3,886
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

HIV and COVID-19: review of clinical course and outcomes

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 102-118 | Received 08 Jan 2021, Accepted 30 Aug 2021, Published online: 12 Sep 2021

References

  • Fung M, Babik JM. COVID-19 in immunocompromised hosts: what we know so far. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(2):340–350.
  • Maartens G, Boulle A. CD4 T-cell responses to combination antiretroviral therapy. Lancet. 2007;370(9585):366–368.
  • Marcus JL, Baxter R, Leyden WA, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults in a large integrated healthcare system. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2016;30(10):463–470.
  • Folaranmi TA, Kretz CB, Kamiya H, et al. Increased risk for meningococcal disease among men who have sex with men in the United States, 2012–2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(5):756–763.
  • Patel P, Bush T, Mayer KH, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with herpes simplex virus-2 infection in a contemporary cohort of HIV-infected persons in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39(2):154–160.
  • Barrera-López P, Pérez-Riveros ED, Moreno-Montoya J, Ballesteros SM, Valencia SA, De la Hoz-Valle JA. Co-infection of other respiratory pathogens and HIV in COVID-19 patients: is there a pattern? J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):8–19.
  • Larzábal FJ, Vilela A, Brusca S, Saluzzi I, Ghergo GE, Angiono MA. Simultaneous diagnosis and favorable evolution of infection with Pneumocystis jirovecii, SARS-CoV-2 and advanced HIV. Medicina (B Aires). 2020;80(5):554–556.
  • Lau J, Knudsen J, Jackson H, et al. Staying connected in the COVID-19 pandemic: telehealth at the largest safety-net system in the United States. Health Aff (Millwood). 2020;39(8):1437–1442.
  • Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 case surveillance – United States, January 22–May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(24):759–765.
  • Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. Jama. 2020;323(20):2052–2059.
  • Price-Haywood EG, Burton J, Fort D, Seoane L. Hospitalization and mortality among black patients and white patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(26):2534–2543.
  • Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, et al. Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for COVID-19 hospital admission. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):896–897.
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062.
  • Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1966.
  • CDC. HIV Surveillance Report: Supplemental Report. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2014–2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html. Published 2020. Accessed 1, 25.
  • Erlandson KM, Karris MY. HIV and aging: reconsidering the approach to management of comorbidities. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019;33(3):769–786.
  • Schouten J, Wit FW, Stolte IG, et al. Cross-sectional comparison of the prevalence of age-associated comorbidities and their risk factors between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals: the AGEhIV cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(12):1787–1797.
  • Fields EL, Copeland R, Hopkins E. Same script, different viruses: HIV and COVID-19 in US Black communities. Lancet. 2021;397(10279):1040–1042.
  • Bhaskaran K, Rentsch CT, MacKenna B, et al. HIV infection and COVID-19 death: a population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(1):e24–e32.
  • Dandachi D, Geiger G, Montgomery MW, et al. Characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes in a multicenter registry of patients with HIV and coronavirus disease-19 [published ahead of print]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1339
  • Weiser JK, Tie Y, Beer L, Fanfair RN, Shouse RL. Racial/ethnic and income disparities in the prevalence of comorbidities that are associated with risk for severe COVID-19 among adults receiving HIV care, United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;86(3):297–304.
  • Patel RH, Acharya A, Chand HS, Mohan M, Byrareddy SN. Human immunodeficiency virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 coinfection: a systematic review of the literature and challenges. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2021;37(4):266–282.
  • Altuntas Aydin O, Kumbasar Karaosmanoglu H, Kart Yasar K. HIV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfected patients in Istanbul, Turkey. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2288–2290.
  • Hattab S, Guiguet M, Carcelain G, et al. Soluble biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation in HIV infection: impact of 2 years of effective first-line combination antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2015;16(9):553–562.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
  • Zhu F, Cao Y, Xu S, Zhou M. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV in a patient in Wuhan city, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):529–530.
  • Suwanwongse K, Shabarek N. Clinical features and outcome of HIV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfected patients in The Bronx, New York City. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2387–2389.
  • Hadi YB, Naqvi SFZ, Kupec JT, Sarwari AR. Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with HIV: a multi-center research network study. Aids. 2020;34(13):F3–F8.
  • Chenneville T, Gabbidon K, Hanson P, Holyfield C. The impact of COVID-19 on HIV treatment and research: a call to action. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):4548.
  • Laurence J. Why aren't people living with HIV at higher risk for developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34(6):247–248.
