Spasm of the Near Reflex: Literature Review and Proposed Management Strategy

References

• Bohlmann BJ, France TD. Persistent accommodative spasm nine years after head trauma. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1987;7:129–134.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein JH, Schneekloth BB. Spasm of the near reflex: a spectrum of anomalies. Surv Ophthalmol. 1996;40(4):269–278. doi:10.1016/S0039-6257(96)82002-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussaindeen J, Mani R, Agarkar S, Ramani K, Surendran T. Acute adult onset comitant esotropia associated with accommodative spasm. Optom Vis Sci. 2014;91(4):S46–S51. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nirankari VS, Hameroff SB. Spasm of the near reflex. Ann Ophthalmol. 1980;12:1050–1051.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• London R, Wick B, Kirschen D. Post-traumatic pseudomyopia. Optometry. 2003;74:111–120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cogan DG, Freese CG. Spasm of the near reflex. Arch Ophthalmol. 1955;54:752–759. doi:10.1001/archopht.1955.00930020758020.
   Google Scholar
• Faucher C, De Guise D. Spasm of the near reflex triggered by disruption of normal binocular vision. Optom Vis Sci. 2004;81(3):178–181. doi:10.1097/00006324-200403000-00009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christoff A, Christiansen SP. Spasm of the near reflex: treatment with miotics revisited. Am Orthopt J. 2002;52:110–113. doi:10.3368/aoj.52.1.110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon CR, Almog Y. Positional convergence spasm mimicking benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Neurology. 2012;78(9):681–682. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248df04.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh A, Padhy SK, Gupta G, Goyal MK. Functional convergence spasm. Indian J Psychol Med. 2014;36(3):332–334. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.135394.
   Google Scholar
• Hyun HJ, Chung US, Chun BY. Early resolution of convergence spasms following the addition of antipsychotic medications. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2011;25(1):66–68. doi:10.3341/kjo.2011.25.1.66.
   Google Scholar
• Prerana S, Revathy M. Persistent accommodative spasm. Sci J Med & Vis Res Foun. 2013;31:43–45.
   Google Scholar
• Rutstein RP, Daum KM, Amos JF. Accommodative spasm: a study of 17 cases. J Am Optom Assoc. 1988;59:527–538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarkies NJ, Sanders MD. Convergence Spasm. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1985;104:782–786.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartze GM, McHenry LC Jr, Proctor RC. Convergence spasm-treatment by amytal interview: a case report. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1983;3:123–125.
   Google Scholar
• Rutstein RP. Spasm of the near reflex mimicking deteriorating accommodative esotropia. Optom Vis Sci. 2000;77(7):344–346. doi:10.1097/00006324-200007000-00008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanker V, Nigam V. Unusual presentation of spasm of near reflex mimicking large-angle acute acquired comitant esotropia. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2015;39(4):187–190. doi:10.3109/01658107.2015.1053619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit L. A case of convergence spasms – do not be caught off-guard. S Afr Med J. 2016;106(12):1188. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2017.v106i12.11417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan C, Dillon A, Swift J, Rowe F, Marsh I. Repeated use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of convergence spasm. In: De Faber JT, ed. Transactions 27th ESA Meeting European Strabismological Association. Florence, Italy: CRC Press; 2001:121–124.
   Google Scholar
• Tijssen CC, Goor C, Vand Woerkom TCAM. Spasm of the near reflex: functional or organic disorder? Neuro-Ophthalmology. 1983;3(1):59–64. doi:10.3109/01658108309009719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutstein RP, Galkin KA. Convergence spasm-two case reports. J Am Optom Assoc. 1984;55:495–498.
