References
- Andersen, J. H., Kaergaard, A., Mikkelsen, S., Jensen, U. F., Frost, P., Bonde, J. P., Fallentin, N., & Thomsen, J. F. (2003). Risk factors in the onset of neck/shoulder pain in a prospective study of workers in industrial and service companies. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(9), 649–654. http://oem.bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/oem.60.9.649 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740607/pdf/v060p00649.pdf https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.9.649
- Andrews, S., Ellis, D. A., Shaw, H., & Piwek, L. (2015). Beyond self-report: Tools to compare estimated and real-world smartphone use. PLOS One, 10(10), e0139004. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139004 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4625000/pdf/pone.0139004.pdf https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139004
- Ariëns, G. A., Bongers, P. M., Douwes, M., Miedema, M. C., Hoogendoorn, W. E., van der Wal, G., Bouter, L. M., & van Mechelen, W. (2001). Are neck flexion, neck rotation, and sitting at work risk factors for neck pain? Results of a prospective cohort study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(3), 200–207. http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=11171934&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740110/pdf/v058p00200.pdf
- Barsky, A. J., Peekna, H. M., & Borus, J. F. (2001). Somatic symptom reporting in women and men. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(4), 266–275. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11318929 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016004266.x
- Beach, T. A. C., Parkinson, R. J., Stothart, J. P., & Callaghan, J. P. (2005). Effects of prolonged sitting on the passive flexion stiffness of the in vivo lumbar spine. The Spine Journal: Official Journal of the North American Spine Society, 5(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2004.07.036
- Berolo, S., Wells, R. P., & Amick, B. C. III, (2011). Musculoskeletal symptoms among mobile hand-held device users and their relationship to device use: A preliminary study in a Canadian university population. Applied Ergonomics, 42(2), 371–378. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687010001249 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2010.08.010
- Cagnie, B., Cools, A., De Loose, V., Cambier, D., & Danneels, L. (2007). Differences in isometric neck muscle strength between healthy controls and women with chronic neck pain: The use of a reliable measurement. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88(11), 1441–1445. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.06.776
- Cagnie, B., Danneels, L., Van Tiggelen, D., De Loose, V., & Cambier, D. (2007). Individual and work related risk factors for neck pain among office workers: A cross sectional study. European Spine Journal: Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 16(5), 679–686. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00586-006-0269-7 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213555/pdf/586_2006_Article_269.pdf https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-006-0269-7
- Catenaccio, E., Mu, W., Kaplan, A., Fleysher, R., Kim, N., Bachrach, T., Zughaft Sears, M., Jaspan, O., Caccese, J., Kim, M., Wagshul, M., Stewart, W. F., Lipton, R. B., & Lipton, M. L. (2017). Characterization of neck strength in healthy young adults. PM&R, 9(9), 884–891. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.01.005
- Chen, X., O'Leary, S., & Johnston, V. (2018). Modifiable individual and work-related factors associated with neck pain in 740 office workers: A cross-sectional study. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 22(4), 318–327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.03.003
- Christian, M. S., Eisenkraft, N., & Kapadia, C. (2015). Dynamic associations among somatic complaints, human energy, and discretionary behaviors. Administrative Science Quarterly, 60(1), 66–102. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0001839214553655 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839214553655
- Cote, P., Cassidy, D. J., Carroll, L. J., & Kristman, V. (2004). The annual incidence and course of neck pain in the general population: A population-based cohort study. Pain, 112(3), 267–273. http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00006396-200412000-00006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.004
- Council, N. M. H. C.-S. (2018). NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL RESEARCH AGENDA FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH. https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/mus/pdfs/National-Occupational-Research-Agenda-for-Musculoskeletal-Health-October-2018.pdf
- Derakhshanrad, N., Yekaninejad, M. S., Mehrdad, R., & Saberi, H. (2021). Neck pain associated with smartphone overuse: Cross-sectional report of a cohort study among office workers. European Spine Journal: Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 30(2), 461–467. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06640-z PMID - 33108531
- Douglas, E. C., & Gallagher, K. M. (2017). The influence of a semi-reclined seated posture on head and neck kinematics and muscle activity while reading a tablet computer. Applied Ergonomics, 60, 342–347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.12.013
