Exploring patient-borne costs and wait times for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) care among rural and urban adults

References

• Heinzer R, Vat S, Marques-Vidal P, et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: The HypnoLaus study. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(4):310–318. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00043-0.
   Google Scholar
• Peppard PE, Young T, Barnet JH, Palta M, Hagen EW, Hla KM. Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(9):1006–1014. doi:10.1093/aje/kws342.
   Google Scholar
• Benjafield AV, Ayas NT, Eastwood PR, et al. Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: A literature-based analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(8):687–698. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30198-5.
   Google Scholar
• Bonsignore MR, Baiamonte P, Mazzuca E, Castrogiovanni A, Marrone O. Obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities: A dangerous liaison. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2019;14(1):8. doi:10.1186/s40248-019-0172-9.
   Google Scholar
• Bubu OM, Pirraglia E, Andrade AG, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and longitudinal Alzheimer’s disease biomarker changes. Sleep. 2019;42(6):1–13. zsz048. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz048.
   Google Scholar
• Olaithe M, Bucks RS, Hillman DR, Eastwood PR. Cognitive deficits in obstructive sleep apnea: Insights from a meta-review and comparison with deficits observed in COPD, insomnia, and sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;38:39–49. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.03.005.
   Google Scholar
• Wang G, Goebel JR, Li C, Hallman HG, Gilford TM, Li W. Therapeutic effects of CPAP on cognitive impairments associated with OSA. J Neurol. 2020;267(10):2823–2828. doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09381-2.
   Google Scholar
• Patel N, Donahue C, Shenoy A, Patel A, El-Sherif N. Obstructive sleep apnea and arrhythmia: A systemic review. Int J Cardiol. 2017;228:967–970. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.137.
   Google Scholar
• Hidden health crisis costing america billions: Underdiagnosing and undertreating obstructive sleep apnea draining healthcare system. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. https://aasm.org/resources/pdf/sleep-apnea-economic-crisis.pdf, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Kim J, Tran K, Seal K, et al. Interventions for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: A health technology assessment. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. 2016; 6(1b):566. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535532/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK535532.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Streatfeild J, Hillman D, Adams R, Mitchell S, Pezzullo L. Cost-effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: Health care system and societal perspectives. Sleep. 2019;42(12):1–11. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz181.
   Google Scholar
• Subedi R, Greenberg TL, Roshanafshar S. Does geography matter in mortality? An analysis of potentially avoidable mortality by remoteness index in Canada. Health Rep. 2019;30(5):3–15. doi:10.25318/82-003-X201900500001-ENG.
   Google Scholar
• Gamble JM, Eurich DT, Ezekowitz JA, Kaul P, Quan H, McAlister FA. Patterns of care and outcomes differ for urban versus rural patients with newly diagnosed heart failure, even in a universal healthcare system. Circ Heart Fail. 2011;4(3):317–323. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.959262.
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta P, Baade PD, Aitken JF, Ralph N, Chambers SK, Dunn J. Geographical variations in prostate cancer outcomes: a systematic review of international evidence. Front Oncol. 2019;9:238. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00238.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford‐Williams F, March S, Goodwin BC, et al. Geographic variations in stage at diagnosis and survival for colorectal cancer in Australia: A systematic review. Eur J Cancer Care. 2019;28(3):1–16. doi:10.1111/ecc.13072.
   Google Scholar
• Allen AJMH, Amram O, Tavakoli H, Almeida FR, Hamoda M, Ayas NT. Relationship between travel time from home to a regional sleep apnea clinic in British Columbia, Canada, and the severity of obstructive sleep. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13(5):719–723. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201509-613BC.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan J, Tsai WH, Ip-Buting A, et al. Treatment outcomes among rural and urban patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A prospective cohort study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;18(4):1–8. doi:10.5664/jcsm.9776.
   Google Scholar
• Brundisini F, Giacomini M, DeJean D, Vanstone M, Winsor S, Smith A. Chronic disease patients’ experiences with accessing health care in rural and remote areas: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2013;13(15):1–33.