  • d'Ettorre G, Recchia G, Ridolfi M, et al. Analysis of type I IFN response and T cell activation in severe COVID-19/HIV-1 coinfection: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(36):e21803.
  • Zhang JC, Yu XH, Ding XH, et al. New HIV diagnoses in patients with COVID-19: two case reports and a brief literature review. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):771.
  • Blanco JL, Ambrosioni J, Garcia F, et al. COVID-19 in patients with HIV: clinical case series. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(5):e314–e316.
  • Huang J, Xie N, Hu X, et al. Epidemiological, virological and serological features of COVID-19 cases in people living with HIV in Wuhan City: a population-based cohort study [published ahead of print]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1186
  • Shalev N, Scherer M, LaSota ED, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in people living with HIV hospitalized for COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2294–2297.
  • WHO. Global Health Observatory (GHO) Data. who.int/gho/hiv/en. Published 2020. Accessed October 3, 2020.
  • Inciarte A, Gonzalez-Cordon A, Rojas J, et al. Clinical characteristics, risk factors, and incidence of symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 in a large cohort of adults living with HIV: a single-center, prospective observational study. AIDS. 2020;34(12):1775–1780.
  • Vizcarra P, Pérez-Elías MJ, Quereda C, et al. Description of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: a single-centre, prospective cohort. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(8):e554–e564.
  • Charre C, Icard V, Pradat P, et al. COVID-19 attack rate in HIV-infected patients and in PrEP users. AIDS. 2020;34(12):1765–1770.
  • de Medeiros KS, Silva LAS d, Macêdo LTA, et al. Potential impact of the COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review Impact of the COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2021;67(Suppl 1):127–156.
  • Ridgway JP, Schmitt J, Friedman E, et al. HIV care continuum and COVID-19 outcomes among people living with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic, Chicago, IL. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(10):2770–2772.
  • Sachdev D, Mara E, Hsu L, et al. COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes among people living with HIV in San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;86(1):19–21.
  • CDC. What to Know about HIV and COVID-19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/hiv.html. Published 2020. Accessed October 1, 2020.
  • Park LS, Rentsch CT, Sigel K, et al. COVID-19 in the Largest US HIV Cohort. Paper presented at: AIDS 2020: 23rd International AIDS Conference 2020; Virtual.
  • Fusco FM, Sangiovanni V, Tiberio C, Papa N, Atripaldi L, Esposito V. Persons living with HIV may be reluctant to access to COVID-19 testing services: data from 'D. Cotugno' Hospital, Naples, Southern Italy. AIDS. 2020;34(14):2151–2152.
  • Collins LF, Moran CA, Oliver NT, et al. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities and outcomes among persons with HIV hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia. AIDS. 2020;34(12):1789–1794.
  • Härter G, Spinner CD, Roider J, et al. COVID-19 in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: a case series of 33 patients. Infection. 2020;48(5):681–686.
  • Calza L, Bon I, Tadolini M, et al. COVID-19 in patients with HIV-1 infection: a single-centre experience in northern Italy. Infection. 2021;49(2):333–335.
  • Childs K, Post FA, Norcross C, et al. Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and human immunodeficiency virus: a case series. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(8):2021–2022.
  • Ridgway JP, Farley B, Benoit JL, et al. A case series of five people living with HIV hospitalized with COVID-19 in Chicago, Illinois. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34(8):331–335.
  • Gatechompol S, Avihingsanon A, Putcharoen O, Ruxrungtham K, Kuritzkes DR. COVID-19 and HIV infection co-pandemics and their impact: a review of the literature. AIDS Res Ther. 2021;18(1):28.
  • Su J, Shen X, Ni Q, et al. Infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in a patient with AIDS. AIDS. 2020;34(10):1575–1576.
  • D'Souza G, Springer G, Gustafson D, et al. COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living with HIV in the US: the MACS/WIHS combined cohort study. HIV Res Clin Pract. 2020;21(5):130–110.
  • Bertolini M, Mutti MF, Barletta JA, et al. COVID-19 associated with AIDS-related disseminated histoplasmosis: a case report. Int J STD AIDS. 2020;31(12):1222–1224.
  • Coleman H, Snell LB, Simons R, Douthwaite ST, Lee MJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a diagnostic dilemma in HIV. AIDS. 2020;34(8):1258–1260.