- Economics, D. A. (2019). Mobile Nation 2019 (Australia) - The 5G future. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/Economics/deloitte-au-economics-mobile-nation-2019-080419.pdf
- Fillingim, R. B., King, C. D., Ribeiro-Dasilva, M. C., Rahim-Williams, B., & Riley, J. L. 3rd. (2009). Sex, gender, and pain: A review of recent clinical and experimental findings. The Journal of Pain, 10(5), 447–485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.001
- Gallagher, K. M., Abbott, L., & Callaghan, J. P. (2020). Pain symptoms are reported earlier than quantitative measures of low back pain during prolonged standing. Work (Reading, Mass.), 67(1), 149–155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-203260
- Gallagher, K. M., Campbell, T., & Callaghan, J. P. (2014). The influence of a seated break on prolonged standing induced low back pain development. Ergonomics, 57(4), 555–562. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00140139.2014.893027 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2014.893027
- Ghamkhar, L., & Kahlaee, A. H. (2019). Is forward head posture relevant to cervical muscles performance and neck pain? A case–control study. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 23(4), 346–354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.08.007
- Gold, J. E., Driban, J. B., Thomas, N., Chakravarty, T., Channell, V., & Komaroff, E. (2012). Postures, typing strategies, and gender differences in mobile device usage: An observational study. Applied Ergonomics, 43(2), 408–412. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687011000962 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.06.015
- Gustafsson, E., Johnson, P. W., Lindegård, A., & Hagberg, M. (2011). Technique, muscle activity and kinematic differences in young adults texting on mobile phones. Ergonomics, 54(5), 477–487. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00140139.2011.568634 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.568634
- Gustafsson, E., Thomée, S., Grimby-Ekman, A., & Hagberg, M. (2017). Texting on mobile phones and musculoskeletal disorders in young adults: a five-year cohort study. Applied Ergonomics, 58, 208–214.
- Han, H., Lee, S., & Shin, G. (2019). Naturalistic data collection of head posture during smartphone use. Ergonomics, 62(3), 444–448. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00140139.2018.1544379 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2018.1544379
- Harris, P. A., Taylor, R., Minor, B. L., Elliott, V., Fernandez, M., O'Neal, L., McLeod, L., Delacqua, G., Delacqua, F., Kirby, J., & Duda, S. N. (2019). The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 95, 103208 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208
- Harris, P. A., Taylor, R., Thielke, R., Payne, J., Gonzalez, N., & Conde, J. G. (2009). Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 42(2), 377–381. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010
- Jonsson, B. (1982). Measurement and evaluation of local muscular strain in the shoulder during constrained work. Journal of Human Ergology, 11(1), 73–88.
- Jorgensen, R., Ris, I., Falla, D., & Juul-Kristensen, B. (2014). Reliability, construct and discriminative validity of clinical testing in subjects with and without chronic neck pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 15, 408 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-15-408
- Kerby, D. S. (2014). The simple difference formula: An approach to teaching nonparametric correlation. Comprehensive Psychology, 3(1), 11-IT. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2466/11.IT.3.1
- Ko, P.-H., Hwang, Y.-H., & Liang, H.-W. (2016). Influence of smartphone use styles on typing performance and biomechanical exposure. Ergonomics, 59(6), 821–828. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00140139.2015.1088075 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1088075
- Koo, T., & Li, M. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
- Lee, H., Nicholson, L. L., & Adams, R. D. (2004). Cervical range of motion associations with subclinical neck pain. Spine, 29(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000103944.10408.ba
- León-Mejía, A. C., Gutiérrez-Ortega, M., Serrano-Pintado, I., & González-Cabrera, J. (2021). A systematic review on nomophobia prevalence: Surfacing results and standard guidelines for future research. PLOS One, 16(5), e0250509 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250509
- Makela, M., Heliovaara, M., Sievers, K., Impivaara, O., Knekt, P., & Aromaa, A. (1991). Prevalence, determinants, and consequences of chronic neck pain in Finland. American Journal of Epidemiology, 134(11), 1356–1367. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116038
- Melzack, R. (1987). The short-form McGill pain questionnaire. Pain, 30(2), 191–197. http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00006396-198708000-00005 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(87)91074-8
- Mobile Fact Sheet. (2019, June 12). Mobile fact sheet. https://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/mobile/
