References
- AarogyaSetu. 2020. https://www.aarogyasetu.gov.in/.
- Agrawal, A. 2005. Environmentality: Technologies of Government and the Making of Subjects. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press.
- Alanzi, T. 2021. “A Review of Mobile Applications Available in the App and Google Play Stores Used during the COVID-19 Outbreak.” Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 14: 45–57. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S285014.
- Aljazeera. 2021. “Bangladesh Reimposes COVID Lockdown for Two Weeks.” Published 23 July, 2021, Accessed 15 October, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/23/bangladesh-covid-lockdown-two-weeks.
- Bali, A. S., M. Howlett, and M. Ramesh. 2022. “Unpacking Policy Portfolios: Primary and Secondary Aspects of Tool Use in Policy Mixes.” Journal of Asian Public Policy 15 (3): 321–337. doi:10.1080/17516234.2021.1907653.
- Bandel, N. 2020. “Israel’s Top Court: No Shin Bet Tracking of Coronavirus Patients Without Knesset Oversight.” Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-s-top-court-no-shin-bet-tracking-of-coronavirus-patients-without-knesset-ove-1.8690253.
- Berquier, R., and D. Gibassier. 2019. “Governing the “Good Citizen” and Shaping the “Model City” to Tackle Climate Change Materiality, Economic Discourse and Exemplarity.” Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 10 (4): 710–744. doi:10.1108/SAMPJ-02-2018-0038.
- Broto, V. C. 2017. “Urban Governance and the Politics of Climate Change.” World Development 93 (C): 1–15.
- Budd, J., B. S. Miller, E. M. Manning, V. Lampos, M. Zhuang, M. Edelstein, G. Rees, et al. 2020. “Digital Technologies in the Public-Health Response to COVID-19.” Nature Medicine 26 (8): 1183–1192. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1011-4.
- Bustro, F., and C. F. J. Doebbler. 2020. “The Rights-Based Approach to Health.” In Foundations of Global Health and Human Rights, edited by L. O. Gostin and B. M. Meier. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Cairney, P. 2019. Understanding Public Policy. New York: Red Globe Press.
- Calvo, R. A., S. Deterding, and R. M. Ryan. 2020. “Health Surveillance during Covid-19 Pandemic.” BMJ 369: m1373. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1373.
- Chandra, J. 2021. “Data Breaches Expose Emails, Passwords of Several Government Officials to Hackers.” The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/data-breaches-expose-emails-passwords-of-several-government-officials-to-hackers/article34798982.ece.
- Chatterjee, P. (Ed.). 1995. Texts of Power: Emerging Disciplines in Colonial Bengal. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Chaturvedi, A., S. Kalyani, and G. Jain. 2020. “Reliability and Effectiveness of Indian COVID-19 Mobile Apps.” Journal of Critical Reviews 7 (14): 1296–1305.
- Chauhan, N. 2021, March 23. “Almost 300 Rise in Cyber Attacks in India in 2020, Govt Tells Parliament.” Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/almost-300-rise-in-cyber-attacks-in-india-in-2020-govt-tells-parliament-101616496416988.html.
- Cohen, I. G., L. O. Gostin, and D. J. Weitzner. 2020. “Digital Smartphone Tracking for COVID-19: public Health and Civil Liberties in Tension.” JAMA 323 (23): 2371–2372. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8570.
- Corona Tracer BD. 2021. “Corona Tracer BD Mobile Game and Application Project, ICT Division Communication.” (Version 1.0.14). [Mobile App]. Google Play Store. Retrieved on 1 November, 2021, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.shohoz.tracer&hl=en_US&gl=US.
- Davis, S. L. 2017. “The Uncounted: politics of Data and Visibility in Global Health.” The International Journal of Human Rights 21 (8): 1144–1163. doi:10.1080/13642987.2017.1348707.
- Dean, M. 2010. Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society. London: Sage publications.
- Dean, M. 2013. Sovereignty, Governmentality and Biopolitics. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
- Deb, S. 2020a. “AaroygaSetu’s Not all that Healthy for a Person’s Privacy.” The Economics Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/aarogya-setus-not-all-that-healthy-for-a-persons-privacy/articleshow/75112687.cms.
- Deb, S. 2020b. Public Policy Imperatives for Contact Tracing in India (No. 3). IFF Working Paper. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1nDoPzygQyTetEguOlzula5O9y5f3f5YJDsA2Pd99O6U/edit.
- Dhaka Tribune. 2021. “Cyber Attacks Hit over 200 Organizations Including Bangladesh Bank, BTRC.” Published April 2 2021, https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/04/02/cyber-attacks-hit-over-200-organizations-including-bangladesh-bank-btrc.