  • Wu M, Ming F, Wu S, et al. Distinct infection forms of SARS-CoV-2 among people living with HIV [published ahead of print]. Res Sq. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-569883/v1
  • Charifi Y, Rabhi S, Sekkat G, et al. Unusual imaging findings of SARS-CoV-2 in HIV-positive patient: a case report. Clin Case Rep. 2021;9(5):e04004.
  • Merchant EA, Flint K, Barouch DH, Blair BM. Co-infection with coronavirus disease 2019, previously undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus pneumonitis, with possible immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. IDCases. 2021;24:e01153.
  • Farinacci D, Ciccullo A, Borghetti A, et al. People living with HIV in the COVID-19 era: a case report. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2021;37(4):253–254.
  • Mang S, Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Metz C, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 coinfection in a patient with newly diagnosed HIV-1 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(8):1487–1489.
  • Maggiolo F, Zoboli F, Arosio M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in persons living with HIV: a single center prospective cohort. J Med Virol. 2021;93(2):1145–1149.
  • Kaswa R, Yogeswaran P, Cawe B. Clinical outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients at Mthatha Regional Hospital, Eastern Cape, South Africa: a retrospective study. S Afr Fam Pract (2004). 2021;63(1):e1–e5.
  • Rocha SQ, Avelino-Silva VI, Tancredi MV, et al. COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS in a cohort study in Sao Paulo, Brazil: outcomes and disparities by race and schooling [published ahead of print]. AIDS Care. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2021.1936444
  • Etienne N, Karmochkine M, Slama L, et al. HIV infection and COVID-19: risk factors for severe disease. AIDS. 2020;34(12):1771–1774.
  • Nasreddine R, Florence E, Moutschen M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in people living with HIV in Belgium: a multicenter, retrospective cohort. J Med Virol. 2021;93(5):2971–2978.
  • Robles-Pérez E, González-Díaz B, Miranda-García M, Borja-Aburto VH. Infection and death by COVID-19 in a cohort of healthcare workers in Mexico. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2021;47(5):349–355.
  • Pujari S, Gaikwad S, Chitalikar A, Dabhade D, Joshi K, Bele V. Coronavirus disease 19 among people living with HIV in Western India: an observational cohort study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2021;37(8):620–623.
  • Maggi P, Ricci E, Messina V, et al. Dangerous liaisons? The role of inflammation and comorbidities in HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2021;17(3):201–208.
  • Morani Z, Patel S, Ghosh S, et al. COVID-19 in HIV: a review of published case reports. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2:2647–2657.
  • Sasset L, Di Meco E, Cavinato S, Cattelan AM. Coinfection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and HIV in a teaching hospital: still much to learn. AIDS. 2020;34(11):1694–1696.
  • Mirzaei H, McFarland W, Karamouzian M, Sharifi H. COVID-19 among people living with HIV: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(1):85–88.
  • Ambrosioni J, Blanco JL, Reyes-Urueña JM, et al. Overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults living with HIV. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(5):e294–e305.
  • Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1985.
  • Sigel K, Swartz T, Golden E, et al. Covid-19 and people with HIV infection: outcomes for hospitalized patients in New York City. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(11):2933–2938.
  • Meyerowitz EA, Kim AY, Ard KL, et al. Disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among racial minorities and those in congregate settings among a large cohort of people with HIV. AIDS. 2020;34(12):1781–1787.
  • Guo W, Ming F, Feng Y, et al. Patterns of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection in Wuhan, China. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(7):e25568.
  • Winston A, De Francesco D, Post F, et al. Comorbidity indices in people with HIV and considerations for coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes. AIDS. 2020;34(12):1795–1800.
  • Isernia V, Julia Z, Le Gac S, et al. SARS-COV2 infection in 30 HIV-infected patients followed-up in a French University Hospital. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;101:49–51.
  • Miró JM, Ambrosioni J, Blanco JL. COVID-19 in patients with HIV – Authors' reply. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(6):e383–e384.
  • Karmen-Tuohy S, Carlucci PM, Zervou FN, et al. Outcomes among HIV-positive patients hospitalized with COVID-19. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85(1):6–10.
  • Iordanou S, Koukios D, Matsentidou-Timiliotou C, Markoulaki D, Raftopoulos V. Severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in a 58-year-old patient with HIV: a clinical case report from the Republic of Cyprus. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2361–2365.
  • Wang M, Luo L, Bu H, Xia H. One case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient co-infected by HIV with a low CD4+ T-cell count. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;96:148–150.
