196
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Everything You Need to Know in 2018 About:

Orbital Imaging in Strabismus

Pages 87-98 | Received 01 May 2018, Accepted 04 Jun 2018, Published online: 06 Jul 2018

References

  • Miller JM, Demer JL. New orbital constraints on eye rotation. In: Fetter M, Misslisch H, Tweed D, editors. Three-Dimensional Kinematic Principles of Eye-, Head-, and Limb Movements in Health and Disease. Tubingen: University of Tubingen; 1995:40.
  • Demer JL, Miller JM, Poukens V, Vinters HV, Glasgow BJ. Evidence for fibromuscular pulleys of the recti extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:1125–1136.
  • Demer JL, Oh SY, Poukens V. Evidence for active control of rectus extraocular muscle pulleys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1280–1290.
  • Kono R, Clark RA, Demer JL. Active pulleys: magnetic resonance imaging of rectus muscle paths in tertiary gaze. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:2179–2188.
  • Misslisch H, Tweed D. Neural and mechanical factors in eye control. J Neurophysiol. 2001;86:1877–1883. doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1877.
  • Clark RA, Miller JM, Demer JL. Three-dimensional location of human rectus pulleys by path inflections in secondary gaze positions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:3787–3797.
  • Clark RA, Miller JM, Demer JL. Location and stability of rectus muscle pulleys: muscle paths as a function of gaze. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:227–240.
  • Clark RA, Miller JM, Rosenbaum AL, Demer JL. Heterotopic muscle pulleys or oblique muscle dysfunction? J AAPOS. 1998;2:17–25. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(98)90105-7.
  • Demer JL, Clark RA, Miller JM. Heterotopy of extraocular muscle pulleys causes incomitant strabismus. In: Lennerstrand G, editor. Advances in Strabismology. Amsterdam: Swets; 1999:91–94.
  • Chaudhuri Z, Demer JL. Sagging eye syndrome: connective tissue involution causes horizontal and vertical strabismus in older patients. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2013;131:619–625. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.783.
  • Tan JRD, Demer JL. Heavy eye syndrome versus sagging eye syndrome in high myopia. J AAPOS. 2015;19:500–506. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2015.08.012.
  • Rutar T, Demer JL. “Heavy Eye” syndrome in the absence of high myopia: A connective tissue degeneration in elderly strabismic patients. J AAPOS. 2009;13:36–44. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2008.07.008.
  • Demer JL, Chaudhuri Z, Clark RA. Apt lecture workshop: cutting no slack for sagging eye syndrome. J AAPOS. 2013;17:e33.
  • Demer JL, Dushyanth A. T2-weighted fast spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging of extraocular muscles. J AAPOS. 2011;15:17–23. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2010.12.006.
  • Suh SY, Clark RA, Le A, Demer JL. Extraocular muscle compartments in superior oblique palsy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57:5535–5540.
  • Clark RA, Demer JL. Lateral rectus superior compartment palsy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157:479–487. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.09.027.
  • Shin A, Demer JL. Superior oblique extraocular muscle shape in superior oblique palsy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159:1169–1179. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2015.02.019.
  • Kraft SP, Hunter DG, Clark RA. Imaging modalities in strabismus management. In: Larson S, editor. Burt Kushner Webinar. Online: American Academy for Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus; 2017.
  • Demer JL, Miller JM, Koo EY, Rosenbaum AL. Quantitative magnetic resonance morphometry of extraocular muscles: A new diagnostic tool in paralytic strabismus. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1994;31:177–188.
  • Clark TY, Clark RA. Surgical correction of an inferiorly displaced lateral rectus with equatorial myopexy. J AAPOS. 2016;20:446–447. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2016.05.020.
  • Demer JL, Clark RA, Kono R, Wright W, Velez F, Rosenbaum AL. A 12-year prospective study of extraocular muscle imaging in complex strabismus. J AAPOS. 2002;6:337–347. doi:10.1067/mpa.2002.129040.
  • Rosenbaum AL, Santiago AP. Clinical Strabismus Management: Principles and Surgical Techniques. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1999.
  • Demer JL, Miller MJ, Koo EY, Rosenbaum AL, Bateman JB. True versus masquerading superior oblique palsies: muscle mechanisms revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. In: Lennerstrand G, editor. Update on Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 1995:303–306.
  • Kono R, Okanobu H, Ohtsuki H, Demer JL. Absence of relationship between oblique muscle size and Bielschowsky head tilt phenomenon in cinically diagnosed superior oblique palsy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:175–179. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2393.
  • Kushner BJ. Errors in the three-step test in the diagnosis of vertical strabismus. Ophthalmology. 1987;96:127–132. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(89)32933-2.
  • Suh SY, Le A, Clark RA, Demer JL. Rectus pulley displacements without abnormal oblique contractility explain strabismus in superior oblique palsy. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1222–1231. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.016.
  • Clark RA, Miller JM, Demer JL. Displacement of the medial rectus pulley in superior oblique palsy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:207–212.
  • Clark RA. The role of extraocular muscle pulleys in incomitant strabismus. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015;22:279–285. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.159698.
  • Wong A, Sharpe J. Fourth nerve palsy in migraine. Neuroophthalmol. 1996;16:51–54. doi:10.3109/01658109609009660.
  • Foster RS. Vertical muscle transposition augmented with lateral fixation. J AAPOS. 1996;1:20–30. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(97)90019-7.
  • Oh SY, Clark RA, Velez F, Rosenbaum AL, Demer JL. Incomitant strabismus associated with instability of rectus pulleys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:2169–2178.
  • Clark RA, Demer JL. Functional morphometry demonstrates extraocular muscle compartmental contraction during vertical gaze changes. J Neurophysiol. 2016;115:370–378. doi:10.1152/jn.00825.2015.
  • Clark RA, Demer JL. Functional morphometry of horizontal rectus extraocular muscles during ocular duction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:7375–7379. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-9730.
  • Demer JL, Clark RA. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates compartmental muscle mechanisms of human vertical fusional vergence. J Neurophysiol. 2015;113:2150–2163. doi:10.1152/jn.00871.2014.
  • Clark RA, Demer JL. Differential lateral rectus compartmental contraction during ocular counter-rolling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:2887–2896. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7929.
  • Demer JL, Clark RA. Magnetic resonance imaging of differential compartmental function of horizontal rectus extraocular muscles during conjugate and converged adduction. J Neurophysiol. 2014;112:845–855. doi:10.1152/jn.00649.2013.
  • Kushner BJ. Insertion slanting strabismus surgical procedures. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:1620–1625. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.326.
  • Choi M, Hwang J. The long-term result of slanted medial rectus resection in exotropia of the convergence insufficiency type. Eye. 2006;20:1279–1283. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702095.
  • Snir M, Axer-Siegel R, Shalev B, Sherf I, Yassur Y. Slanted lateral rectus recession for exotropia with convergence weakness. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:9926. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00522-9.
  • Biedner B, Rothkoff L. Treatment for ‘A’ or ‘V’ pattern esotropia by slanting muscle insertion. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:807–808. doi:10.1136/bjo.79.9.807.
  • Bayramlar H, Unlu C, Dag Y. Slanted medial rectus recession is effective in the treatment of convergence excess esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2014;51:337–340. doi:10.3928/01913913-20140723-01.
  • Kushner BJ, Lucchese NJ, Morton GV. Variation in axial length and anatomical landmarks in strabismic patients. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:400–406. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(91)32282-6.
  • Kushner BJ, Lucchese NJ, Morton GV. The influence of axial length on the response to strabismus surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:1616–1618. doi:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070020694030.
  • Clark RA, Demer JL. The globe’s eccentric rotational axis: why medial rectus surgery is more potent than lateral rectus surgery. Ophthalmology. 2018; (in press). doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.03.003.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.