- Dhar, T. 2020. Aarogya Setu-Carrying your privacy in your hands? Available at SSRN 3614506. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3614506
- Dhindsa, A., and S. Kaushik. 2020. The Constitutional Case against AarogyaSetu. Available at SSRN 3610569. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3610569
- Esposito, R. 2008. Bíos: Biopolitics and Philosophy. Translated by Timothy Campbell. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- European Commission. 2020, April 8. “Coronavirus: Commission Adopts Recommendation to Support Exit Strategies Through Mobile Data and Apps.” https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_626.
- European Convention on Human Rights, European Treaty Series No. 5 1950. arts8–11; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI) (1966), arts. 12, 17, 18, 21, 22.
- European Fundamental Rights Agency. 2020. “Coronavirus Pandemic in the EU – Fundamental Rights Implications – Bulletin 2.” European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Coronavirus pandemic in the EU – Fundamental Rights Implications – Bulletin2 | European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (europa.eu)
- Ferretti, L., C. Wymant, M. Kendall, L. Zhao, A. Nurtay, L. Abeler-Dörner, M. Parker, et al. 2020. “Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Suggests Epidemic Control with Digital Contact Tracing.” Science 368 (6491): eabb6936. doi:10.1126/science.abb6936.
- Foucault, M. 1991. “Governmentality.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, edited by Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Petter Miller, 87–104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Foucault, M. 2007. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977– 1978. Edited by Michel Senellart and translated by Graham Burchell. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Gasser, U., M. Ienca, J. Scheibner, J. Sleigh, and E. Vayena. 2020. “Digital Tools Against COVID-19: Taxonomy, Ethical Challenges, and Navigation Aid.” The Lancet Digital Health 2 (8): e425–e434. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30137-0.
- Gordon, C. 1991. “Governmental Rationality: An Introduction.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, edited by Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon & Peter Miller, 1–51. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Hardy, C., and R. Thomas. 2015. “Discourse in a Material World.” Journal of Management Studies 52 (5): 680–696. doi:10.1111/joms.12113.
- Heath, D. 2018. South Asian Governmentalities Michel Foucault and the Question of Postcolonial Orderings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hellewell, J., S. Abbott, A. Gimma, N. I. Bosse, C. I. Jarvis, T. W. Russell, J. D. Munday, Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 Working Group, et al. 2020. “Feasibility of Controlling COVID-19 Outbreaks by Isolation of Cases and Contacts.” The Lancet. Global Health 8 (4): e488–e496. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30074-7.
- Howlett, M., M. Ramesh, and A. Perl. 2020. Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ingram, H., A. L. Schneider, and P. DeLeon. 2007. “Social Construction and Policy Design.” Theories of the Policy Process 2: 93–126.
- INTERPOL. 2020. “COVID19 Cybercrime Analysis Report August 2020.” https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/15526/file/COVID-19%20Cybercrime%20Analysis%20Report-%20August%202020.pdf.
- ITU. 2019. “International Telecommunication Union, Measuring Digital Development: Facts and Figures 2019 (Geneva: International Telecommunication Union, 2019).” https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx.
- Iyengar, K. P., R. Jain, D. A. Samy, V. K. Jain, R. Vaishya, and K. Suraliwala. 2021. “Exploring the Role and Mechanism of COVID-19 Apps in Fighting the Current Pandemic.” Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 73 (1): 36–40. doi:10.25259/IJMS_209_2020.
- Jasper, K., and C. Bismonte. 2021, February 17. “Singapore’s Updated TraceTogether Privacy Policy Could Erode Public Trust.” Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/blogs/new-perspectives-asia/singapores-updated-tracetogether-privacy-policy-could-erode-public-trust.
- Khan, N. A., S. N. Brohi, and N. Z. Jhanjhi. 2020. “UAV’s Applications, Architecture, Security Issues and Attack Scenarios: A Survey.” In Intelligent Computing and Innovation on Data Science, 753–760. Singapore: Springer.
- Kim, N. 2020. “More Scary than Coronavirus’: South Koreas Health Alerts Expose Private Lives.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/more-scary-than-coronavirus-south-koreas-health-alerts-expose-private-lives.
- Kooy, M., and K. Bakker. 2008. “Technologies of Government: Constitution Subjectivities, Spaces, and Infrastructures in Colonial and Contemporary Jakarta.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 32 (2): 375–391. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00791.x.
- Lallie, H. S., L. A. Shepherd, J. R. Nurse, A. Erola, G. Epiphaniou, C. Maple, and X. Bellekens. 2021. “Cyber Security in the Age of Covid-19: A Timeline and Analysis of Cyber-Crime and Cyber-Attacks during the Pandemic.” Computers & Security 105: 102248. doi:10.1016/j.cose.2021.102248.
- Legg, S. 2006. “Postcolonial Developmentalities: From the Delhi Improvement Trust to the Delhi Development Authority.” In Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies of India, edited by Saraswati Raju, M. Satish Kumar and Stuart Corbridge, 182–204. London: Sage Publications.
