–1734). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2018.8512642
- Kim, S., Moore, A., Srinivasan, D., Akanmu, A., Barr, A., Harris-Adamson, C., Rempel, D. M., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2019). Potential of exoskeleton technologies to enhance safety, health, and performance in construction: Industry perspectives and future research directions. IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, 7(3–4), 185–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24725838.2018.1561557
- Koopman, A., Kingma, I., Faber, G., de Looze, M., & van Dieën, J. (2019). Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks. Journal of biomechanics, 83, 97–103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033
- Larsen, F. G., Svenningsen, F. P., Andersen, M. S., Zee, M. D., & Skals, S. (2020). Estimation of spinal loading during manual materials handling using inertial motion capture. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 48(2), 805–821. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-019-02409-8
- Lu, K., Yang, L., Seoane, F., Farhad, A., Forsman, M., & Lindecrantz, K. (2018). Fusion of heart rate, respiration and motion measurements from a wearable sensor system to enhance energy expenditure estimation. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 18(9), 3092. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093092
- Lund, M. E., Tørholm, S., Dzialo, C. M., & Jensen, B. K. (2019). The AnyBody Managed Model Repository (AMMR) [Computer software]. Zenodo.
- Macpherson, R. A., Lane, T. J., Collie, A., & McLeod, C. (2018). Age, sec, and the changing disability burden of compensated work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Canada and Australia. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 758. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5590-7
- Madinei, S., Alemi, M. M., Kim, S., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2020). Biomechanical assessment of two back-support exoskeletons in symmetric and asymmetric repetitive lifting with moderate postural demands. Applied Ergonomics, 88, 103156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103156
- Marker, R. J., & Maluf, K. S. (2014). Effects of electrocardiography contamination and comparison of ECG removal methods on upper trapezius electromyography recordings. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology: Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology, 24(6), 902–909. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.08.003
- Maurice, P., Camernik, J., Gorjan, D., Schirrmeister, B., Bornmann, J., Tagliapietra, L., Latella, C., Pucci, D., Fritzsche, L., Ivaldi, S., & Babic, J. (2020). Objective and subjective effects of a passive exoskeleton on overhead work. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering: A Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 28(1), 152–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2019.2945368
- Mohino-Herranz, I., Gil-Pita, R., Ferreira, J., Rosa-Zurera, M., & Seoane, F. (2015). Assessment of mental, emotional and physical stress through analysis of physiological signals using smartphones. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 15(10), 25607–25627. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/s151025607
- NIOSH, CDC. (2015, January 13). Hierarchy of controls. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/default.html
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). OSHA technical manual section VII: Chapter 1: Back disorders and injuries. https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_vii/otm_vii_1.html
- Picchiotti, M., Weston, E., Knapik, G., Dufour, J., & Marras, W. (2019). Impact of two postural assist exoskeletons on biomechanical loading of the lumbar spine. Applied Ergonomics, 75, 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.09.006
- Rashedi, E., Kim, S., Nussbaum, M. A., & Agnew, M. J. (2014). Ergonomic evaluation of a wearable assistive device for overhead work. Ergonomics, 57(12), 1864–1874. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2014.952682
- Rohlmann, A., Pohl, D., Bender, A., Graichen, F., Dymke, J., Schmidt, H., & Bergmann, G. (2014). Activities of everyday life with high spinal loads. PloS One, 9(5), e98510. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098510
- Schertzer, E., & Riemer, R. (2014). Metabolic rate of carrying added mass: A function of walking speed, carried mass and mass location. Applied Ergonomics, 45(6), 1422–1432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2014.04.009
- Schmalz, T., Blumentritt, S., & Jarasch, R. (2002). Energy expenditure and biomechanical characteristics of lower limb amputee gait: The influence of prosthetic alignment and different prosthetic components. Gait & Posture, 16(3), 255–263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00008-5
- Schmalz, T., Schändlinger, J., Schuler, M., Bornmann, J., Schirrmeister, B., Kannenberg, A., & Ernst, M. (2019). Biomechanical and metabolic effectiveness of an industrial exoskeleton for overhead work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 4792. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234792
- Schmidt, R. F., & Thews, G. (1993). Physiologie des Menschen. Springer.
- Sperlich, B., Engel, F. A., & Zinner, C. (2015). Trainingsinterventionen zur Modifikation der Laufökonomie im Mittel- und Langstreckenlauf. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 2015(09), 229–234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2015.192
- Theurel, J., & Desbrosses, K. (2019). Occupational exoskeletons: Overview of their benefits and limitations in preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders. IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, 7(3–4), 264–280. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24725838.2019.1638331
- United States Census Bureau. (2020, November 17). Connecticut case study: Attracting skilled manufacturing workers a challenge as aging baby boomers retire [Press release]. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2020/11/manufacturing-faces-labor-shortage-as-workforce-ages.html
- Upasani, S., Franco, R., Niewolny, K., & Srinivasan, D. (2019). The potential for exoskeletons to improve health and safety in agriculture—Perspectives from service providers. IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, 7(3–4), 222–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24725838.2019.1575930
- Wehner, M., Rempel, D., & Kazerooni, H. (2009). Lower extremity exoskeleton reduces back forces in lifting [Paper presentation]. ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, (Vol. 2, pp. 49–56). ASMEDC. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2009-2644
- Weston, E. B., Alizadeh, M., Knapik, G. G., Wang, X., & Marras, W. S. (2018). Biomechanical evaluation of exoskeleton use on loading of the lumbar spine. Applied Ergonomics, 68, 101–108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.11.006
- Whittlesey, S. N., Hamill, J., Caldwell, G. E., & Robertson, D. G. E. (2014). Research methods in biomechanics (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.
- Wilke, H., Neef, P., Hinz, B., Seidel, H., & Claes, L. (2001). Intradiscal pressure together with anthropometric data—A data set for the validation of models. Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon), 16(Suppl 1), S111–S126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(00)00103-0
- Yang, J., & Winter, D. (1984). Electromyographic amplitude normalization methods: Improving their sensitivity as diagnostic tools in gait analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 65(9), 517–521.