Experiences and Perceptions of Medical Cannabis among People Living with Chronic Pain and Community Pharmacists: A Qualitative Study in Canada

References

• Finn DP, Haroutounian S, Hohmann AG, Krane E, Soliman N, Rice ASC. Cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and pain: a review of preclinical studies. Pain. 2021;162:S5. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore RA, Fisher E, Finn DP, Finnerup NB, Gilron I, Haroutounian S, Krane E, Rice ASC, Rowbotham M, Wallace M, et al. Cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicines for pain management: an overview of systematic reviews. Pain. 2021;162:S67. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman N, Haroutounian S, Hohmann AG, Krane E, Liao J, Macleod M, Segelcke D, Sena C, Thomas J, Vollert J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabinoids, cannabis-based medicines, and endocannabinoid system modulators tested for antinociceptive effects in animal models of injury-related or pathological persistent pain. Pain. 2021;162:S26. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohiuddin M, Blyth FM, Degenhardt L, Di Forti M, Eccleston C, Haroutounian S, Moore A, Rice ASC, Wallace M, Park R, et al. General risks of harm with cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicine possibly relevant to patients receiving these for pain management: an overview of systematic reviews. Pain. 2021;162:S80. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sideli L, Trotta G, Spinazzola E, La Cascia C, Di Forti M. Adverse effects of heavy cannabis use: even plants can harm the brain. Pain. 2021;162:S97. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IASP. International Association for the Study of Pain presidential task force on cannabis and cannabinoid analgesia position statement. Pain. 2021;162(Suppl 1):S1–11. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang L, Hong PJ, May C, Rehman Y, Oparin Y, Hong CJ, Hong BY, AminiLari M, Gallo L, Kaushal A, et al. Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2021;374:n1034. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling JM, Hughes CG, Wallace MS, Sexton M, Backonja M, Moeller-Bertram T. Cannabidiol as a treatment for chronic pain: a survey of patients’ perspectives and attitudes. J Pain Res. 2021;14:1241–50. doi:10.2147/JPR.S278718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furrer D, Kröger E, Marcotte M, Jauvin N, Bélanger R, Ware M, Foldes-Busque G, Aubin M, Pluye P, Dionne CE. Cannabis against chronic musculoskeletal pain: a scoping review on users and their perceptions. J Cannabis Res. 2021;3(1):41. doi:10.1186/s42238-021-00096-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams D, Ofei-Tenkorang NA, Connell P, Owens A, Gothard A, Souza D, Narouze S. Interests and concerns regarding medical marijuana among chronic pain patients in Ohio: an online survey. J Cannabis Res. 2021;3(1):37. doi:10.1186/s42238-021-00092-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godbout-Parent M, Nguena Nguefack HL, Angarita-Fonseca A, Audet C, Bernier A, Zahlan G, Julien N, Page MG, Guenette L, Blais L, et al. Prevalence of cannabis use for pain management in Quebec: a post-legalization estimate among generations living with chronic pain. Can J Pain. 2022;6(1):65–77. doi:10.1080/24740527.2022.2051112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt L, Lintzeris N, Campbell G, Bruno R, Cohen M, Farrell M, Hall WD. Experience of adjunctive cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: findings from the Pain and Opioids IN Treatment (POINT) study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;147:144–50. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehnke KF, Scott JR, Litinas E, Sisley S, Clauw DJ, Goesling J, Williams DA. Cannabis use preferences and decision-making among a cross-sectional cohort of medical cannabis patients with chronic pain. J Pain. 2019;20(11):1362–72. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abo Ziad R, Grynbaum MB, Peleg R, Treister-Goltzman Y. The attitudes and beliefs of family physicians regarding the use of medical cannabis, knowledge of side effects, and barriers to use: a comparison between residents and specialists. Am J Ther. 2020. Publish Ahead of Print.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narouze S, Hakim SM, Kohan L, Adams D, Souza D. Medical cannabis attitudes and beliefs among pain physicians. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2020;45(11):917–19. doi:10.1136/rapm-2020-101658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlini BH, Garrett SB, Carter GT. Medicinal cannabis: a survey among health care providers in Washington state. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2017;34(1):85–91. doi:10.1177/1049909115604669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng JY, Gilotra K, Usman S, Chang Y, Busse JW. Attitudes toward medical cannabis among family physicians practising in Ontario, Canada: a qualitative research study. CMAJ Open. 2021;9(2):E342–E8. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20200187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng KYC, Harnett JE, Davis SR, Eassey D, Law S, Smith L. Healthcare professionals’ perspectives on the use of medicinal cannabis to manage chronic pain: a systematic search and narrative review. Pain Pract. 