Comparison of training activities and coaching behaviours in youth football coaches from Spain and China: a case study

References

• Abad Robles, Collado-Mateo, D., Fernández-Espínola, F.-E., & Viera, E., Fuentes-Guerra, G., Giménez Fuentes-Guerra, F. J. (2020). Effects of Teaching Games on Decision Making and Skill Execution: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agustí, B., Juan-Blay, T., Juan-Blay, Huertas, J., Taylor, W. G., & Huertas, F. (2020). The academic background of youth soccer coaches modulates their behavior during training. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan, C. (2014). The“calm, inquisitive” coach versus the“intense, hustle” coach: Implications for athletes’ personal development through sport. Journal of Exercise, Movement, and Sport (SCAPPS Refereed Abstracts Repository), 46(1), 80–80.
   Google Scholar
• Barrero, R., Abad Robles, Fuentes-Guerra, M. T., & Giménez Fuentes-Guerra, F. J. (2022). Profile of grassroots football coaches of Spanish professional clubs. Kinesiology, 54(2), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.26582/k.54.2.14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, B., & Chaibong, Bell, D. A., Chaibong, H. (2003). Confucianism for the modern world. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511509964
   Google Scholar
• Bell, H., Hardy, Beattie, L., & Beattie, S. (2013). Enhancing mental toughness and performance under pressure in elite young cricketers: A 2-year longitudinal intervention. Sport, Exercise, & Performance Psychology, 2(4), 281. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, C., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Cassidy, J., & Jones, Potrac, R. L., Potrac, P. (2015). Understanding sports coaching: The pedagogical, social and cultural foundations of coaching practice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203797952
   Google Scholar
• Chao R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111–1119. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, C. L. (1972). On the shame orientation of the Chinese from the interrelationship among society, individual, and culture. In Symposium on the character of the Chinese: An interdisciplinary approach (pp. 85–125). Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica.
   Google Scholar
• Clough, P., Strycharczyk, D., & Perry, J. L. (2021). Developing mental toughness: Strategies to improve performance, resilience and wellbeing in individuals and organizations (3rd ed.). Kogan Page Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Connaughton, H., & Jones, W. (2008). Mental toughness research: Key issues in this area. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 39(3), 192–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly. (1970). Mechanisms of motor skill development. Academic Press London.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, P., Cushion, H., Cushion, C. J., & Harvey, S. (2016). An investigation of professional top-level youth football coaches’ questioning practice. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise & Health, 8(4), 380–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2016.1157829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté, J., Bruner, M., Erickson, K., Strachan, L., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2010). Athlete development and coaching. Sports Coaching: Professionalisation and Practice, 63, 84.
   Google Scholar
• Cushion, C. J. (2010). Coach behaviour. In J. Lyle & C. J. Cushion (Eds.), Sports coaching professionalization and practice (pp. 43–61).
   Google Scholar
• Cushion, J. (2001). A systematic observation of professional top-level youth soccer coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(4).
   Google Scholar
• Cushion, A., Armour, Jones, K. M., & Jones, R. L. (2006). Locating the coaching process in practice: Models ‘for’ and ‘of’ coaching. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 11(1), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408980500466995
   Google Scholar
• Cushion, F., Ford, Williams, P. R., & Williams, A. M. (2012). Coach behaviours and practice structures in youth soccer: Implications for talent development. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1631–1641. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.721930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushion, C., Harvey, S., Muir, B., & Nelson, L. (2012). Developing the Coach Analysis and Intervention System (CAIS): Establishing validity and reliability of a computerised systematic observation instrument. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.635310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, S., & Sumara, D. (2003). Why aren’t they getting this? Working through the regressive myths of constructivist pedagogy. Teaching Education, 14(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047621032000092922
   Google Scholar
• Duda, J. L., & Duda. (2013). The conceptual and empirical foundations of empowering coaching™: Setting the stage for the PAPA project. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.839414
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, B., Bretherton, Munn, I., & Munn, P. (1987). Conversations about feeling states between mothers and their young children. Developmental Psychology, 23(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.1.132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, S., Shaver, Carnochan, P. R., & Carnochan, P. (1990). How emotions develop and how they organise development. Cognition & Emotion, 4(2), 81–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939008407142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, W. (2013). The acquisition of skill and expertise: The role of practice and other activities Science and soccer. Routledge. (pp. 134-150).
