Deteriorations in physical qualities during a 10-week unsupervised off-season period in academy rugby union players

References

• Argus CK, Gill ND, Keogh JWL. 2012. Characterization of the differences in strength and power between different levels of competition in rugby union athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 26(10):2698–2704. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318241382a.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks JHM, Fuller CW, Kemp SPT, Reddin DB. 2006. Incidence, risk, and prevention of hamstring muscle injuries in professional rugby union. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 34(8):1297–1306. doi:10.1177/0363546505286022.
   Google Scholar
• Buchheit M. 2008. The 30-15 intermittent fitness test: accuracy for individualizing interval training of young intermittent sport players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 22(2):365–374. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181635b2e.
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell BP, Peters DM. 2009. Seasonal variation in physiological fitness of a semiprofessional soccer team. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 23(5):1370–1377. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a4e82f.
   Google Scholar
• Casserly N, Neville R, Ditroilo M, Grainger A. 2020. Longitudinal changes in the physical development of elite adolescent rugby union players: effect of playing position and body mass change. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 15(4):520–527. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0154.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen PM, Krustrup P, Gunnarsson TP, Kiilerich K, Nybo L, Bangsbo J. 2011. VO2 kinetics and performance in soccer players after intense training and inactivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 43(9):1716–1724. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318211c01a.
   Google Scholar
• Clemente FM, Ramirez-Campillo R, Sarmento H. 2021. Detrimental effects of the off-season in soccer players: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 51(4):795–814. doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01407-4.
   Google Scholar
• Darrall-Jones J, Roe G, Carney S, Clayton R, Phibbs P, Read D, Weakley J, Till K, Jones B. 2016. The effect of body mass on the 30-15 intermittent fitness test in rugby union players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 11(3):400–403. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0231.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbin N, Clarke J, Cushman S. 2020. The effects of an 8-week off-season period on the mechanical properties of sprinting in professional rugby league players: implications for training recommendations. Journal of Trainology. 9(1):15–19. doi:10.17338/trainology.9.1_15.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbin N, Highton J, Moss SL, Twist C. 2019. Factors affecting the anthropometric and physical characteristics of elite academy rugby league players: a multiclub study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 14(7):958–965. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0631.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbin N, Hunwicks R, Highton J, Twist C. 2017. Validity of a jump mat for assessing countermovement jump performance in elite rugby players. Int J Sports Med. 38(2):99–104. doi:10.1055/s-0042-118313.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbin N, Hunwicks R, Highton J, Twist C. 2018. A reliable testing battery for assessing physical qualities of elite academy rugby league players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 32(11):3232–3238. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002280.
   Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. 2007. G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods. 39(2):175–191.
   Google Scholar
• Georgeson EC, Weeks BK, McLellan C, Beck BR. 2012. Seasonal change in bone, muscle and fat in professional rugby league players and its relationship to injury: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2(6):e001400. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001400.
   Google Scholar
• Girardi M, Casolo A, Nuccio S, Gattoni C, Capelli C. 2020. Detraining effects prevention: a new rising challenge for athletes. Front Physiol. 11. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.588784.
   Google Scholar
• Hartwig TB, Naughton G, Searl J. 2009. Load, stress, and recovery in adolescent rugby union players during a competitive season. J Sports Sci. 27(10):1087–1094. doi:10.1080/02640410903096611.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen CD, Gleason D, Vanness M. 2018. Four-week unstructured break improved athletic performance in collegiate rugby players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 32(6):1671–1677. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002417.
   Google Scholar
• Jiménez-Reyes P, Garcia-Ramos A, Párraga-Montilla JA, Morcillo-Losa JA, Cuadrado-Peñafiel V, Castaño-Zambudio A, Morin JB, et al. 2020. Seasonal changes in the sprint acceleration force-velocity profile of elite male soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 10.
   Google Scholar
• Joo CH.2018. The effects of short term detraining and retraining on physical fitness in elite soccer players. PLoS ONE. 13(5):e0196212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196212.
   Google Scholar
• Koundourakis NE, Androulakis NE, Malliaraki N, Tsatsanis C, Venihaki M, Margioris AN, Novelli G. 2014. Discrepancy between exercise performance, body composition, and sex steroid response after a six-week detraining period in professional soccer players. PLoS ONE. 9(2):2. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087803.