   Google Scholar
• Aljassim N, Ostini R. Health literacy in rural and urban populations: A systematic review. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(10):2142–2154. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.06.007.
   Google Scholar
• Street TD, Somoray K, Richards GC, Lacey SJ. Continuity of care for patients with chronic conditions from rural or remote Australia: A systematic review. Aust J Rural Health. 2019;27(3):196–202. doi:10.1111/ajr.12511.
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer M, Rehman S, Ottavi T, et al. Urban-rural differences in the care and outcomes of acute stroke patients: Systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2019;397:63–74. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2018.12.021.
   Google Scholar
• Lister JJ, Weaver A, Ellis JD, Himle JA, Ledgerwood DM. A systematic review of rural-specific barriers to medication treatment for opioid use disorder in the United States. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020;46(3):273–288. doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1694536.
   Google Scholar
• Pendharkar SR, Blades K, Kelly JE, et al. Perspectives on primary care management of obstructive sleep apnea: A qualitative study of patients and health care providers. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(1):89–98. doi:10.5664/jcsm.8814.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan J, Ogah I, Ip-Buting A, et al. An evaluation of rural–urban disparities in treatment outcomes for obstructive sleep apnoea: Study protocol for a prospective cohort study. ERJ Open Res. 2020;6(4):00141-2020–02020. doi:10.1183/23120541.00141-2020.
   Google Scholar
• Chiu J, Fenton M, Ayas NT, et al. Patient reported differences in obstructive sleep apnea care between jurisdictions with and without government CPAP funding. Ann Am Thorac Soc. Published online September 6, 2022. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.202205-390OC.
   Google Scholar
• Pendharkar SR, Povitz M, Bansback N, George CFP, Morrison D, Ayas NT, Canadian Sleep and Circadian Network Testing and treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in Canada: Funding models must change. CMAJ. 2017;189(49):E1524–E1528. doi:10.1503/cmaj.170393.
   Google Scholar
• Postal Code Conversion File. Statistics Canada; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Population centre and rural area classification 2016 - definitions. Statistics Canada; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, REDCap Consortium, et al. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208.
   Google Scholar
• Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)–a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–381. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010.
   Google Scholar
• Taber JM, Leyva B, Persoskie A. Why do people avoid medical care? A qualitative study using national data. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(3):290–297. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-3089-1.
   Google Scholar
• Kornelsen J, Khowaja AR, Av-Gay G, et al. The rural tax: Comprehensive out-of-pocket costs associated with patient travel in British Columbia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):854. doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06833-2.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson C, Rourke J, Oandasan I, Bosco C. Progress made on access to rural healthcare in Canada. Can J Rural Med. 2020;25(1):14–19. doi:10.4103/CJRM.CJRM_84_19.
   Google Scholar
• Fleetham J, Ayas N, Bradley D, The Canadian Thoracic Society Sleep Disordered Breathing Committee, et al. Canadian thoracic society 2011 guideline update: Diagnosis and treatment of sleep disordered breathing. Can Respir J. 2011;18(1):25–47. doi:10.1155/2011/506189.
   Google Scholar
• Kwan J, Razzaq A, Leiter LA, Lillie D, Hux JE. Low socioeconomic status and absence of supplemental health insurance as barriers to diabetes care access and utilization. Can J Diabetes. 2008;32(3):174–181. doi:10.1016/S1499-2671(08)23007-8.
   Google Scholar
• Syed ST, Gerber BS, Sharp LK. Traveling towards disease: Transportation barriers to health care access. J Community Health. 2013;38(5):976–993. doi:10.1007/s10900-013-9681-1.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson DL, Stewart MJ, Hayward K, et al. Low-income Canadians’ experiences with health-related services: Implications for health care reform. Health Policy. 2006;76(1):106–121. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.05.005.
   Google Scholar
• Bierman AS, Johns A, Hyndman B, et al. Social determinants of health and populations at risk chapter 12. 189. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/16657539/social-determinants-of-health-and-populations-at-risk-chapter-12. 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen M, D'Agostino D, Gregory P. Addressing rural health challenges head on. Mo Med. 2017;114(5):363–366.
   Google Scholar