   Google Scholar
• Ford, P. R., & Whelan, J. (2016). Practice activities during coaching sessions in elite youth football and their effect on skill acquisition. In W. Allison, A. Abraham, & A. Cale (Eds.), Advances in coach education and development: from research to practice (pp. 112–123). London (UK): Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, Y., Yates, Williams, I., & Williams, A. M. (2010). An analysis of practice activities and instructional behaviours used by youth soccer coaches during practice: Exploring the link between science and application. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(5), 483–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903582750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forlenza, S.T., Pierce, S., Vealey, R. S., & Mackersie, J. (2018). Coaching behaviors that enhance confidence in athletes and teams. International Sport Coaching Journal, 5(3), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2017-0040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H., & Fung. (1999). Becoming a moral child: The socialization of shame among young Chinese children. Ethos, 27(2), 180–209. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1999.27.2.180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Angulo, O.-T., Giménez-Egido, G.-A., Giménez-Egido, Palao, J. M., García-Angulo, F. J., & Palao, J. M. (2020). Short-term effect of competition rule changes on collective effectiveness and self-efficacy in youth football players. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 49, 101688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, W., Weiss, Weinberg, M., & Weinberg, R. (1981). Psychological characteristics of successful and nonsuccessful big Ten wrestlers. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 3(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.3.1.69
   Google Scholar
• Grossmann, L., & Lames, M. (2015). From talent to professional football–youthism in German football. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 10(6), 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.10.6.1103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D. F., & Gordon, S. (Eds.). (2011). Mental toughness in sport: Developments in research and theory. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy, B., Bell, Beattie, J., & Beattie, S. (2014). A neuropsychological model of mentally tough behavior. Journal of Personality, 82(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, L., & Light, R. L. (2015). Questioning for learning in game-based approaches to teaching and coaching. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education, 6(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/18377122.2015.1051268
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, C., Wegis, M.-G., Wegis, H. M., & Massa-Gonzalez, A. N. (2010). Teaching games for understanding in American high-school soccer: A quantitative data analysis using the game performance assessment instrument. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 15(1), 29–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408980902729354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood, G. (2019). Life span motor development. Human kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Høigaard, J., Jones, Peters, G. W., & Peters, D. M. (2008). Preferred coach leadership behaviour in elite soccer in relation to success and failure. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 3(2), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795408785100581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne. (2022). The purple talents project | academies
   Google Scholar
• Jones, H., Housner, Kornspan, L. D., & Kornspan, A. S. (1997). Interactive decision making and behavior of experienced and inexperienced basketball coaches during practice. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 16(4), 454–468. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.16.4.454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahan, D. (1999). Coaching behavior: A review of the systematic observation research literature. Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics Annual, 17–58.
   Google Scholar
• Kidman, L. (2010). Athlete-centred coaching: Developing decision makers. IPC Print Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Lacy, G. (1990). Behavior analysis of male and female coaches in high school girls’ basketball. Journal of Sport Behavior, 13(1), 29.
   Google Scholar
• Lacy, D., & Darst, P. W. (1985). Systematic observation of behaviors of winning high school head football coaches. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 4(4), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.4.4.256
   Google Scholar
• Lagestad, P. A., Ulvik, A., & Sæther, S. A. (2017). Differences in coaching feedback between coaches of junior elite soccer players and junior amateur soccer players.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. (2004). Contextual interference (Skill acquisition in sport. Routledge. (pp. 53-68).
   Google Scholar
• Lee, M., & Morrish, S. C. (2012). Cultural values and higher education choices: Chinese families. Australasian Marketing Journal, 20(1), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2011.10.015
   Google Scholar
• Leung. (2010). Beliefs in Chinese culture.
   Google Scholar
• Light, R., & Light. (2008). Complex learning theory—its epistemology and its assumptions about learning: Implications for physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 27(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.27.1.21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mageau, V., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach–athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sports Science, 21(11), 883–904. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markland, M., & Martinek, T. J. (1988). Descriptive analysis of coach augmented feedback given to high school varsity female volleyball players. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 7(4), 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.7.4.289
   Google Scholar
• Martín Barrero, Giménez, F. J., Robles, F.-G., & Martín Barrero, A. (2022). The perception of grassroots coaches of Spanish professional clubs on the process of training young players. Sports, 10(10), 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10100158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martindale, C., Collins, Daubney, D., & Daubney, J. (2005). Talent development: A guide for practice and research within sport. Quest, 57(4), 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2005.10491862
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millard L. (1996). Differences in coaching behaviors of male and female high school soccer coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 19(1), 19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Miller A. W. (1992). Systematic observation behavior similarities of various youth sports. Physical Educator, 49(3), 136.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, L., Larkin, Williams, P., & Williams, A. M. (2017). What learning environments help improve decision-making? Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 22(6), 647–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2017.1294678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, L., Larkin, Williams, P., & Williams, A. M. (2018). Observations of youth football training: How do coaches structure training sessions for player development? Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1277034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’rourke, S., Smoll, C., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2014). Relations of parent- and coach-initiated motivational climates to young athletes’ self-esteem, performance anxiety, and autonomous motivation: Who is more influential? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(4), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2014.907838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega, E., Olmedilla, A., de Baranda, P. S., & Gómez, M. A. (2009). Relationship between the level of self-efficacy, performance indicators, and participation in youth basketball. Revista de Psicologia del Deporte, 18(3), 337–342.
