1,880
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Epiphytic hydroids on Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows are winner organisms under future ocean acidification conditions: evidence from a CO2 vent system (Ischia Island, Italy)

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 472-486 | Received 23 Oct 2020, Accepted 18 Jan 2021, Published online: 01 Apr 2021

References

  • Appeltans W, Bouchet P, Boxshall GA, De Broyer C, de Voogd NJ, et al. 2011. World register of marine species. Available: http://www.marinespecies.org. Accessed Feb 2019 4.
  • Auriemma R, De Vittor C, Esposito V, Gaglioti M, Gambi MC. 2019. Motile fauna associated to Cystoseira brachycarpa along a gradient of ocean acidification at a vent system off Panarea (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Biologia Marina Mediterranea 26:216–219. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29685.22246.
  • Balata D, Bertocci I, Piazzi L, Nesti U. 2008. Comparison between epiphyte assemblages of leaves and rhizomes of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica subjected to different levels of anthropogenic eutrophication. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 79(3):533–540. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2008.05.009.
  • Balduzzi A, Bavestrello G, Belloni S, Boero F, Cattaneo R, Pansini M, Pronzato R. 1984. Valutazione dello stato di alcune praterie di Posidonia del Mar Ligure sottoposte a diverse coondizioni di inquinamento. International Workshop on Posidonia oceanica beds. Porquerrolles (France) 12–15 Octobre 1983. GIS Posidonie Marseille 1:73–78.
  • Balduzzi A, Boero F, Pansini M, Pronzato R. 1981. A method for semiquantitative samplings of the sessile epifauna of Posidonia oceanica beds. Rapports et procés-verbaux des réunions Commission internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée 27:247–248.
  • Billard A. 1936. Les fonds de pêche près d’Alexandrie. VI. Hydroïdea. Notes Mémoires Minutes Commission Industrie Égypte 13:1–11.
  • Boero F. 1981a. Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Marine Ecology 2(3):181–197. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.1981.tb00093.x.
  • Boero F. 1981b. Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et procés-verbaux des réunions Commission internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée 27:197–198.
  • Boero F. 1984. The ecology of marine hydroids and effects of environmental factors: A review. Marine Ecology 5(2):93–118. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.1984.tb00310.x.
  • Boero F. 1987. Evolutionary implications of habitat selection in the hydroids of Posidonia oceanica meadows. In: Bouillon J, Boero F, Cicogna F, Cornelius PFS, editors. Modern trends in the systematics, ecology and evolution of hydroids and hydromedusae. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 251–256.
  • Boero F, Chessa L, Chimenz C, Fresi E. 1985. The zonation of epiphytic hydroids on the leaves of some Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile beds in the central Mediterranean. Marine Ecology 6(1):27–33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.1985.tb00318.x.
  • Boero F, Fresi E. 1986. Zonation and evolution of a rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology 7(2):123–150. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.1986.tb00152.x.
  • Boero F, Hewitt C. 1992. A hydrozoan, Zanclella bryozoophyla n. g. n. sp. (Zancleidae), symbiotic with a Bryozoon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70(9):1645–1651. DOI: 10.1139/z92-229.
  • Boudouresque CF, Bernad G, Pergent G, Shili A, Verlaque M. 2009. Regression of Mediterranean seagrasses caused by natural processes and anthropogenic disturbances and stress: A critical review. Botanica Marina 52(5):395–418. DOI: 10.1515/BOT.2009.057.
  • Brahim MB, Hamza A, Bouain A. 2010. Variability in the structure of epiphytic assemblages of Posidonia oceanica in relation to human interferences in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Marine Environmental Research 70:411–421. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.08.005.
  • Brahim MB, Mabrouk L, Hamza A, Mahfoudhi M, Bouain A, Aleya L. 2015. Spatial scale variability in shoot density and epiphytic leaves of Posidonia oceanica on Kerkennah Island (Tunisia) in relation to current tide effects. Marine Ecology 36(4):1311–1331. DOI: 10.1111/maec.12231.
