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Toxicology Communications Volume 1, 2017 - Issue 1
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Rapid Communication

Toxic chemical weapons of assassination and warfare: nerve agents VX and sarin

Peter R. ChaiDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.AORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-4117
ORCID Icon,
Edward W. BoyerDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.AORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-3454-1310
ORCID Icon,
Houssam Al-NahhasUOSSM International, Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations, Syria;Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, TurkeyORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-9593-0993
ORCID Icon &
Timothy B. EricksonDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A;Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.ACorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1809-4805
ORCID Icon
Pages 21-23 | Published online: 07 Sep 2017

References

  • Doyle G. What is VX nerve agent? A deadly weapon, rarely seen. New York Times (Asia-Pacific). 2017.
  • Okumura T, Hisaoka T, Yamada A, et al. The Tokyo subway sarin attack – lessons learned. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005;207(2 Suppl):471–476.
  • Rosman Y, Eisenkraft A, Milk N, et al. Lessons learned from the Syrian sarin attack: evaluation of a clinical syndrome through social media. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(9):644–648.
  • CDC. Facts about VX. https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/vx/basics/facts.asp ( accessed Nov 18); 2015.
  • Wright LK, Lee RB, Vincelli NM, et al. Comparison of the lethal effects of chemical warfare nerve agents across multiple ages. Toxicol Lett. 2016;241:167–174.
  • Rice H, Mann TM, Armstrong SJ, et al. The potential role of bioscavenger in the medical management of nerve-agent poisoned casualties. Chem Biol Interact. 2016;259(Pt B):175–181.
  • Chambers JE, Meek EC, Chambers HW. Novel brain-penetrating oximes for reactivation of cholinesterase inhibited by sarin and VX surrogates. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016;1374(1):52–58.
  • Hoffman RS, Mercurio-Zappala M, Bouchard N, et al. Preparing for chemical terrorism: a study of the stability of expired pralidoxime (2-PAM). Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2012;6(1):20–25.
  • Eisenkraft A, Falk A. The possible role of intravenous lipid emulsion in the treatment of chemical warfare agent poisoning. Toxicol Rep. 2016;3:202–210.

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