- Li, E., G. He, and A. Liu. 2021 (in-press). “Utopia and Dystopia: Consumer Privacy and China’s Social Credit System.” In Consumer Culture Theory in Asia. London: Sage Publications.
- Li, E., He , Sawyer , and Husain, M. 2021 (in-press). “The Power of Digital Integration: The Normalization of Tracking and Surveillance Technologies.” In Routledge Handbook of Digital Consumption, edited by R. Llama and R. W. Belk. London: Routledge.
- Mahapatra, S. 2021. Digital Surveillance and the Threat to Civil Liberties in India. (GIGA Focus Asien, 3). Hamburg: German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Asien-Studien. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-73130-3
- Mahmood, S. 2021. “Bangladesh’s New Data Protection Act: Brittle Shield or Blunt Sword?” The Daily Star. Published 13 September, Accessed 1 November. https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/bangladeshs-new-data-protection-act-brittle-shield-or-blunt-sword-2174371.
- Marsh, J., S. Deng, and N. Gan. 2020. “Africans in Guangzhou Are on Edge, After Many Are Left Homeless Amid Rising Xenophobia as China Fights a Second Wave of Coronavirus.” CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/10/china/africans-guangzhou-china-coronavirus-hnk-intl/index.html.
- Munir, M. S., D. H. Kim, A. K. Bairagi, and C. S. Hong. 2021. “When CVaR Meets with Bluetooth PAN: A Physical Distancing System for COVID-19 Proactive Safety.” IEEE Sensors Journal 21 (12): 13858–13869. doi:10.1109/JSEN.2021.3068782.
- O’Neill, P. 2020, May 7. “India is Forcing People to Use its Covid App, Unlike Any Other Democracy.” MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/07/1001360/india-aarogya-setu-covid-app-mandatory/.
- O’Neill, P. H., T. Ryan-Mosley, and B. Johnson. 2020. “A Flood of Coronavirus Apps are Tracking Us. Now it’s Time to Keep Track of Them.” MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/07/1000961/launching-mittr-covid-tracing-tracker/.
- Phartiyal, S. 2020. “India Orders Coronavirus Tracing App for all Workers.” Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-india-app-idUSKBN22E07K
- Relia, S. 2021. “India’s Tryst with a New National Cyber Security Policy: Here’s What we Need.” Financial Express. Retrieved from India’s tryst with a New National Cyber Security Policy: Here’s what we need - The Financial Express.
- Saini, M., and A. Mehrotra. 2020. “Walking the Tightrope: Privacy Risks in Indian’s Contact Tracing App.” The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/walking-the-tightrope-privacy-risks-in-indias-contact-tracing-app/.
- Schneider, A. L., and H. M. Ingram. 1997. Policy Design for Democracy. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
- Schneider, A., and M. Sidney. 2009. “What is Next for Policy Design and Social Construction Theory? 1.” Policy Studies Journal 37 (1): 103–119. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2008.00298.x.
- Sekalala, S., S. Dagron, L. Forman, and B. M. Meier. 2020. “Analyzing the Human Rights Impact of Increased Digital Public Health Surveillance during the COVID-19 Crisis.” Health and Human Rights 22 (2): 7–20.
- Shah, J., Department of Journalism and Mass Communication. 2016. “A Study of Awareness about Cyber Laws for Indian Youth.” International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 1 (1). https://philarchive.org/archive/SHAASO-25.
- Singh, P. 2021. “Air India Data Breach: All You Need to Know.” Hindustan Times. Retrieved from Air India data breach: All you need to know. Latest News India – Hindustan Times.
- Siracusa. 1984. “Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1985/4 (1984).” https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/07/Siracusa-principles-ICCPR-legal-submission-1985-eng.pdf.
- Sowmiya, B., V. S. Abhijith, S. Sudersan, R. S. J. Sundar, M. Thangavel, and P. Varalakshmi. 2021. “A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Contact Tracing Application of Covid-19.” SN Computer Science 2 (3): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s42979-021-00520-z.
- Stein, S., and J. Jacobs. 2020. “Cyber-Attack Hits US Health Agency Amid Covid-19 Outbreak.” Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-16/u-s-health-agency-suffers-cyber-attack-during-covid-19-response.
- Sternlicht, A. 2020. “With New COVID-19 Outbreak Linked to Gay Man, Homophobia on Rise in South Korea.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexandrasternlicht/2020/05/12/with-new-covid-19-outbreak-linked-to-gay-man-homophobia-on-rise-in-south-korea/?sh=515a14684909.
- Vojinovic, I. 2021. “Heart Breaking Cyberbullying Statistics for 2021.” Dataprot. Retrieved from 40 Heart-Breaking Cyberbullying Statistics for 2021. DataProt.
- WHO. 2020. “Global Surveillance for COVID-19 Caused by Human Infection with COVID-19 Virus: Interim Guidance, 20 March 2020.” World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331506.