  • Brahim MB, Mabrouk L, Hamza A, Mahfoudi M, Bouain A, Aleya L. 2014. Bathymetric variation of epiphytic assemblages on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves in relation to anthropogenic disturbance in the southeastern Mediterranean. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21(23):13588–13601. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3315-8.
  • Brinckmann A. 1964. Observations on the biology and development of Staurocladia portmanni sp. n. (Anthomedusae, Eleutheridae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 42(4):693–706. DOI: 10.1139/z64-061.
  • Brinckmann-Voss A. 1970. Anthomedusae/Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli 39:1–96.
  • Brinckmann-Voss A. 1987. Seasonal distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples and vicinity, with observations on sexual and asexual reproduction in some species. In: Bouillon J, Boero F, Cicogna F, Cornelius PFS, editors. Modern trends in the systematics, ecology and evolution of hydroids and hydromedusae. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 133–141.
  • Broch H. 1933. Zur Kenntis der Adriatischen Hydroidenfauna von Split. Arten und Variationen. Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, Mat.-Naturv. Klasse 4:1–115.
  • Buia MC, Gambi MC, Lorenti M, Dappiano M, Zupo V. 2003. Aggiornamento sulla distribuzione e sullo stato ambientale dei sistemi a fanerogame marine (Posidonia oceanica e Cymodocea nodosa) delle isole Flegree. In: Gambi MC, De Lauro M, Iannuzzi F, editors. Ambiente marino costiero e territorio delle isole Flegree (Ischia Procida Vivara - Golfo di Napoli). Accademia Scienze Lettere Arti Napoli, Memorie Società Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche 5. Napoli: Liguori Editore. pp. 163–186.
  • Buia MC, Gambi MC, Dappiano M. 2004. The seagrass systems. Biologia Marina Mediterranea 11(Suppl. 1):133–184.
  • Buia MC, Zupo V, Mazzella L. 1992. Primary production and growth dynamics in Posidonia oceanica. Marine Ecology 13(1):2–16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.1992.tb00336.x.
  • Casola E, Scardi M, Mazzella L, Fresi E. 1987. Structure of the epiphytic community of Posidonia oceanica leaves in a shallow meadow. Marine Ecology 8(4):285–296. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.1987.tb00189.x.
  • Cox TE, Gazeau F, Alliouane S, Hendriks I, Mahacek P, Le Fur A, Gattuso J-P. 2016. Effects of in situ CO2 enrichment on structural characteristics, photosynthesis, and growth of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Biogeosciences 13(7):2179–2194. DOI: 10.5194/bg-13-2179-2016.
  • Cox TE, Nash M, Gazeau F, Déniel M, Legrand E, Alliouane S, Mahacek P, Le Fur A, Gattuso J-P, Martin S. 2017. Effects of in situ CO2 enrichment on Posidonia oceanica epiphytic community composition and mineralogy. Marine Biology 164(5):103. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-017-3136-7.
  • Cox TE, Schenone S, Delille J, Díaz‐Castañeda V, Alliouane S, J-p G, Gazeau F. 2015. Effects of ocean acidification on Posidonia oceanica epiphytic community and shoot productivity. Journal of Ecology 103(6):1594–1609. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12477.
  • Da Silveira FL, Migotto AE. 1991. The variation of Halocordyle disticha (Cnidaria, Athecata) from the Brazilian coast: An environmental indicator species? Hydrobiologia 216(1):437–442. DOI: 10.1007/BF00026497.
  • Delgado O, Ruiz J, Pérez M, Ballesteros E. 1999. Effects of fish farming on seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) in a Mediterranean bay: Seagrass decline after organic loading cessation. Oceanologica Acta 22(1):109–117. DOI: 10.1016/S0399-1784(99)80037-1.