   Google Scholar
• Chan RV, Trobe JD. Spasm of accommodation associated with closed head trauma. J Neuroophthalmol. 2002;22(1):15–17. doi:10.1097/00041327-200203000-00005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagi LR, Chrousos GA, Cogan DC. Spasm of the near reflex associated with organic disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103(4):582–585. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)74283-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp C, Sachdev A, Gottlob I. Spasm of the near reflex associated with head injury. Strabismus. 2002;10(1):1–4. doi:10.1076/stra.10.1.1.8151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMurray CJ, Burley CD, Elder MJ. Clear lens extraction for the treatment of persistent accommodative spasm after head trauma. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004;30(12):2629–2631. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.05.049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro ML, Curi AL, Pereira A, Chamon W, Leite CC. Persistent accommodative spasm after severe head trauma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(2):243–244. doi:10.1136/bjo.87.2.243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohashi T, Kase M, Hyodo T, Arikado T, Suzuki Y. Long-lasting organic spasm of the near reflex. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1988;32:466–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki A, Borruat FX. Spasm of accommodation in a patient with increased intracranial pressure and pineal cyst. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 2005;222(3):241–243. doi:10.1055/s-2005-857976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poster TH, Buttner TH, McMonagle U, Przuntek H. Spasm of the near reflex: case report and review of the literature. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 1997;17(3):149–152. doi:10.3109/01658109709044658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postert T, McMonagle U, Büttner T, Pöhlau D, Meves S, Przuntek H. Paroxysmal convergence spasm in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1996;94(1):35–37. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00036.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond GL, Crompton JL. Spasm of the near reflex associated with cerebrovascular accident. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1990;18(4):407–410. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.1990.tb01826.x.
   Google Scholar
• Sitole S, Jay WM. Spasm of the near reflex in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2007;22(1):29–31. doi:10.1080/08820530601182535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anlıaçık S, Uca AU, Kozak HH, Akpınar Z. A very rare paroxysmal symptom in multiple sclerosis: convergence spasm. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(1):117.e5-6. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2015.05.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voon LW, Goh KY, Lim TH, Tan KK, Yong VS. Pseudomyopia in a patient with blocked ventriculo-peritoneal shunt – a case report. An Acad Med Singapore. 1997;26:229–231.
   Google Scholar
• Weber KP, Thurtell MJ, Halmagyi M. Teaching NeuroImage: convergence spasm associated with midbrain compression by cerebral aneurysm. Neurology. 2008;70:e49–e50. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000308952.85042.bf.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanker V, Ganesh S, Sethi S. Accommodative spasm with bilateral vision loss due to untreated intermittent exotropia in an adult. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2012;4:319–322.
   Google Scholar
• Airiani S, Braunstein RE. Accommodative spasm after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(6):1163–1164. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.01.069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash G, Sharma N, Sharma P, Choudhary V, Titiyal JS. Accommodative spasm after laser-assisted In situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(3):540;author reply 540–1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.11.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutstein RP, Marsh-Tootle W. Acquired unilateral visual loss attributed to an accommodative spasm. Optom Vis Sci. 2001;78(7):492–495. doi:10.1097/00006324-200107000-00011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutstein RP. Accommodative spasm in siblings: a unique finding. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2010;58(4):326–327. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.64123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomsak RL. Spasm of the near reflex following myelography. Neurology. 1991;41(3):460. doi:10.1212/WNL.41.3.460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laria C, Merino-Suárez ML, Pinero DP, Gomez-Hurtado A, Pérez-Cambrodí RJ. Botulinum Toxin as an alternative to treat the spasm of the near reflex. Semin Ophthalmol. 2015;30(5/6):393–396. doi:10.3109/08820538.2014.912337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaczmarek BB, Dawson E, Lee JP. Convergence spasm treated with botulinum toxin. Strabismus. 2009;17(1):49–51. doi:10.1080/09273970802678511.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moster ML, Hoenig EM. Spasm of the near reflex associated with metabolic encephalopathy. Neurology. 1989;39(1):150. doi:10.1212/WNL.39.1.150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahar E, Andraus J. Near reflex accommodation spasm: unusual presentation of generalized photosensitive epilepsy. J Clin Neurosci. 2002;9(5):605–607. doi:10.1054/jocn.2002.1076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar