8,684
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Clinical significance of myositis-specific autoantibodies

Pages 103-112 | Received 04 Aug 2018, Accepted 04 Sep 2018, Published online: 17 Nov 2018

References

  • McHugh NJ, Tansley SL. Autoantibodies in myositis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14:290–302.
  • Nakashima R, Hosono Y, Mimori T. Clinical significance and new detection system of autoantibodies in myositis with interstitial lung disease. Lupus. 2016;25:925–933.
  • Yang H, Peng Q, Yin L, et al. Identification of multiple cancer-associated myositis-specific autoantibodies in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a large longitudinal cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19:259.
  • Rider LG, Shah M, Mamyrova G, et al. The myositis autoantibody phenotypes of the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2013;92:223–243.
  • Ueki M, Kobayashi I, Takezaki S, et al. Myositis-specific autoantibodies in Japanese patients with juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Mod Rheumatol. 2018. DOI:10.1080/14397595.2018.1452353
  • Ceribelli A, Isailovic N, De Santis M, et al. Myositis-specific autoantibodies and their association with malignancy in Italian patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36:469–475.
  • Srivastava P, Dwivedi S, Misra R. Myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies in Indian patients with inflammatory myositis. Rheumatol Int. 2016;36:935–943.
  • Tansley SL, Simou S, Shaddick G, et al. Autoantibodies in juvenile-onset myositis: their diagnostic value and associated clinical phenotype in a large UK cohort. J Autoimmun. 2017;84:55–64.
  • Cavazzana I, Fredi M, Ceribelli A, et al. Testing for myositis specific autoantibodies: comparison between line blot and immunoprecipitation assays in 57 myositis sera. J Immunol Methods. 2016;433:1–5.
  • Nishikai M, Reichlin M. Heterogeneity of precipitating antibodies in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Characterization of the Jo-1 antibody system. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23:881–888.
  • Mathews MB, Bernstein RM. Myositis autoantibody inhibits histidyl-tRNA synthetase: a model for autoimmunity. Nature. 1983;304:177–179.
  • Mathews MB, Reichlin M, Hughes GR, et al. Anti-threonyl-tRNA synthetase, a second myositis-related autoantibody. J Exp Med. 1984;160:420–434.
  • Bunn CC, Bernstein RM, Mathews MB. Autoantibodies against alanyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNAAla coexist and are associated with myositis. J Exp Med. 1986;163:1281–1291.
  • Targoff IN, Trieu EP, Plotz PH, et al. Antibodies to glycyl-transfer RNA synthetase in patients with myositis and interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:821–830.
  • Targoff IN, Trieu EP, Miller FW. Reaction of anti-OJ autoantibodies with components of the multi-enzyme complex of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in addition to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:2556–2564.
  • Hirakata M, Suwa A, Nagai S, et al. Anti-KS: identification of autoantibodies to asparaginyl-transfer RNA synthetase associated with interstitial lung disease. J Immunol. 1999;162:2315–2320.
  • Betteridge Z, Gunawardena H, North J, et al. Anti-synthetase syndrome: a new autoantibody to phenylalanyl transfer RNA synthetase (anti-Zo) associated with polymyositis and interstitial pneumonia. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1005–1008.
  • Hashish LTE, Sadanandan P, Targoff IN. Igentification of autoantibodies to tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase in dermatomyositis with features consistent with antisynthetase syndrome [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:S312.
  • Love LA, Leff RL, Fraser DD, et al. A new approach to the classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: myositis-specific autoantibodies define useful homogeneous patient groups. Medicine (Baltimore). 1991;70:360–374.
  • Targoff IN. Update on myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000;12:475–481.
  • Hamaguchi Y, Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, et al. Common and distinct clinical features in adult patients with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies: heterogeneity within the syndrome. PLoS One. 2013;8:e60442.
  • Yoshifuji H, Fujii T, Kobayashi S, et al. Anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies in clinical course prediction of interstitial lung disease complicated with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Autoimmunity. 2006;39:233–241.