   Google Scholar
• Partington, C., & Cushion, C. (2013). An investigation of the practice activities and coaching behaviors of professional top‐level youth soccer coaches. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 23(3), 374–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01383.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partington, C., Cushion, Harvey, C., & Harvey, S. (2014). An investigation of the effect of athletes’ age on the coaching behaviours of professional top-level youth soccer coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(5), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.835063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peñas, L.-C., Cárdenas, A., Ureña, F.-G., Ruano, F., Ureña, Giménez Fuentes-Guerra, de Baranda, A., Ibáñez, F., Gómez Ruano, M. A., Fradua, L., Sainz de Baranda Andújar, P., Ibáñez, S. J., Verdu, I., Olmedilla, A., Torres Luque, G., & Ortega-Toro, E. (2020). La creación de conocimiento en los deportes de equipo. Sobre el tamaño de la muestra y la generalización de los resultados. Jump, (1), 7–8. https://doi.org/10.17561/jump.n1.e
   Google Scholar
• Piaget, C. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children (Vol. 8). International Universities Press New York. https://doi.org/10.1037/11494-000
   Google Scholar
• Potrac, J., Jones, Armour, R., & Armour, K. (2002). ‘It’s all about getting respect’: The coaching behaviors of an expert English soccer coach. Sport, Education & Society, 7(2), 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357332022000018869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potrac, J., Jones, Cushion, R., & Cushion, C. (2007). Understanding power and the coach’s role in professional English soccer: A preliminary investigation of coach behaviour. Soccer and Society, 8(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970600989509
   Google Scholar
• The Premier League. (2011). Elite Player Performance Plan.
   Google Scholar
• Roca, F., & Ford, P. R. (2020). Decision-making practice during coaching sessions in elite youth football across European countries. Science and Medicine in Football, 4(4), 263–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1755051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein E. H. (1991). What is culture (pp. 243–253). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, L. (2005). Motor learning and control: A behavioral emphasis. Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Seifried. (2008). Examining punishment and discipline: Defending the use of punishment by coaches. Quest, 60(3), 370–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2008.10483587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S., & Smoll, F. L. (2002). Youth sports as a behavior setting for psychosocial interventions (Exploring sport and exercise psychology. 2nd. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10465-017. (pp. 341-371).
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S., Smoll, Curtis, F. L., & Curtis, B. (1979). Coach effectiveness training: A cognitive-behavioral approach to enhancing relationship skills in youth sport coaches. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.1.1.59
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, G., Jr., & Ciapponi, M. (1998). Coach expectations and differential feedback: Perceptual flexibility revisited. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21(3), 298.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, S., Eliot, H., Maas, W., Heon, S. N., Maas, J. L., & Wayda, V. K. (1996). The self-fulfilling prophecy in college basketball: Implications for effective coaching. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8(1), 44–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209608406307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonebridge, C., & Cushion, C. (2018). An exploration of the relationship between educational background and the coaching behaviours and practice activities of professional youth soccer coaches. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 23(6), 636–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2018.1485143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strudwick T. (2016). Soccer science. Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Vealey, C. (2008). Self-confidence in sport.
   Google Scholar
• Viciana, M.-V. (2015). Influence of the pre-service training program on coaches’ instructions delivered to youth soccer players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 46(1), 18–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., & Leichtman, M. D. (2000). Same beginnings, different stories: A comparison of American and Chinese children’s narratives. Child Development, 71(5), 1329–1346. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T.-L., & Tamis Lemonda, C. S. (2003). Do child-rearing values in Taiwan and the United States reflect cultural values of collectivism and individualism? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(6), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103255498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, A., Amorose, Wilko, A. J., & Wilko, A. M. (2009). Coaching behaviors, motivational climate, and psychosocial outcomes among female adolescent athletes. Pediatric Exercise Science, 21(4), 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.21.4.475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, H., & Hodges, N. J. (2005). Practice, instruction and skill acquisition in soccer: Challenging tradition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(6), 637–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson. (1981). Conformity and deviance regarding moral rules in Chinese society: A socialization perspective (Normal and abnormal behavior in Chinese culture. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4986-2_7. (pp. 117-136).
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, Z. H., & Leung, R. W. (2008). An examination of instructional behaviors of collegiate athletic coaches in athletic practice and physical skill class settings. Journal of International Association for Physical Education in Higher Education, 5, 1–8.
   Google Scholar