Delivering Team-Based Primary Care for the Management of Chronic Low Back Pain: An Interpretive Description Qualitative Study of Healthcare Provider Perspectives

References

• Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1545–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu A, March L, Zheng X, Huang J, Wang X, Zhao J, Blyth FM, Smith E, Buchbinder R, Hoy D. Global low back pain prevalence and years lived with disability from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(6):1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mäntyselkä P, Kumpusalo E, Ahonen R, Kumpusalo A, Kauhanen J, Viinamäki H, Halonen P, Takala J. Pain as a reason to visit the doctor: a study in Finnish primary health care. Pain. 2001;89(2–3):175–80. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00361-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauver JL, Warner DO, Yawn BP, Jacobson DJ, McGree ME, Pankratz JJ, Melton LJ III, Roger VL, Ebbert JO, Rocca WA. Why patients visit their doctors: assessing the most prevalent conditions in a defined American population. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(1):56–67. Elsevier.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan KP, Kadam UT, Hayward R, Porcheret M, Young C, Croft P. Annual consultation prevalence of regional musculoskeletal problems in primary care: an observational study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-11-144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maetzel A, Li L. The economic burden of low back pain: a review of studies published between 1996 and 2001. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002;16(1):23–30. doi:10.1053/berh.2001.0204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, Cohen M, Evers S, Finnerup NB, First MB, et al. Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP classification of chronic pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain. 2019;160(1):19–27. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain. 2006;10:287–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flor H, Fydrich T, Turk DC. Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: a meta-analytic review. Pain. 1992;49(2):221–30. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(92)90145-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatchel RJ, Okifuji A. Evidence-based scientific data documenting the treatment and cost-effectiveness of comprehensive pain programs for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain. 2006;7(11):779–93. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2006.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzmán J, Esmail R, Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, Irvin E, Bombardier C. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review. BMJ. 2001;322(7301):1511–16. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7301.1511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fashler SR, Cooper LK, Oosenbrug ED, Burns LC, Razavi S, Goldberg L, Katz J. Systematic review of multidisciplinary chronic pain treatment facilities. Pain Res Manage. 2016;2016:1–19. doi:10.1155/2016/5960987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng P, Choiniere M, Dion D, Intrater H, LeFort S, Lynch M, Ong M, Rashiq S, Tkachuk G, Veillette Y. Challenges in accessing multidisciplinary pain treatment facilities in Canada. Can J Anaesth. 2007;54(12):977–84. doi:10.1007/BF03016631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choinière M, Peng P, Gilron I, Buckley N, Williamson O, Janelle-Montcalm A, Baerg K, Boulanger A, Di Renna T, Finley GA. Intrater H. Accessing care in multidisciplinary pain treatment facilities continues to be a challenge in Canada. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2020;45(12):943–48. doi:10.1136/rapm-2020-101935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacasse A, Pagé MG, Dassieu L, Sourial N, Janelle-Montcalm A, Dorais M, Nguefack HL, Godbout-Parent M, Hudspith M, Moor G, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the pharmacological, physical, and psychological treatments of pain: findings from the Chronic Pain & COVID-19 pan-canadian study. Pain Rep. 2021;6(1):e891. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000891.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buchbinder R, van Tulder M, Öberg B, Costa LM, Woolf A, Schoene M, Croft P, Hartvigsen J, Cherkin D, Foster NE, et al. Low back pain: a call for action. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2384–88. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30488-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchison B, Levesque JF, Strumpf E, Coyle N. Primary health care in Canada: systems in motion. Milbank Q. 2011;89(2):256–88. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00628.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The College of Family Physicians of Canada. Patient’s Medical Home. [ accessed 2022 June 30]. https://patientsmedicalhome.ca.