  • Di Meglio E. 2016. Analisi temporale della colonizzazione di epibionti su mimics di foglie di Posidonia oceanica lungo un gradiente di acidificazione marina in un sito di emissioni di CO2 dell’isola d’Ischia. Master Thesis. University Federico II. (In Italian).
  • Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA, Kleypas JA. 2009. Ocean acidification: The other CO2 problem. Annual Review of Marine Science 1(1):169–192. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834.
  • Donnarumma L, Lombardi C, Cocito S, Gambi MC. 2014. Settlement pattern of Posidonia oceanica epibionts along a gradient of ocean acidification: An approach with mimics. Mediterranean Marine Science 15(3):498–509. DOI: 10.12681/mms.677.
  • Duarte CM, Borum J, Short FT, Walker DI. 2004. Seagrass ecosystems: Their global status and prospects. In: Polunin NVC, editor. Aquatic ecosystems: Trends and global prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 281–294.
  • El Beshbeeshy ME. 1994. Descriptions of some thecate hydroids (Cnidaria-Hydrozoa) from the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. Part 3 family: Sertulariidae. Bulletin of National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries 20:145–159.
  • El Beshbeeshy ME. 1995. Some thecate hydroids associated with Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadows in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. Bulletin of National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries 21:313–317.
  • Foo SA, Byrne M, Ricevuto E, Gambi MC. 2018. The carbon dioxide vents of Ischia, Italy, a natural laboratory to assess impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: An overview of research and comparisons with other vent systems. Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review 56:237–310.
  • Fourqurean JW, Muth MFA, Boyer JN. 2010. Epiphyte loads on seagrasses and microphytobenthos abundance are not reliable indicators of nutrient availability in oligotrophic coastal ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60(7):971–983. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.003.
  • Fresi E, Chimenz C, Marchio G. 1982. Zonazione di Briozoi ed Idroidi epifiti in una prateria di Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Naturalista Siciliano 3:499–508.
  • Gaglioti M, Auriemma R, De Vittor C, Esposito V, Teixido N, Gambi MC. 2019. A pilot study on Posidonia oceanica features of a hydrothermal system at Panarea (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Biologia Marina Mediterranea 26:236–237.
  • Galea HR. 2007. Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List 3(3):193–199. DOI: 10.15560/3.3.193.
  • Gambi MC. 2014. Emissioni sommerse di CO2 lungo le coste dell’isola d’Ischia. Rilievi su altre aree come possibili laboratori naturali per lo studio dell’acidificazione e cambiamento climatico a mare. Notiziario SIBM 66:67–79. www.sibm.it.
  • Gambi MC, Gaglioti M, Teixido N. 2020. I sistemi di emissione di CO2 dell’isola di Ischia (Mar Tirreno). Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia 105:55–64.
  • García Rubies A. 1992. Habitat differentiation among epiphytic hydroids of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica from the Medes Islands (NE Catalonia, Spain). In: Bouillon J, Boero F, Cicogna F, Gili JM, Hughes RG, editors. Aspects of hydrozoan biology. Scientia Marina 56:263–267.
  • Garrard SL, Gambi MC, Scipione MB, Patti FP, Lorenti M, et al. 2014. Indirect effects may buffer negative responses of seagrass invertebrate communities to ocean acidification. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 461:31–38. DOI: 10.1016/jembe.2014.07.011.
  • Gili JM. 1986. Estudio sistematico y faunistico de los Cnidarios de la costa Catalana. Thesis. University of Barcelona. pp. 1–565.
  • Gili JM, Hughes RG. 1995. The ecology of marine benthic hydroids. Oceanography and Marine Biology - An Annual Review 33:351–426.
  • Giovannetti E, Montefalcone M, Morri C, Bianchi CN, Albertelli G. 2010. Early warning response of Posidonia oceanica epiphyte community to environmental alterations (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean). Marine Pollution Bulletin 60(7):1031–1039. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.01.024.
  • Gonzalez-Delgado S, Hernadez JC. 2018. The importance of natural acidified systems in the study of ocean acidification: What have we learned? Advances in Marine Biology 80:57–99. DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.08.001.
  • Gonzalez-Duarte MM, Megina C, Piraino S. 2014. Looking for long-term changes in hydroid assemblages (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in Alboran Sea (South-Western Mediterranean): A proposal of a monitoring point for the global warming. Helgoland Marine Research 68(4):511–521. DOI: 10.1007/s10152-014-0406-3.
  • Gravili C, Cozzoli F, Boero F. 2017. The historical reconstruction of distribution of the genus Halecium (Hydrozoa: Haleciidae): A biological signal of ocean warming? Marine Biological Research 13(5):587–601. DOI: 10.1080/17451000.2017.1290805.
  • Guilini K, Weber M, de Beer D, Schneider M, Molari M, et al. 2017. Response of Posidonia oceanica seagrass and its epibiont communities to ocean acidification. PLoS ONE 12(8):e0181531. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181531.
  • Hall-Spencer JM, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Martin S, Ransome E, Fine M, et al. 2008. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature 454(7200):96–99. DOI: 10.1038/nature07051.
  • Hartog CD. 1973. Structure, function and classification in seagrasses communities. Leiden, Netherlands: International Seagrass Workshop. pp. 23.
  • Hendriks IE, Olsen YS, Ramajo L, Basso L, Steckbauer A, Moore TS, Duarte CM. 2014. Photosynthetic activity buffers ocean acidification in seagrass meadows. Biogeosciences 11(2):333–346. DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-333-2014.
  • Isinibilir M, Martell L, Topcu EN, Yilmaz IN, Piraino S. 2015. First inventory of the shallow-water benthic hydrozoan assemblages of Gokceada Island (northern Aegean Sea). Italian Journal of Zoology 82:281–290. DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2014.977970.
  • Karbe L. 1972. Marine hydroiden als testorganismen zur prufung der toxizitat von abwasserstoffen. Die Wirkung von Schwermetallen auf Kolonien von Eirene viridula. Marine Biology 12(4):316–328. DOI: 10.1007/BF00366332.
  • Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim RN, Singh GG. 2010. Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecology Letters 13(11):1419–1434. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01518.x.
  • Kroeker KJ, Micheli F, Gambi MC. 2013. Ocean acidification causes ecosystem shifts via altered competitive interactions. Nature Climate Change 3(2):156–159. DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1680.
  • Kroeker KJ, Micheli F, Gambi MC, Martz TR. 2011. Divergent ecosystem responses within a benthic marine community to ocean acidification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108(35):14515–14520. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107789108.
  • Leoni V, Pasqualini V, Pergent-Martini C, Vela A, Pergent G. 2006. Morphological responses of Posidonia oceanica to experimental nutrient enrichment of the canopy water. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 339(1):1–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2006.05.017.
  • Lepoint G, Havelange S, Gobert S, Bouquegneau JM. 1999. Fauna vs flora contribution to the leaf epiphytes biomass in a Posidonia oceanica seagrass bed (Revellata Bay, Corsica). Hydrobiologia 394:63–67. DOI: 10.1023/A:1003557303904.
  • Lo Bianco S. 1909. Notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturità sessuale degli animali del Golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel 19:513–763.
  • Mabrouk L, Hamza A, Brahim MB, Bradai M-N. 2013. Variability in the structure of epiphyte assemblages on leaves and rhizomes of Posidonia oceanica in relation to human disturbances in a seagrass meadow off Tunisia. Aquatic Botany 108:33–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2013.03.002.
  • Marinopoulos J. 1979. Biological survey of the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Hydroids (preliminary study). Rapports et procés-verbaux des réunions Commission internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée 2526:119–120.
  • Marktanner-Turneretscher G. 1890. Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des Naturhist Hofmuseums 5:195–286.
  • Martin S, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Ransome E, Rowley S, Buia MC, et al. 2008. Effects of naturally acidified seawater on seagrass calcareous epibionts. Biology Letters 4(6):689–692. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0412.