  • Lega JC, Fabien N, Reynaud Q, et al. The clinical phenotype associated with myositis-specific and associated autoantibodies: a meta-analysis revisiting the so-called antisynthetase syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:883–891.
  • Nakashima R, Imura Y, Hosono Y, et al. The multicenter study of a new assay for simultaneous detection of multiple anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in myositis and interstitial pneumonia. PLoS One. 2014;9:e85062.
  • Hozumi H, Fujisawa T, Nakashima R, et al. Comprehensive assessment of myositis-specific autoantibodies in polymyositis/dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Respir Med. 2016;121:91–99.
  • Watanabe K, Handa T, Tanizawa K, et al. Detection of antisynthetase syndrome in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Respir Med. 2011;105:1238–1247.
  • Friedman AW, Targoff IN, Arnett FC. Interstitial lung disease with autoantibodies against aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in the absence of clinically apparent myositis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1996;26:459–467.
  • Aggarwal R, Cassidy E, Fertig N, et al. Patients with non-Jo-1 anti-tRNA-synthetase autoantibodies have worse survival than Jo-1 positive patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:227–232.
  • Hervier B, Devilliers H, Stanciu R, et al. Hierarchical cluster and survival analyses of antisynthetase syndrome: phenotype and outcome are correlated with anti-tRNA synthetase antibody specificity. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;12:210–217.
  • Hozumi H, Enomoto N, Kono M, et al. Prognostic significance of anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies in polymyositis/dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease: a retrospective case control study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0120313.
  • Takato H, Waseda Y, Watanabe S, et al. Pulmonary manifestations of anti-ARS antibody positive interstitial-pneumonia – with or without PM/DM. Respir Med. 2013;107:128–133.
  • Sato S, Hirakata M, Kuwana M, et al. Autoantibodies to a 140-kd polypeptide, CADM-140, in Japanese patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1571–1576.
  • Sato S, Hoshino K, Satoh T, et al. RNA helicase encoded by melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 is a major autoantigen in patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: association with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:2193–2200.
  • Nakashima R, Imura Y, Kobayashi S, et al. The RIG-I-like receptor IFIH1/MDA5 is a dermatomyositis-specific autoantigen identified by the anti-CADM-140 antibody. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:433–440.
  • Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S, et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature. 2006;441:101–105.
  • Hoshino K, Muro Y, Sugiura K, et al. Anti-MDA5 and anti-TIF1-gamma antibodies have clinical significance for patients with dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:1726–1733.
  • Chen F, Wang D, Shu X, et al. Anti-MDA5 antibody is associated with A/SIP and decreased T cells in peripheral blood and predicts poor prognosis of ILD in Chinese patients with dermatomyositis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:3909–3915.
  • Koga T, Fujikawa K, Horai Y, et al. The diagnostic utility of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody testing for predicting the prognosis of Japanese patients with DM. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51:1278–1284.
  • Fiorentino D, Chung L, Zwerner J, et al. The mucocutaneous and systemic phenotype of dermatomyositis patients with antibodies to MDA5 (CADM-140): a retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65:25–34.
  • Ceribelli A, Fredi M, Taraborelli M, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of anti-MDA5 antibodies in European patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014;32:891–897.
  • Labrador-Horrillo M, Martinez MA, Selva-O'Callaghan A, et al. Anti-MDA5 antibodies in a large Mediterranean population of adults with dermatomyositis. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:1.
  • Hall JC, Casciola-Rosen L, Samedy LA, et al. Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5-associated dermatomyositis: expanding the clinical spectrum. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65:1307–1315.
  • Gono T, Kawaguchi Y, Kuwana M, et al. Brief report: association of HLA-DRB1*0101/*0405 with susceptibility to anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis in the Japanese population. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:3736–3740.
  • Muro Y, Sugiura K, Hoshino K, et al. Epidemiologic study of clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis and anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibodies in central Japan. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13:R214.
  • Hosono Y, Nakashima R, Imura Y, et al. The onsets of myositis with myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) are associated with the seasons. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:656.