   Google Scholar
• Jesmin S, Thind A, Sarma S. Does team-based primary health care improve patients’ perception of outcomes? Evidence from the 2007–08 canadian survey of experiences with primary health. Health Policy (New York). 2012;105(1):71–83. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2012.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiran T, Moineddin R, Kopp A, Glazier RH. Impact of team-based care on emergency department use. Ann Fam Med. 2022;20(1):24–31. doi:10.1370/afm.2728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazier RH, Redelmeier DA. Building the patient-centered medical home in Ontario. JAMA. 2010;303(21):2186–87. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Family health teams. [accessed 2022 June 28]. https://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/fht/default.aspx?pro.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Community health centres. [ accessed 2022 June 28]. https://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/common/system/services/chc/default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Mian O, Koren I, Rukholm E. Nurse practitioners in Ontario primary healthcare: referral patterns and collaboration with other healthcare professionals. J Interprof Care. 2012;26(3):232–39. doi:10.3109/13561820.2011.650300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolovich L. Ontario pharmacists practicing in family health teams and the patient-centered medical home. Ann Pharmacoth. 2012 Apr;46(4_suppl):33S–9S. doi:10.1345/aph.1Q804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt J, Brauer P, Dietrich L, Davidson B, Committee S. Estimation of human resource needs and cost of adding registered dietitians to primary care networks. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2006;67(S1):S30–8. doi:10.3148/67.0.2006.S30.
   Google Scholar
• Ashcroft R, McMillan C, Ambrose-Miller W, McKee R, Brown JB. The emerging role of social work in primary health care: a survey of social workers in Ontario family health teams. Health Soc Work. 2018;43:109–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly CA, Leclair LL, Wener PF, Hand CL, Letts LJ. Occupational therapy in primary care: results from a national survey: L’ergothérapie dans les soins primaires: résultats d’un sondage national. Can J Occup Ther. 2016;83(3):135–42. doi:10.1177/0008417416637186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vader K, Ashcroft R, Bath B, Décary S, Deslauriers S, Desmeules F, Donnelly C, Perreault K, Richardson J, Wojkowski S, et al. Physiotherapy practice in primary health care: a survey of physiotherapists in team-based primary care organizations in Ontario. Physiother Canada. 2022;74(1):86–94. doi:10.3138/ptc-2020-0060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster F, Rice K, Katz J, Bhattacharyya O, Dale C, Upshur R. An ethnography of chronic pain management in primary care: the social organization of physicians’ work in the midst of the opioid crisis. PloS One. 2019;14(5):e0215148. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upshur CC, Luckmann RS, Savageau JA. Primary care provider concerns about management of chronic pain in community clinic populations. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(6):652–55. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00412.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne S. Interpretive description: qualitative research for applied practice. New York: Routledge; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell JW, Clark VL. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks: Sage publications; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Etikan I, Musa SA, Alkassim RS. Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. Am J Theor Appl Stat. 2016;5(1):1–4. doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger RA. Focus groups: a practical guide for applied research. Los Angeles: Sage Publications; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Malterud K, Siersma VD, Guassora AD. Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. Qual Health Res. 2016;26(13):1753–60. doi:10.1177/1049732315617444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Dowling M. Approaches to reflexivity in qualitative research. Nurse Res. 2006;13(3):7–21. doi:10.7748/nr2006.04.13.3.7.c5975.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tracy SJ. Qualitative quality: eight “big-tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qual Inq. 2010;16(10):837–51. doi:10.1177/1077800410383121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Pain Task Force. Canadian pain task force report; March 2021. [ accessed 2022 June 30]. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/corporate/about-health-canada/public-engagement/external-advisory-bodies/canadian-pain-task-force/report-2021.html#_Toc67582192.
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly C, Ashcroft R, Bobbette N, Mills C, Mofina A, Tran T, Vader K, Williams A, Gill S, Miller J. Interprofessional primary care during COVID-19: a survey of the provider perspective. BMC Fam Pract. 2021;22(1):1–12. doi:10.1186/s12875-020-01366-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller J, Barber D, Donnelly C, French S, Green M, Hill J, MacDermid J, Marsh J, Norman K, Richardson J, et al. Determining the impact of a new physiotherapist-led primary care model for back pain: protocol for a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017;18(1):1–13. doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2279-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vader K, Donnelly C, French SD, Grady C, Hill JC, Tripp DA, Williams A, Miller J. Implementing a new physiotherapist-led primary care model for low back pain: a qualitative study of patient and primary care team perspectives. BMC Primary Care. 2022;23(1):1–12. doi:10.1186/s12875-022-01817-5.
   Google Scholar
• Stynes S, Jordan KP, Hill JC, Wynne-Jones G, Cottrell E, Foster NE, Goodwin R, Bishop A. Evaluation of the First Contact Physiotherapy (FCP) model of primary care: patient characteristics and outcomes. Physiotherapy. 2021;113:199–208. doi:10.1016/j.physio.2021.08.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonciani M, Schäfer W, Barsanti S, Heinemann S, Groenewegen PP. The benefits of co-location in primary care practices: the perspectives of general practitioners and patients in 34 countries. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):1–22. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-2913-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodenheimer T, Sinsky C. From triple to quadruple aim: care of the patient requires care of the provider. Ann Fam Med. 2014;12(6):573–76. doi:10.1370/afm.1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative. Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative Framework [accessed 2022 June 30]. http://www.cihc-cpis.com.
   Google Scholar
• Watt-Watson J, McGillion M, Hunter J, Choiniere M, Clark AJ, Dewar A, Johnston C, Lynch M, Morley-Forster P, Moulin D, et al. A survey of prelicensure pain curricula in health science faculties in Canadian universities. Pain Res Manage. 2009;14(6):439–44. doi:10.1155/2009/307932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlin L, Zhao J, Dubin R, Taenzer P, Sidrak H, Furlan A. Project ECHO telementoring intervention for managing chronic pain in primary care: insights from a qualitative study. Pain Med. 2018;19(6):1140–46. doi:10.1093/pm/pnx233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Project ECHO UHN. Chronic pain & opioid stewardship. [ accessed 2022 June 30]. https://uhn.echoontario.ca/Our-Programs/Chronic-Pain.
   Google Scholar
• Dobscha SK, Corson K, Perrin NA, Hanson GC, Leibowitz RQ, Doak MN, Dickinson KC, Sullivan MD, Gerrity MS. Collaborative care for chronic pain in primary care: a cluster randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;01(12):1242–52. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.377.
   Google Scholar
• Starfield B. Primary care: balancing health needs, services, and technology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Scala E, Decosterd I, Faouzi M, Burnand B, Rodondi PY. Level of readiness of chronic pain patients to practise active self‐care. Eur J Pain. 2018;22(10):1800–12. doi:10.1002/ejp.1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz L, Patterson L, Zacharias R. Evaluation of an interdisciplinary chronic pain program and predictors of readiness for change. Can J Pain. 2019;3(1):70–78. doi:10.1080/24740527.2019.1582296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra A, Vlaeyen JW, Rijnen H, Nielson W. Readiness to adopt the self-management approach to cope with chronic pain in fibromyalgic patients. Pain. 2001;90(1–2):37–45. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00384-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerns RD, Rosenberg R, Jamison RN, Caudill MA, Haythornthwaite J. Readiness to adopt a self-management approach to chronic pain: the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire (PSOCQ). Pain. 1997;72(1–2):227–34. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00038-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Quality Ontario. Health equity in Northern Ontario. [ accessed 2022 June 30]. https://www.hqontario.ca/System-Performance/Specialized-Reports/Health-Equity-in-Northern-Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Ontario. Aboriginal Health Access Centre. [accessed 2022 June 30]. https://www.ontario.ca/page/aboriginal-health-access-centres.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of Health & Long-Term Care. Nurse practitioner-led clinic. [ Accessed 2022 June 30]. https://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/common/system/services/npc/.
   Google Scholar