  • Martínez-Crego B, Prado P, Alcoverro T, Romero J. 2010. Composition of epiphytic leaf community of Posidonia oceanica as a tool for environmental biomonitoring. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 88(2):199–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2010.03.026.
  • Mecca S, Casoli E, Ardizzone G, Gambi M. 2020. Effects of ocean acidification on phenology and epiphytes of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica at two CO2 vent systems of Ischia (Italy). Mediterranean Marine Science 21(1):70–83. DOI: 10.12681/mms.20795.
  • Medel MD, Vervoort W. 1995. Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 300:1–72.
  • Megina C, González-Duarte MM, López-González PJ. 2016. Benthic assemblages, biodiversity and invasiveness in marinas and commercial harbours: An investigation using a bioindicator group. Biofouling 32(4):465–475. DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1151500.
  • Megina C, González-Duarte MM, López-González PJ, Piraino S. 2013. Harbours as marine habitats: Hydroid assemblages on sea-walls compared with natural habitats. Marine Biology 160(2):371–381. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-012-2094-3.
  • Mergner H. 1972. The influences of severa1 ecological factors on the hydroid growth of some Jamaican coral cays. In: Mukundan C, Gopinadha Pillai CS, editors. Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on corals and coral reefs. Mandapan Camp, India: Marine Biological Association of India. pp. 275–290.
  • Mergner H. 1977. Hydroids as indicator species of ecological parameters in Caribbean and Red Sea coral reefs. In: Taylor DL, editor. Proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium, vol. 1 (Biology). Miami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. pp. 119–125.
  • Mergner H. 1987. Hydroids as indicator species of environmental factors on coral reefs. In: Bouillon J, Boero F, Cicogna F, Cornelius PFS, editors. Modern trends in the systematics, ecology, and evolution of hydroids and hydromedusae. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications. pp. 185–195.
  • Mirasole A, Badalamenti F, Di Franco A, Gambi MC, Teixido Ullod N. 2021. Boosted fish abundance associated with Posidonia oceanica meadows in a temperate shallow CO2 vent. Science of the Total Environment 771: 145438. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145438.
  • Morri C, Bavestrello G, Bianchi CN. 1991. Faunal and ecological notes on some benthic cnidarian species from the Tuscan Archipelago and eastern Ligurian Sea (western Mediterranean). Bollettino dei musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell’Universita di Genova 5455:27–47.
  • Morri C, Bianchi CN. 1982. Contributo alla conoscenza degli idrozoi lagunari italiani: Distribuzione di idropolipi lungo un gradiente ambientale nella laguna di Chioggia (Nord Adriatico). Atti XIV Congresso Società italiana Biologia marina. Bollettino dei musei e degli istituti biologici dell’Università di Genova 50:270–274.
  • Morri C, Bianchi N. 1976. Osservazioni sull’idroide Cladonema radiatum. Estratto Bollettino Gruppo Ricerche Biologia Marina “Cerianthus” Genova 4:11–17.
  • Motz-Kossowska S. 1905. Contribution à la connaissance des hydraires de la Méditerranée occidentale. I. Hydraires gymnoblastiques. Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale, ser 4(3):39–98.
  • Motz-Kossowska S. 1911. Contribution à la connaissance des hydraires de la Méditerranée occidentale. II.- Hydraires calyptoblastiques. Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale, ser 5(6):325–352.
  • Nelson TA, Waaland JR. 1997. Seasonality of eelgrass, epiphyte, and grazer biomass and productivity in subtidal eelgrass meadows subjected to moderate tidal amplitude. Aquatic Botany 56(1):51–74. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3770(96)01094-7.
  • Nesti U, Piazzi L, Balata D. 2008. Variability in the structure of epiphytic assemblages of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanic in relation to depth. Marine Ecology 30(3):276–287. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00275.x.
  • Nogueira P, Gambi MC, Vizzini S, Califano G, Tavares AM, et al. 2017. Altered epiphyte community and sea urchin diet in Posidonia oceanica meadows in the vicinity of volcanic CO2 vents. Marine Environmental Research 127:102–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.04.002.
  • Peña Cantero AL, García Carrascosa AM. 2002. The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alborán Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 337:1–180.
  • Philbert M. 1935. Le phénomène de stolonisation chez trois espèces d’hydraires fixés sur les Posidonies en Méditerranée. Bulletin de l’Institut océanographique de Monaco 663:1–8.
  • Piazzi L, Balata D, Cinelli F, Benedetti-Cecchi L. 2004. Patterns of spatial variability in epiphytes of Posidonia oceanica. Differences between a disturbed and two reference locations. Aquatic Botany 79(4):345–356. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.05.006.
  • Picard J. 1951a. Note sur les hydraires littoraux de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie Milieu 2:338–349.
  • Picard J. 1951b. Les hydraires des formations coralligènes des côtes françaises de la Méditerranée. Vie Milieu 2:255–261.
  • Picard J. 1952. Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zostéracées des côtes françaises de la Méditerranée. Vie Milieu 2:217–233.
  • Picard J, Le Roch S. 1949. Les cnidaires épiphytes des zostères de la Méditerranée (note préliminaire). Feuille Nature 4:93–94.
  • Piraino S, Morri C. 1990. Zonation and ecology of epiphytic hydroids in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: The ‘Stagnone’ of Marsala (north-west Sicily). Marine Ecology 11(1):43–60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.1990.tb00227.x.
  • Puce S, Bavestrello G, Di Camillo CG, Boero F. 2007. Symbiotic relationships between hydroids and bryozoans. Symbiosis 44:137–143.
  • Puce S, Bavestrello G, Di Camillo CG, Boero F. 2009. Long-term changes in hydroid (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) assemblages: Effect of Mediterranean warming? Marine Ecology 30(3):313–326. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00283.x.
  • Puce S, Calcinai B, Bavestrello G, Cerrano C, Gravili C, Boero F. 2005. Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) symbiotic with porifera: A review. Marine Ecology 26(2):73–81. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2005.00050.x.
  • Ramil F, Vervoort W. 1992. Report on the Hydroida collected by the “BALGIM” expedition in and around the Strait of Gibraltar. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 277:1–262.
  • Rastrick SSP, Graham H, Azetsu-Scott K, Calosi P, Chierici M, et al. 2018. Using natural analogues to investigate the effects of climate change and ocean acidification on Northern ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science 75(7):2299–2311. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsy128.
  • Redier L. 1962a. Hydraires et bryozoaires de Méditerranée. I - Monaco. Cahier des Naturalistes 18:23–26.
  • Redier L. 1962b. Hydraires et bryozoaires de Méditerranée. II - Banyuls-sur-Mer. Cahier des Naturalistes 18:33–38.
  • Relini Orsi L, Zotti A, Relini G. 1977. Epifauna sessile di Posidonia oceanica in una prateria profonda del Mar Ligure. Atti del IX Congresso Società Italiana di Biologia Marina. In: Cinelli F, Fresi E, Mazzella L, editors. Firenze: Olschki A. Publisher. pp. 399–413.
  • Repetto L, Montanari M, Martini F. 1977. Popolamenti di substrati artificiali posti su un fondo a coralligeno ed in una prateria di Posidonia - V: Idroidi. Atti del IX Congresso Società Italiana di Biologia Marina:415–425.
  • Ricevuto E, Kroeker KJ, Ferrigno F, Micheli F, Gambi MC. 2014. Spatio-temporal variability of polychaete colonization at volcanic CO2 vents (Italy) indicates high tolerance to ocean acidification. Marine Biology 161(12):2909–2919. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-014-2555-y.
  • Riedl R. 1966. Biologie der Meereshöhlen. Hamburg: Paul Parey.
  • Rittmann A, Gottini V. 1981. L’isola d’Ischia. Geologia. Bollettino del Servizio Geologico d’Italia 101:131–274.
  • Roca I. 1987. Hydroids on Posidonia in Majorcan waters. In: Bouillon J, Boero F, Cicogna F, Cornelius PFS, editors. Modern trends in the systematics, ecology and evolution of hydroids and hydromedusae. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 209–214.
  • Roca I, Moreno I, Barceló R. 1991. Distribución espacial y temporal de los hidroideos de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile en una predera del Illot del Sec (Bahía de Palma, Baleares). Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia 7:67–74.
  • Rossi L. 1961. Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 72:69–85.
  • Rossi L. 1971. Guida a cnidari e ctenofori della fauna italiana. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano 2:1–101.
  • Rossi S, Gravili C, Milisenda G, Bosch-Belmar M, De Vito D, Piraino S. 2019. Effects of global warming on reproduction and potential dispersal of Mediterranean Cnidarians. The European Zoological Journal 86(1):255–271. DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1631893.
  • Royal Society. 2005. Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. London: The Royal Society UK.
  • Schmidt HE. 1973. Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel B, editor. The biology of the Indian Ocean (= J. Jacobs et al., Ecological studies, analysis and synthesis, 3). Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin. pp. 283–287.
  • Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309:1–162.
  • Stechow E. 1919. Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben über einige Kirchenpauer’sche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbücher/Abteilung für Systematik 42:1–172.
  • Stechow E. 1923. Zur Kenntis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologische Jahrbücher/Abteilung für Systematik 47:29–270.
  • Svoboda A. 1979. Beitrag zur Okologie, Biometrie und Systematik der Mediterranen Aglaophenia Arten (Hydroidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 167:1–114.
  • Svoboda A, Cornelius PFS. 1991. The European and Mediterranean species of Aglaophenia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 274:1–72.
  • Tedesco D. 1996. Chemical and isotopic investigation of fumarolic gases from Ischia Island (Southern Italy): Evidence of magmatic and crustal contribution. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 74(3–4):233–242. DOI: 10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00030-3.
  • Teixido N, Gambi MC, Parravicini V, Kroeker K, Micheli F, Villeger S, Ballesteros E. 2018. Functional biodiversity loss along natural CO2 gradients. Nature Communication 9. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07592-1.
  • Theede H, Scholz N, Fischer H. 1979. Temperature and salinity effects on the acute toxicity of cadmium to Laomedea loveni (Hydrozoa). Marine Ecology Progress Series 1:13–19. DOI: 10.3354/meps001013.
  • Topçu NE, Martell LF, Yilmaz IN, Isinibilir M. 2018. Benthic hydrozoans as potential indicators of water masses and anthropogenic impact in the Sea of Marmara. Mediterranean Marine Science 19:273–283. DOI: 10.12681/mms.15117.
  • Van der Ben D. 1971. Les épiphytes des feuilles de Posidonia oceanica Delile sur les côtes françaises de la Méditerranée. Mémoires Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 168:1–101.
  • Von Schenck DA. 1963. Spécialisation de la réproduction sexuelle de quelques hydroïdes vivants dans la Posidonia. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli 32(suppl):117–122.
  • Von Schenck DA. 1965. Aglaophenia harpago, a new species of the Plumulariidae (Hydroidea). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli 34:211–215.
  • Wedler E. 1975. Okologische Untersuchungen an Hydroiden des Felslitorals von Santa Marta (Kolumbien). Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 27(3):324–363. DOI: 10.1007/BF01611700.
  • Yamada M. 1961. Polyp and medusa of Podocoryne hartlaubi Neppi & Stiasny (Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli 32:134–143.
  • Yilmaz IN, Martell L, Topçu NE, Isinibilir M. 2020. Benthic hydrozoan assemblages as potential indicators of environmental health in a Mediterranean marine protected area. Mediterranean Marine Science 21(1):36–46. DOI: 10.12681/mms.20593.