  • Kobayashi I, Okura Y, Yamada M, et al. Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody is a diagnostic and predictive marker for interstitial lung diseases associated with juvenile dermatomyositis. J Pediatr. 2011;158:675–677.
  • Ikeda S, Arita M, Morita M, et al. Interstitial lung disease in clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis with and without anti-MDA-5 antibody: to lump or split?. BMC Pulm Med. 2015;15:159.
  • Tansley SL, Betteridge ZE, Gunawardena H, et al. Anti-MDA5 autoantibodies in juvenile dermatomyositis identify a distinct clinical phenotype: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:R138.
  • Gono T, Kawaguchi Y, Ozeki E, et al. Serum ferritin correlates with activity of anti-MDA5 antibody-associated acute interstitial lung disease as a complication of dermatomyositis. Mod Rheumatol. 2011;21:223–227.
  • Matsushita T, Mizumaki K, Kano M, et al. Antimelanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 antibody level is a novel tool for monitoring disease activity in rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease with dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176:395–402.
  • Sato S, Kuwana M, Fujita T, et al. Anti-CADM-140/MDA5 autoantibody titer correlates with disease activity and predicts disease outcome in patients with dermatomyositis and rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease. Mod Rheumatol. 2013;23:496–502.
  • Fujiki Y, Kotani T, Isoda K, et al. Evaluation of clinical prognostic factors for interstitial pneumonia in anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis patients. Mod Rheumatol. 2018;28:133–140.
  • Gono T, Kaneko H, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Cytokine profiles in polymyositis and dermatomyositis complicated by rapidly progressive or chronic interstitial lung disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53:2196–2203.
  • Horai Y, Koga T, Fujikawa K, et al. Serum interferon-alpha is a useful biomarker in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive dermatomyositis. Mod Rheumatol. 2015;25:85–89.
  • Kawasumi H, Gono T, Kawaguchi Y, et al. IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 are associated with hyperferritinemia in rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:1.
  • Zhang SH, Zhao Y, Xie QB, et al. Aberrant activation of type I interferon system may contribute to the pathogenesis of anti-MDA5 dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol. 2018. DOI:10.1111/bjd.16917
  • Kawasumi H, Katsumata Y, Nishino A, et al. Association of serum soluble CD163 with polymyositis and dermatomyositis, especially in anti-MDA5 antibody-positive cases. J Rheumatol. 2018;45:947–955.
  • Targoff IN, Reichlin M. The association between Mi-2 antibodies and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1985;28:796–803.
  • Hengstman GJ, Vree Egberts WT, Seelig HP, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with myositis and autoantibodies to different fragments of the Mi-2 beta antigen. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:242–245.
  • Komura K, Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of anti-Mi-2 antibodies in Japanese patients with dermatomyositis. J Dermatol Sci. 2005;40:215–217.
  • Love LA, Weinberg CR, McConnaughey DR, et al. Ultraviolet radiation intensity predicts the relative distribution of dermatomyositis and anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies in women. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:2499–2504.
  • Burd CJ, Kinyamu HK, Miller FW, et al. UV radiation regulates Mi-2 through protein translation and stability. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:34976–34982.
  • Targoff IN, Mamyrova G, Trieu EP, et al. A novel autoantibody to a 155-kd protein is associated with dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3682–3689.
  • Fujimoto M, Hamaguchi Y, Kaji K, et al. Myositis-specific anti-155/140 autoantibodies target transcription intermediary factor 1 family proteins. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:513–522.
  • Trallero-Araguas E, Rodrigo-Pendas JA, Selva-O'Callaghan A, et al. Usefulness of anti-p155 autoantibody for diagnosing cancer-associated dermatomyositis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:523–532.
  • Casal-Dominguez M, Pinal-Fernandez I, Mego M, et al. High-resolution manometry in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: elevated prevalence of esophageal involvement and differences according to autoantibody status and clinical subset. Muscle Nerve. 2017;56:386–392.
  • Mugii N, Hasegawa M, Matsushita T, et al. Oropharyngeal dysphagia in dermatomyositis: associations with clinical and laboratory features including autoantibodies. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0154746.
  • Oddis CVFN, Goel A, Espada G, et al. Clinical and serological characterization of the anti-MJ antibody in childhood myositis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:S139.
  • Ceribelli A, Fredi M, Taraborelli M, et al. Anti-MJ/NXP-2 autoantibody specificity in a cohort of adult Italian patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:R97.
  • Betteridge ZEGH, Chinoy H, et al. Autoantibodies to the p140 autoantigen NXP-2 in adult dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:S304.
  • Espada G, Maldonado Cocco JA, Fertig N, et al. Clinical and serologic characterization of an Argentine pediatric myositis cohort: identification of a novel autoantibody (anti-MJ) to a 142-kDa protein. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:2547–2551.
  • Aouizerate J, De Antonio M, Bader-Meunier B, et al. Muscle ischaemia associated with NXP2 autoantibodies: a severe subtype of juvenile dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57:873–879.
  • Tansley SL, Betteridge ZE, Shaddick G, et al. Calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis is influenced by both anti-NXP2 autoantibody status and age at disease onset. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53:2204–2208.
  • Gunawardena H, Wedderburn LR, Chinoy H, et al. Autoantibodies to a 140-kd protein in juvenile dermatomyositis are associated with calcinosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:1807–1814.
  • Ichimura Y, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, et al. Anti-NXP2 autoantibodies in adult patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: possible association with malignancy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:710–713.
  • Ishikawa A, Muro Y, Sugiura K, et al. Development of an ELISA for detection of autoantibodies to nuclear matrix protein 2. Rheumatology (Oxford)). 2012;51:1181.
  • Fiorentino DF, Chung LS, Christopher-Stine L, et al. Most patients with cancer-associated dermatomyositis have antibodies to nuclear matrix protein NXP-2 or transcription intermediary factor 1γ. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:2954–2962.
  • Betteridge Z, Gunawardena H, North J, et al. Identification of a novel autoantibody directed against small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme in dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:3132–3137.
  • Betteridge ZE, Gunawardena H, Chinoy H, et al. Clinical and human leucocyte antigen class II haplotype associations of autoantibodies to small ubiquitin-like modifier enzyme, a dermatomyositis-specific autoantigen target, in UK Caucasian adult-onset myositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1621–1625.
  • Bodoki L, Nagy-Vincze M, Griger Z, et al. Four dermatomyositis-specific autoantibodies-anti-TIF1gamma, anti-NXP2, anti-SAE and anti-MDA5-in adult and juvenile patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in a Hungarian cohort. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:1211–1219.
  • Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, et al. Autoantibodies to small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzymes in Japanese patients with dermatomyositis: comparison with a UK Caucasian cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:151–153.
  • Ge Y, Lu X, Shu X, et al. Clinical characteristics of anti-SAE antibodies in Chinese patients with dermatomyositis in comparison with different patient cohorts. Sci Rep. 2017;7:188.
  • Reeves WH, Nigam SK, Blobel G. Human autoantibodies reactive with the signal-recognition particle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;83:9507–9511.
  • Okada N, Mimori T, Mukai R, et al. Characterization of human autoantibodies that selectively precipitate the 7SL RNA component of the signal recognition particle. J Immunol. 1987;138:3219–3223.
  • Targoff IN, Johnson AE, Miller FW. Antibody to signal recognition particle in polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1361–1370.
  • Hirakata M, Mimori T, Akizuki M, et al. Autoantibodies to small nuclear and cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins in Japanese patients with inflammatory muscle disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:449–456.
  • Watanabe Y, Uruha A, Suzuki S, et al. Clinical features and prognosis in anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR necrotising myopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:1038–1044.
  • Hengstman GJ, ter Laak HJ, Vree Egberts WT, et al. Anti-signal recognition particle autoantibodies: marker of a necrotising myopathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:1635–1638.
  • Miller T, Al LMT, Lopate G, et al. Myopathy with antibodies to the signal recognition particle: clinical and pathological features. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:420–428.
