References
- Anderson, M. E., Hopkins, W. G., Roberts, A. D., & Pyne, D. B. (2006). Monitoring seasonal and long-term changes in test performance in elite swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(3), 145–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390500529574
- Arellano, R., Brown, P., Cappaert, J., & Nelson, R. C. (1994). Analysis of 50-, 100-, and 200-m freestyle swimmers at the 1992 olympic games. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 10(2), 189–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.10.2.189
- Barbosa, T. M., Ramos, R., Silva, A. J., & Marinho, D. A. (2018). Assessment of passive drag in swimming by numerical simulation and analytical procedure. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(5), 492–498. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1321774
- Beretić, I., Durović, M., Okičić, T., & Dopsaj, M. (2013). Relations between lower body isometric muscle force characteristics and start performance in elite male sprint swimmers. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 12(4), 639–645.
- Born, D.-P., Kuger, J., Polach, M., & Romann, M. (2021). Start and turn performances of elite male swimmers: Benchmarks and underlying mechanisms. Sports Biomechanics, 1–19. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.1872693
- Burkhardt, D., Born, D. P., Singh, N. B., Oberhofer, K., Carradori, S., Sinistaj, S., & Lorenzetti, S. (2020). Key performance indicators and leg positioning for the kick-start in competitive swimmers. In Sports Biomechanics. Epub ahead of print.
- Calderbank, J. A., Comfort, P., & McMahon, J. J. (2020). Association of jumping ability and maximum strength with dive distance in swimmers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. Epub ahead of print.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
- Diedenhofen, B., Musch, J., & Olivier, J. (2015). cocor: A comprehensive solution for the statistical comparison of correlations. PloS One, 10(4), e0121945. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121945
- Fischer, S., Braun, C., & Kibele, A. (2017). Learning relay start strategies in swimming: What feedback is best? European Journal of Sport Science, 17(3), 257–263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1221471
- Garcia-Hermoso, A., Escalante, Y., Arellano, R., Navarro, F., Domínguez, A. M., & Saavedra, J. M. (2013). Relationship between final performance and block times with the traditional and the new starting platforms with a back plate in international swimming championship 50-m and 100-m freestyle events. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 12(4), 698.
- García-Hermoso, A., Saavedra, J. M., Arellano, R., & Navarro, F. (2017). Relationship between swim start wall contact time and final performance in backstroke events in international swimming championships. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 17(3), 232–243. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1331573
- García-Ramos, A., Feriche, B., de la Fuente, B., Argüelles-Cienfuegos, J., Strojnik, V., Strumbelj, B., & Štirn, I. (2015). Relationship between different push-off variables and start performance in experienced swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(8), 687–695. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1063699
- Gonjo, T., & Olstad, B. H. (2021). Race analysis in competitive swimming: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010069
- Hay, J. G., & Guimarães, A. C. S. (1983). A quantitative look at swimming biomechanics. Swimming Technique, 20(2), 11–17.
- Ikeda, Y., Ichikawa, H., Shimojo, H., Nara, R., Baba, Y., & Shimoyama, Y. Relationship between dolphin kick movement in humans and velocity during undulatory underwater swimming. (2021). Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(13), 1497–1503. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1881313
- Keiner, M., Wirth, K., Fuhrmann, S., Kunz, M., Hartmann, H., & Haff, G. G. (2019). The influence of upper- and lower-body maximum strength on swim block start, turn, and overall swim performance in sprint swimming. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Publish Ahead of Print. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003229
- Marinho, D. A., Barbosa, T. M., Neiva, H. P., Silva, A. J., & Morais, J. E. (2020). Comparison of the start, turn and finish performance of elite swimmers in 100 m and 200 m races. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 19(2), 397.
- Mason, B., & Cossor, J. (2000). What can we learn from competition analysis at the 1999 pan pacific swimming championships? In: 18 International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports (2000), Eds. D. P. Youlian Hong & R. S. Johns, June 25-30, 2000 Hong Kong.
- McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., Raglin, J. S., Osborne, M., & Rattray, B. (2017). Elite sprint swimming performance is enhanced by completion of additional warm-up activities. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(15), 1493–1499. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1223329
- Morais, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., Forte, P., Bragada, J. A., Castro, F. A. D. S., & Marinho, D. A. (2020). Stability analysis and prediction of pacing in elite 1500 m freestyle male swimmers. Sports Biomechanics, 1–18. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2020.1810749
- Morais, J. E., Marinho, D. A., Arellano, R., & Barbosa, T. M. (2019). Start and turn performances of elite sprinters at the 2016 European Championships in swimming. Sports Biomechanics, 18(1), 100–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1435713
- O’Donoghue, P. (2006). The use of feedback videos in sport. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 6(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868368
- Olstad, B. H., Wathne, H., & Gonjo, T. (2020). Key factors related to short course 100 m breaststroke performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6257. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176257
- Peterson-Silveira, R., Stergiou, P., Figueiredo, P., Castro, F. D. S., Katz, L., & Stefanyshyn, D. J. (2018). Key determinants of time to 5 m in different ventral swimming start techniques. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(10), 1317–1326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1486460
- Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Cheong, A. S., Fai, Y. F., Congdon, R. T., & Du Toit, M. (2011). HLM 7: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Scientific Software International.
- Sánchez, L., Arellano, R., & Cuenca-Fernández, F. Analysis and influence of the underwater phase of breaststroke on short-course 50 and 100m performance. (2021). International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 21(3), 307–323. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2021.1885838
- Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Chatard, J. C. (2007). Kinematic changes during a 100-m front crawl: Effects of performance level and gender. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(10), 1784–1793. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180f62f38
- Simbaña, E. D., Hellard, P., & Seifert, L. (2018). Modelling stroking parameters in competitive sprint swimming: Understanding inter- and intra-lap variability to assess pacing management. Human Movement Science, 61, 219–230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2018.08.002
- Simbaña‐Escobar, D., Hellard, P., & Seifert, L. (2020). Influence of stroke rate on coordination and sprint performance in elite male and female swimmers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(11), 2078–2091. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13786
- Stosic, J., Veiga, S., Trinidad, A., & Navarro, E. (2021). How should the transition from underwater to surface swimming be performed by competitive swimmers? Applied Sciences, 11(1), 122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010122
- Suito, H., Nunome, H., & Ikegami, Y. (2015) Relationship between 100 m race times and start, stroke, turn, finish phases at the freestyle Japanese swimmers. In: 33rd International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports. Poitiers: International Society in Biomechanics and Swimming. 1224–1227.
- Takeda, T., Sakai, S., Takagi, H., Okuno, K., & Tsubakimoto, S. (2017). Contribution of hand and foot force to take-off velocity for the kick-start in competitive swimming. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(6), 565–571.
- Thing, S., Pearson, S., Lachlan, M. J. G., Meulenbroek, C., & Keogh, J. W. L. (2021). On-block mechanistic determinants of start performance in high performance swimmers. Sports Biomechanics, 1–13. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.1887342
- Thompson, K. G., Haljand, R., & MacLaren, D. P. (2000). An analysis of selected kinematic variables in national and elite male and female 100-m and 200-m breaststroke swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(6), 421–431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050074359
- Tor, E., Pease, D. L., & Ball, K. A. (2015a). Key parameters of the swimming start and their relationship to start performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(13), 1313–1321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.990486
- Tor, E., Pease, D. L., & Ball, K. A. (2015b). How does drag affect the underwater phase of a swimming start? Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 31(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/JAB.2014-0081
- Trinidad, A., Veiga, S., Navarro, E., & Lorenzo, A. (2020). The transition from underwater to surface swimming during the push-off start in competitive swimmers. Journal of Human Kinetics, 72(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0125
- Veiga, S., Roig, A., & Gómez-Ruano, M. A. (2016). Do faster swimmers spend longer underwater than slower swimmers at world championships? European Journal of Sport Science, 16(8), 919–926. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1153727
- Wadrzyk, L., Staszkiewicz, R., Zeglen, M., & Kryst, L. Relationship between somatic build and kinematic indices of underwater undulatory swimming performed by young male swimmers. (2021). International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 21(3), 435–450. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2021.1909450
- West, D. J., Owen, N. J., Cunningham, D. J., Cook, C. J., & Kilduff, L. P. (2011). Strength and power predictors of swimming starts in international sprint swimmers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(4), 950–955. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c8656f