   Google Scholar
• Malone S, Owen A, Mendes B, Hughes B, Collins K, Gabbett TJ. 2018. High-speed running and sprinting as an injury risk factor in soccer: can well-developed physical qualities reduce the risk? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 21(3):257–262. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.016.
   Google Scholar
• Malone S, Roe M, Doran DA, Gabbett TJ, Collins K. 2017. High chronic training loads and exposure to bouts of maximal velocity running reduce injury risk in elite Gaelic football. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 20(3):250–254. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.005.
   Google Scholar
• Manley A, Williams S. 2019. ‘We’re not run on numbers, we’re people, we’re emotional people’: exploring the experiences and lived consequences of emerging technologies, organizational surveillance and control among elite professionals. Organization, 1350508419890078.
   Google Scholar
• McMaster DT, Gill N, Cronin J, McGuigan M. 2013. The development, retention and decay rates of strength and power in elite rugby union, rugby league and american football: a systematic review. Sports Medicine. 43(5):367–384. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0031-3.
   Google Scholar
• Melchiorri G, Ronconi M, Triossi T, Viero V, De Sanctis D, Tancredi V, Salvati A, Padua E, Alvero Cruz JR. 2014. Detraining in young soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 54(1):27–33.
   Google Scholar
• Mujika I, Padilla S. 2000. Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part I. Sports Medicine. 30(2):79–87. doi:10.2165/00007256-200030020-00002.
   Google Scholar
• Nirmalendran R, Ingle L. 2010. Detraining effect of the post-season on selected aerobic and anaerobic performance variables in national league rugby union players: a focus on positional status. Medicina Sportiva. 14(4):161–168. doi:10.2478/v10036-010-0026-1.
   Google Scholar
• Requena B, García I, Suárez-Arrones L, Sáez De Villarreal E, Naranjo Orellana J, Santalla A. 2017. Off-season effects on functional performance, body composition, and blood parameters in top-level professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31(4):939–946. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001568.
   Google Scholar
• Scott TJ, Delaney JA, Duthie GM, Sanctuary CE, Ballard DA, Hickmans JA, Dascombe BJ. 2015. Reliability and usefulness of the 30–15 intermittent fitness test in rugby league. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 29(7):1985–1990.
   Google Scholar
• Silva JR, Brito J, Akenhead R, Nassis GP. 2016. The transition period in soccer: a window of opportunity. Sports Medicine. 46(3):305–313. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0419-3.
   Google Scholar
• Smart DJ, Gill ND. 2013. Effects of an off-season conditioning program on the physical characteristics of adolescent rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 27(3):708–717. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825d99b0.
   Google Scholar
• Sotiropoulos A, Travlos AK, Gissis I, Souglis AG, Grezios A. 2009. The effect of a 4-week training regimen on body fat and aerobic capacity of professional soccer players during the transition period. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 23(6):1697–1703. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3df69.
   Google Scholar
• Suarez-Arrones L, Lara-Lopez P, Maldonado R, Torreno N, De Hoyo M, Nakamura FY, Di SV, Mendez-Villanueva A. 2019. The effects of detraining and retraining periods on fat-mass and fat-free mass in elite male soccer players. PeerJ. 2019(8). doi:10.7717/peerj.7466.
   Google Scholar
• Thomassen M, Christensen PM, Gunnarsson TP, Nybo L, Bangsbo J. 2010. Effect of 2-wk intensified training and inactivity on muscle Na +-K+ pump expression, phospholemman (FXYDI) phosphorylation, and performance in soccer players. J Appl Physiol. 108(4):898–905. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01015.2009.
   Google Scholar
• Tsolakis CK, Vagenas GK, Dessypris AG. 2004. Strength adaptations and hormonal responses to resistance training and detraining in preadolescent males. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 18(3):625–629. doi:10.1519/1533-4287(2004)18<625:SAAHRT>2.0.CO;2.
   Google Scholar
• Vassilis S, Yiannis M, Athanasios M, Dimitrios M, Ioannis G, Thomas M. 2019. Effect of a 4-week detraining period followed by a 4-week strength program on isokinetic strength in elite youth soccer players. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 15(1):67–73. doi:10.12965/jer.1836538.269.
   Google Scholar
• Wood DJ, Coughlan GF, Delahunt E. 2018. Fitness profiles of elite adolescent irish rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 32(1):105–112. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001694.
   Google Scholar