  • Takada T, Hirakata M, Suwa A, et al. Clinical and histopathological features of myopathies in Japanese patients with anti-SRP autoantibodies. Mod Rheumatol. 2009;19:165.
  • Suzuki S, Yonekawa T, Kuwana M, et al. Clinical and histological findings associated with autoantibodies detected by RNA immunoprecipitation in inflammatory myopathies. J Neuroimmunol. 2014;274:202–208.
  • Wang L, Liu L, Hao H, et al. Myopathy with anti-signal recognition particle antibodies: clinical and histopathological features in Chinese patients. Neuromuscul Disord. 2014;24:335–341.
  • Binns EL, Moraitis E, Maillard S, et al. Effective induction therapy for anti-SRP associated myositis in childhood: a small case series and review of the literature. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2017;15:77.
  • Christopher-Stine L, Casciola-Rosen LA, Hong G, et al. A novel autoantibody recognizing 200-kd and 100-kd proteins is associated with an immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2757–2766.
  • Mammen AL, Chung T, Christopher-Stine L, et al. Autoantibodies against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in patients with statin-associated autoimmune myopathy. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:713–721.
  • Watanabe Y, Suzuki S, Nishimura H, et al. Statins and myotoxic effects associated with anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase autoantibodies: an observational study in Japan. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e416.
  • Musset L, Allenbach Y, Benveniste O, et al. Anti-HMGCR antibodies as a biomarker for immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies: a history of statins and experience from a large international multi-center study. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15:983–993.
  • Tiniakou E, Pinal-Fernandez I, Lloyd TE, et al. More severe disease and slower recovery in younger patients with anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase-associated autoimmune myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56:787–794.
  • Arouche-Delaperche L, Allenbach Y, Amelin D, et al. Pathogenic role of anti-signal recognition protein and anti-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase antibodies in necrotizing myopathies: myofiber atrophy and impairment of muscle regeneration in necrotizing autoimmune myopathies. Ann Neurol. 2017;81:538–548.
  • Rojana-Udomsart A, Mitrpant C, Bundell C, et al. Complement-mediated muscle cell lysis: a possible mechanism of myonecrosis in anti-SRP associated necrotizing myopathy (ASANM). J Neuroimmunol. 2013;264:65–70.
  • Allenbach Y, Arouche-Delaperche L, Preusse C, et al. Necrosis in anti-SRP + and anti-HMGCR + myopathies: role of autoantibodies and complement. Neurology. 2018;90:e507–e517.
  • Salajegheh M, Lam T, Greenberg SA. Autoantibodies against a 43 kDa muscle protein in inclusion body myositis. PLoS One. 2011;6:e20266.
  • Larman HB, Salajegheh M, Nazareno R, et al. Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1A autoimmunity in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Ann Neurol. 2013;73:408–418.
  • Pluk H, van Hoeve BJ, van Dooren SH, et al. Autoantibodies to cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1A in inclusion body myositis. Ann Neurol. 2013;73:397–407.
  • Herbert MK, Stammen-Vogelzangs J, Verbeek MM, et al. Disease specificity of autoantibodies to cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1A in sporadic inclusion body myositis versus known autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:696–701.
  • Tawara N, Yamashita S, Zhang X, et al. Pathomechanisms of anti-cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1A autoantibodies in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Ann Neurol. 2017;81:512–525.
  • Casciola-Rosen LA, Pluta AF, Plotz PH, et al. The DNA mismatch repair enzyme PMS1 is a myositis-specific autoantigen. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:389–396.
  • Muro Y, Nakashima R, Hosono Y, et al. Autoantibodies to DNA mismatch repair enzymes in polymyositis/dermatomyositis and other autoimmune diseases: a possible marker of favorable prognosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:3457–3462.
  • Hosono Y, Nakashima R, Serada S, et al. Splicing factor proline/glutamine-rich is a novel autoantigen of dermatomyositis and associated with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody. J Autoimmun. 2017;77:116–122.
  • Lundberg IE, Tjarnlund A, Bottai M, et al. 2017 European League against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69:2271–2282.