- Myrtveit, S. M., Sivertsen, B., Skogen, J. C., Frostholm, L., Stormark, K. M., & Hysing, M. (2014). Adolescent neck and shoulder pain–the association with depression, physical activity, screen-based activities, and use of health care services. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(3), 366–372. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.02.016
- Nelson-Wong, E., & Callaghan, J. P. (2010). Repeatability of clinical, biomechanical, and motor control profiles in people with and without standing-induced low back pain. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2010(5), 289278–289279. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/rerp/2010/289278/ https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/289278
- Nelson-Wong, E., & Callaghan, J. P. (2014). Transient low back pain development during standing predicts future clinical low back pain in previously asymptomatic individuals. Spine, 39(6), E379–383. http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00007632-201403150-00005 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000000191
- Oliveira, A. C., & Silva, A. G. (2016). Neck muscle endurance and head posture: A comparison between adolescents with and without neck pain. Manual Therapy, 22, 62–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2015.10.002
- Sarig-Bahat, H., Weiss, P. L. T., & Laufer, Y. (2010). Neck pain assessment in a virtual environment. Spine, 35(4), E105–E112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181b79358
- Sorensen, C. J., Johnson, M. B., Callaghan, J. P., George, S. Z., & Van Dillen, L. R. (2015). Validity of a paradigm for low back pain symptom development during prolonged standing. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 31(7), 652–659. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000148
- Straker, L. M., Smith, A. J., Bear, N., O'Sullivan, P. B., & de Klerk, N. H. (2011). Neck/shoulder pain, habitual spinal posture and computer use in adolescents: The importance of gender. Ergonomics, 54(6), 539–546. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.576777
- Szeto, G. P., Tsang, S. M., Dai, J., & Madeleine, P. (2020). A field study on spinal postures and postural variations during smartphone use among university students. Applied Ergonomics, 88, 103183. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103183
- Toh, S. H., Coenen, P., Howie, E. K., Mukherjee, S., Mackey, D. A., & Straker, L. M. (2019). Mobile touch screen device use and associations with musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health in a nationally representative sample of Singaporean adolescents. Ergonomics, 62(6), 778–793. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2018.1562107
- Toh, S. H., Coenen, P., Howie, E. K., Smith, A. J., Mukherjee, S., Mackey, D. A., & Straker, L. M. (2020). A prospective longitudinal study of mobile touch screen device use and musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health in adolescents. Applied Ergonomics, 85, 103028 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103028
- Vasavada, A. N., Nevins, D. D., Monda, S. M., Hughes, E., & Lin, D. C. (2015). Gravitational demand on the neck musculature during tablet computer use. Ergonomics, 58(6), 990–1004. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1005166
- Vogt, L., Segieth, C., Banzer, W., & Himmelreich, H. (2007). Movement behaviour in patients with chronic neck pain. Physiotherapy Research International, 12(4), 206–212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.377
- Wainer, H., & Robinson, D. H. (2003). Shaping up the practice of null hypothesis significance testing. Educational Researcher, 32(7), 22–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X032007022
- Werth, A., & Babski-Reeves, K. (2014). Effects of portable computing devices on posture, muscle activation levels and efficiency. Applied Ergonomics, 45(6), 1603–1609. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0003687014000957/1-s2.0-S0003687014000957-main.pdf?_tid=1f754b74-d37c-11e6-9d44-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1483644254_97db2928200a2f1741031a373c09135d https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2014.05.008
- Weston, E., Le, P., & Marras, W. S. (2017). A biomechanical and physiological study of office seat and tablet device interaction. Applied Ergonomics, 62, 83–93. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0003687017300479/1-s2.0-S0003687017300479-main.pdf?_tid=06e34cdc-6189-11e7-9295-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1499262861_8f06d6db9f25d88f8d880be5abab5df4 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.02.013
- Xie, Y., Szeto, G. P. Y., Dai, J., & Madeleine, P. (2016). A comparison of muscle activity in using touchscreen smartphone among young people with and without chronic neck-shoulder pain. Ergonomics, 59(1), 61–72. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00140139.2015.1056237 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1056237
- Yildirim, C., & Correia, A.-P. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49(C), 130–137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059
- Young, J. G., Trudeau, M., Odell, D., Marinelli, K., & Dennerlein, J. T. (2012). Touch-screen tablet user configurations and case-supported tilt affect head and neck flexion angles. Work (Reading, Mass.), 41(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-2012-1337