2022;22(8):718–32. doi:10.1111/papr.13161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dassieu L, Paul-Savoie É, Develay É, Villela Guilhon AC, Lacasse A, Guénette L, Perreault K, Beaudry H, Dupuis L. Swallowing the pill of adverse effects: A qualitative study of patients’ and pharmacists’ experiences and decision-making regarding the adverse effects of chronic pain medication. Health Expectations. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal A, David Knaggs R, Anderson C, Toh LS. Role of pharmacists in optimising opioid therapy for chronic non-malignant pain; a systematic review. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2022;18(3):2352–66. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.11.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabeefar H, Chang F, Cooke M, Patel T. Community pharmacists and chronic pain: a qualitative study of experience, perception, and challenges. Can J Pain. 2020;4(3):29–39. doi:10.1080/24740527.2020.1749516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med. 2014;89(9):1245–51. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abuhasira R, Shbiro L, Landschaft Y. Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products – regulations in Europe and North America. Eur J Int Med 2018;49:2–6. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacasse A, Gagnon V, Nguena Nguefack HL, Gosselin M, Pagé MG, Blais L, Guénette L. Chronic pain patients’ willingness to share personal identifiers on the web for the linkage of medico‐administrative claims and patient‐reported data: the chronic pain treatment cohort. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2021;30(8):1012–26. doi:10.1002/pds.5255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Quebec. Family Medicine Group (FMG), University Family Medicine Group (U-FMG) and super clinic. Quebec: Government of Quebec; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Malterud K, Siersma VD, Guassora AD. Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. Qual Health Res. 2016;26(13):1753–60. doi:10.1177/1049732315617444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V, Hayfield N, Terry G. Thematic analysis. In: Liamputtong P, Liamputtong P, editors. Handbook of research methods in health social sciences. Singapore: Springer; 2019; p. 843–60.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace JE, Kogan LR, Carr ECJ, Hellyer PW. Motivations and expectations for using cannabis products to treat pain in humans and dogs: a mixed methods study. J Cannabis Res. 2020;2:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke AC, Knight KR, Miaskowski C. Patients’ and clinicians’ perspectives of co-use of cannabis and opioids for chronic non-cancer pain management in primary care. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;63:23–28. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse JW, Vankrunkelsven P, Zeng L, Heen AF, Merglen A, Campbell F, Granan L-P, Aertgeerts B, Buchbinder R, Coen M, et al. Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2021:n2040. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2040.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hwang J, Arneson T, St Peter W. Minnesota pharmacists and medical cannabis: a survey of knowledge, concerns, and interest prior to program launch. Pharm Ther. 2016;41(11):716–22. doi:10.1331/JAPhA.2015.15529.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell F, Gould O, LeBlanc M, Manuel L. Opinions of hospital pharmacists in Canada regarding marijuana for medical purposes. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2016;69(2):122–30. doi:10.4212/cjhp.v69i2.1539.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parihar V, Beazely MA, Katz L, Dhami R, Patterson LL. Assessing the impact of a cannabis course on pharmacy students’ understanding, beliefs and preparedness regarding medical and recreational cannabis. Can Pharm J. 2022;155(1):50–59. doi:10.1177/17151635211041041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehnke KF, Scott JR, Litinas E, Sisley S, Williams DA, Clauw DJ. High-frequency medical cannabis use is associated with worse pain among individuals with chronic pain. J Pain. 2020;21(5):570–81. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montoya Z, Conroy M, Vanden Heuvel BD, Pauli CS, Park S-H. Cannabis contaminants Limit pharmacological use of cannabidiol. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:1439. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.571832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. Average quarterly price of cannabis. Ottawa: Government of Canada; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Isaac S, Saini B, Chaar BB. The role of medicinal cannabis in clinical therapy: pharmacists’ perspectives. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(5):e0155113. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan DL. Basic and advanced focus groups. SAGE Publications Inc; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Raskind IG, Shelton RC, Comeau DL, Cooper HLF, Griffith DM, Kegler MC. A review of qualitative data analysis practices in health education and health behavior research. Health Educ Behav. 2019;46(1):32–39. doi:10.1177/1090198118795019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar