References

• Adiche, C. 2009. The danger of a single story [YouTube video]. Accessed November 1 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Ihs241zeg.
   Google Scholar
• Ahrens, M. 2011. “Smoke Alarm Presence and Performance in US Home Fires.” Fire Technology 47: 699–720. doi: 10.1007/s10694-010-0185-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anciano, F., and L. Piper. 2019. Democracy Disconnected: Participation and Governance in a City of the South. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 2013a. “Fire Stats 2011.” Fire Protection (Fire Protection Association of South Africa), 37–51.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 2013b. “Challenges – Informal Settlement Incidents.” Fire Safety Symposium – Goodwood, February 28. Accessed September 19, 2015. https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2013/March/fires-in-informal-settlements.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. 2013c. “City of Cape Town Adopts Reblocking Policy.” SDI South African Alliance, November 14. Accessed February 23, 2020. https://www.sasdialliance.org.za/city-of-cape-town-adopts-reblocking-policy/.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-48093711.
   Google Scholar
• Bénit-Gbaffou, C., and O. Katsaura. 2014. “Community Leadership and the Construction of Political Legitimacy: Unpacking B Ourdieu’s ‘Political Capital’ in Post-Apartheid Johannesburg.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38 (5): 1807–1832. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.12166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkinshaw, Matt. 2008. A Big Devil in the Shacks: The Politics of Shack Fires. Abahlali baseMjondolo Movement SA. Accessed November 23 2020. https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/big-devil-shacks.
   Google Scholar
• Bolnick, J., and B. Bradlow. 2010. “Rather a Better Shack Now Than Wait Twenty Years for a Formal House.” Shack Dwellers International and Informal Settlement Upgrading in South Africa. Trialog 104 (1): 35–41.
   Google Scholar
• Brown-Luthango, M., E. Reyes, and M. Gubevu. 2017. “Informal Settlement Upgrading and Safety: Experiences from Cape Town, South Africa.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 32 (3): 471–493. doi: 10.1007/s10901-016-9523-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CCT. 2012. http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Maps%20and%20statistics/2011_Census_Cape_Town_Profile_Change_from_2001-2011.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chance, K. R. 2015. “‘Where There is Fire, There is Politics’: Ungovernability and Material Life in Urban South Africa.” Cultural Anthropology 30 (3): 394–423. doi: 10.14506/ca30.3.03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chance, K. R. 2018. Living Politics in South Africa’s Urban Shacklands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cherry, J., K. Jones, and J. Seekings. 2000. “Democratization and Politics in South African Townships.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24 (4): 889–905. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen, E. C. 2006. “Adjudicating Non-Justiciable Rights: Socio-Economic Rights and the South African Constitutional Court.” Columbia Human Rights Law Review 38: 321–386.
   Google Scholar
• Cirolia, L. R. 2014. “South Africa’s Emergency Housing Programme: A Prism of Urban Contest.” Development Southern Africa 31 (3): 397–411. doi: 10.1080/0376835X.2014.887998
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirolia, L. R., T. Görgens, M. van Donk, W. Smit, and S. Drimie, eds. 2017. Upgrading Informal Settlements in South Africa: Pursuing a Partnership-Based Approach. Cape Town: Juta and Company (Pty) Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Cirolia, L. R., and S. Scheba. 2019. “Towards a Multi-Scalar Reading of Informality in Delft, South Africa: Weaving the ‘Everyday’ with Wider Structural Tracings.” Urban Studies 56 (3): 594–611. doi: 10.1177/0042098017753326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper-Knock. 2018a. “Hope Meets Expectation.” Accessed November 1, 2020. https://theseamproject.org/2018/07/27/hope-meets-expectation/.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper-Knock. 2018b. “In Search of Rest.” Accessed November 1, 2020. https://theseamproject.org/2018/08/12/in-search-of-rest/.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper-Knock. 2018c. Development Meets Demolition. Accessed November 23 2020. https://theseamproject.org/2018/08/31/development-meets-demolition/.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, R. S. 1983. More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, R. 2015. “Are Some Cape Town Fires Hotter than Others?” Daily Maverick, March 10. Accessed March 23, 2020. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-03-10-analysis-are-some-cape-town-fires-hotter-than-others/#.ViTu4YtN1lI.
   Google Scholar
• du Toit, Nerina. 2009. “Informal Settlement Fires: Addressing the Issue in Kayamandi.” Master of Philosophy thesis. Stellenbosch University.
   Google Scholar
• Gaunt, T., M. Salida, R. Macfarlane, S. Maboda, Y. Reddy, and M. Borchers. 2012. Informal Electrification in South Africa. Sustainable Energy Africa. Accessed March 8, 2020. http://www.cityenergy.org.za/uploads/resource_116.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Huchzermeyer, M. 2006. “The New Instrument for Upgrading Informal Settlements in South Africa: Contributions and Constraints.” In Informal Settlements: A Perpetual Challenge, edited by Aly Karam and Marie Huchzermeyer, 41–61. Cape Town: UCT.
   Google Scholar
• Huchzermeyer, M. 2009. “The Struggle for in situ Upgrading of Informal Settlements: A Reflection on Cases in Gauteng.” Development Southern Africa 26 (1): 59–73. doi: 10.1080/03768350802640099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huchzermeyer, M. 2011. Cities with ‘Slums’: From Informal Settlement Eradication to a Right to the City in Africa. Cape Town: Juta and Company.
   Google Scholar
• IRIS Fire. 2018. Understanding Informal Settlement Fire. Unpublished survey.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail, S. 2014. “Infrastructures of Oppositional Action.” In The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South, edited by Susan Parnell, and Sophie Oldfield, 269–280. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kiefer, K., and M. Ranganathan. 2018. “The Politics of Participation in Cape Town’s Slum Upgrading: The Role of Productive Tension.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 40 (3): 263–277. doi: 10.1177/0739456X18761119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R., and T. Pinch. 1996. “Users as Agents of Technological Change: The Social Construction of the Automobile in the Rural United States.” Technology and Culture 37 (4): 763–795. doi: 10.2307/3107097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, T. and C. Chan. 2019. How do we reduce shack fires? Accessed November 23 2020. https://www.groundup.org.za/article/how-do-we-reduce-shack-fires/.
   Google Scholar
• Kornienko, K. 2017. “Waiting, Hope, Democracy, and Space: How Expectations and Socio-Economic Rights Shape Two South African Urban Informal Communities.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 52 (1): 34–49. doi: 10.1177/0021909614560243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T. M. 2005. “Beyond “the State” and Failed Schemes.” American Anthropologist 107 (3): 383–394. doi: 10.1525/aa.2005.107.3.383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lie, M., and K. Sorensen, eds. 1996. Making Technology Our Own? Domesticating Technology into Everyday Life. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Madlingozi, T. 2007. “Post-Apartheid Social Movements and the Quest for the Elusive ‘New’ South Africa.” Journal of Law and Society 34 (1): 77–98. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6478.2007.00383.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, R. T. 2017. “The Effect of Informal Settlement Upgrading on Women’s Social Networks: Layout Versus Location.” Urban Forum 28: 205–217. doi: 10.1007/s12132-017-9302-7
   Google Scholar
• Meth, P. 2013. “Committees, Witchdoctors and the ‘Mother-Body’: Everyday Politics in the Township of Cato Manor, South Africa.” Habitat International 39: 269–277. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.10.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meth, P. 2017. “Informal Housing, Gender, Crime and Violence: The Role of Design in Urban South Africa.” The British Journal of Criminology 57 (2): 402–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millstein, M. 2020. “‘If I Had My House, I’d Feel Free’: Housing and the (Re)productions of Citizenship in Cape Town, South Africa.” Urban Forum 31 (3): 289–309. doi: 10.1007/s12132-020-09397-2
   Google Scholar
• Misago, J. P. 2017. “Politics by Other Means? The Political Economy of Xenophobic Violence in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” The Black Scholar 47 (2): 40–53. doi: 10.1080/00064246.2017.1295352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, Martin J. 2009. “Fire and Ice: Unnatural Disasters and the Disposable Urban Poor in Post-Apartheid Johannesburg.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 33 (1): 165–192. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00835.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzondo, I. F., M. Barry, D. Dewar, and J. Whittal. 2004. “Land Conflicts in Informal Settlements: Wallacedene in Cape Town.” International Federation of Surveyors Working Week, Athens 22–27.
   Google Scholar
• Nader, L. 1972. “Up the Anthropologist: Perspectives Gained from Studying Up.” In Reinventing Anthropology, edited by Dell Hymes, 284–311. New York: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Oldfield, S. 2002. “Partial Formalization and its Implications for Community Governance in an Informal Settlement.” Urban Forum 13 (20): 102–115. doi: 10.1007/s12132-002-0016-z
   Google Scholar
• Parnell, S., and S. Oldfield, eds. 2014. The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South. New York:Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, K. 2013. “The Value of Secure Tenure: Ethnographic Accounts of how Tenure Security is Understood and Realised by Residents of Low-Income Settlements in Durban, South Africa.” Urban Forum 24: 269–287. doi: 10.1007/s12132-012-9169-6
   Google Scholar
• Pharoah, R. 2009. “Fire Risk in Informal Settlements in Cape Town, South Africa.” In Disaster Risk Reduction: Cases from Urban Africa (Earthscan), edited by M. Pelling and B. Wisner, 105–125. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Pinch, T. J., and W. E. Bijker. 1984. “The Social Construction of Facts and Artefacts: Or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology Might Benefit Each Other.” Social Studies of Science 14: 399–441. doi: 10.1177/030631284014003004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pithouse, R. 2008. “A Politics of the Poor: Shack Dwellers’ Struggles in Durban.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 43 (1): 63–94. doi: 10.1177/0021909607085588
   Google Scholar
• Prinsloo, Kelly-Ann. 2015. “Informal Settlements & Safety.” Fire Africa (May/June), 24–26.
   Google Scholar
• Rush, D., G. Bankoff, S.-J. Cooper-Knock, L. Gibson, L. Hirst, S. Jordan, G. Spinardi, J. Twigg, and R. Walls. 2020. “Fire Risk Reduction on the Margins of an Urbanizing World.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal. doi:10.1108/DPM-06-2020-0191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, S. 1986. “The Social Construction of Artefacts: A Response to Pinch and Bijker.” Social Studies of Science 16: 331–346. doi: 10.1177/0306312786016002008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, J. 2013. “Shack Fires: A Devil in the Detail of Development.” Daily Maverick, January 7. Accessed March 23, 2020. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-01-07-shack-fires-a-devil-in-the-detail-of-development/.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. C. 1999. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Veritas Paperbacks.
   Google Scholar
• SEA. 2014. Tackling Urban Energy Poverty in South Africa. Cape Town: Sustainable Energy Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Serebin, J. 2020. https://citymonitor.ai/environment/south-africas-cities-evictions-are-happening-despite-national-ban-5226.
   Google Scholar
• SERI. 2015. Resisting Evictions in South Africa: A Legal and Practical Guide. Johannesburg: SERI.
   Google Scholar
• SERI. 2017. Relocating to Alternative Accommodation: Legal and Practical Guidelines. Johannesburg: SERI.
   Google Scholar
• Shove, E. 2003. Comfort, Cleanliness, and Convenience: The Social Organization of Normality. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Smit, W. 2006. “Understanding the Complexities of Informal Settlements: Insights from Cape Town.” In Informal Settlements. A Perpetual Challenge?, edited by M. Huchzermeyer and A. Karam, 103–125. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
   Google Scholar
• South Africa (Republic of). 2004. A Comprehensive Plan for the Development of Sustainable Human Settlements (Breaking New Ground). Pretoria: National Department of Housing.
   Google Scholar
• Spaargaren, G. 2003. “Sustainable Consumption: A Theoretical and Environmental Policy Perspective.” Society and Natural Resources 16: 687–701. doi: 10.1080/08941920309192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SSA. 2012. Census 2011. Pretoria: South African Census Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• SSA. 2016. General Household Survey 2016. Johannesburg: SSA.
   Google Scholar
• Tait, L. n.d. Targeting Informal Households: Diversifying Energy Supply for the Poor in Cape Town. Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town. Accessed March 8, 2020. http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/119/Papers-2017/17-Tait_Diversifying_energy_supply.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tshehla, B. 2002. “Non-State Justice in the Post Apartheid South Africa – a Scane of Khayelitsha.” African Sociological Review/Revue Africaine de Sociologie 6 (2): 47–70. doi: 10.4314/asr.v6i2.23214
   Google Scholar
• Twigg, J., N. Christie, J. Haworth, E. Osuteye, and A. Skarlatidou. 2017. “Improved Methods for Fire Risk Assessment in Low-Income and Informal Settlements.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (2): 139. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14020139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN-Habitat, Slum Almanac 2015/2016. 2016. Tackling Improvement in the Lives of Slum Dwellers, 1–96.
   Google Scholar
• UNISDR. 2009. 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR).
   Google Scholar
• Usenyuk, S., S. Hyysalo, and J. Whalen. 2016. “Proximal Design: Users as Designers of Mobility in the Russian North.” Technology and Culture 57 (4): 866–908. doi: 10.1353/tech.2016.0110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verzoni, Angelo. 2018. “Sound the Alarm.” NFPA Journal. Accessed February 14, 2020. https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications-and-media/NFPA-Journal/2018/November-December-2018/Features/Shantytowns.
   Google Scholar
• Von Schnitzler, A. 2013. “Travelling Technologies: Infrastructure, Ethical Regimes, and the Materiality of Politics in South Africa.” Cultural Anthropology 28 (4): 670–693. doi: 10.1111/cuan.12032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls, R. S., R. Eksteen, C. Kahanji, and A. Cicione. 2019. “Appraisal of Fire Safety Interventions and Strategies for Informal Settlements in South Africa.” Disaster Prevention and Management 28 (3): 343–358. doi: 10.1108/DPM-10-2018-0350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls, R., G. Oliver, and R. Eksteen. 2017. “Informal Settlement Fires in South Africa: Fire Engineering Review and Full Scale Tests on ‘Shacks’.” Fire Safety Journal 91: 997–1006. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Western Cape Government. 2016. From Precarious Settlements to Dignified Communities. Western Cape Informal Settlement Strategic Framework (ISSF). Cape Town: Department of Human Settlements.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2018. Global Health Estimates 2016: Estimated Deaths by Cause and Region, 2000–2016, Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, 2000–2016. Accessed March 13 2019. https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Zweig, P. J. 2017. “Collaborative Risk Governance in Informal Urban Areas: The Case of Wallacedene Temporary Relocation Area.” Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 9 (1): 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweig, P., R. Pharoah, R. Eksteen, and R. S. Walls. 2018. Installation of Smoke Alarms in an Informal Settlement Community in Cape Town, South Africa – Final Report. Western Cape Government Disaster Management Fire & Rescue Services. https://www.westerncape.gov.za/sites/www.westerncape.gov.za/files/smoke_alarm_project_report_dld_web.pdf.
   Google Scholar