  • Chiappe Gonzalez AJ, Montenegro-Idrogo JJ, Vargas Vadillo AR, Slee Torres M, Vargas Matos I, Resurrección Delgado CP. Hospital-acquired SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in a person living with HIV. Int J STD AIDS. 2020;31(13):1320–1322.
  • Ho H-E, Peluso MJ, Margus C, et al. Clinical outcomes and immunologic characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in people with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(3):403–408.
  • Geretti AM, Stockdale A, Kelly S, et al. Outcomes of COVID-19 related hospitalisation among people with HIV in the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol (UK): prospective observational study [published ahead of print]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1605
  • Prabhu S, Poongulali S, Kumarasamy N. Impact of COVID-19 on people living with HIV: a review. J Virus Erad. 2020;6(4):100019.
  • Spinelli MA, Lynch KL, Yun C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, and IgG concentration and pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres after infection, compared by HIV status: a matched case-control observational study. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(6):e334–e341.
  • Ssentongo P, Heilbrunn ES, Ssentongo AE, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):6283.
  • Tesoriero JM, Swain CE, Pierce JL, et al. COVID-19 outcomes among persons living with or without diagnosed HIV infection in New York State. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(2):e2037069.
  • Tesoriero JM, Swain CE, Pierce JL, et al. Elevated COVID-19 outcomes among persons living with diagnosed HIV infection in New York State: results from a population-level match of HIV, COVID-19, and hospitalization databases [online]. medRxiv. 2020.
  • Boulle A, Davies MA, Hussey H, et al. Risk factors for COVID-19 death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa [published ahead of print]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1198
  • Bertagnolio S, Thwin SS, Silva R, Clinical DJ. Features and prognostic factors of COVID-19 in people living with HIV hospitalized with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. WHO 2021(20).
  • Dong Y, Li Z, Ding S, et al. HIV infection and risk of COVID-19 mortality: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(26):e26573.
  • Hariyanto TI, Rosalind J, Christian K, Kurniawan A. Human immunodeficiency virus and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. South Afr J HIV Med. 2021;22(1):1220.
  • Pujari S, Gaikwad S, Chitalikar A, Dabhade D, Joshi K, Bele V. Long-coronavirus disease among people living with HIV in western India: an observational study. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2021;9(3):1037–1043.
  • Di Biagio A, Ricci E, Calza L, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission for COVID-19 in HIV patients. AIDS. 2020;34(13):1983–1985.
  • Yang R, Gui X, Zhang Y, Xiong Y, Gao S, Ke H. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with HIV coinfection in Wuhan, China. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2021;15(3):403–409.
  • Turken M, Altan H, Atalay S, Kose S. The course of COVID-19 in four patients with HIV during the pandemic. Curr HIV Res. 2020;19:286–291.
  • Flannery S, Schwartz R, Rasul R, et al. A comparison of COVID-19 inpatients by HIV status [published ahead of print]. Int J STD AIDS. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/09564624211023015
  • Goldman JD, Robinson PC, Uldrick TS, Ljungman P. COVID-19 in immunocompromised populations: implications for prognosis and repurposing of immunotherapies. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9(6).
  • Chanda D, Minchella PA, Kampamba D, et al. COVID-19 severity and COVID-19-associated deaths among hospitalized patients with HIV infection – Zambia, March–December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(22):807–810.
  • Ruan L, Zhang Y, Luo Y, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of four HIV patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):133–136.
  • Braunstein SL, Lazar R, Wahnich A, Daskalakis DC, Blackstock OJ. COVID-19 infection among people with HIV in New York City: a population-level analysis of linked surveillance data. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(12):e1021–e1029.
  • Liang M, Luo N, Chen M, et al. Prevalence and mortality due to COVID-19 in HIV co-infected population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Ther. 2021;10(3):1267–1219.
  • Gervasoni C, Meraviglia P, Riva A, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of HIV patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2276–2278.
  • Patel RH, Pella PM. COVID-19 in a patient with HIV infection. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2356–2357.
  • Patel RH, Acharya A, Mohan M, Byrareddy SN. COVID-19 and AIDS: outcomes from the coexistence of two global pandemics and the importance of chronic antiretroviral therapy. J Med Virol. 2021;93(2):641–643.
  • Tian C, Tang L, Wu J, et al. An HIV-infected patient with coronavirus disease 2019 has a favourable prognosis: a case report. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(5):5808–5812.
  • Qasim A, Mansour M, Kousa O, et al. A case of coronavirus disease 2019 in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient: a case report and review of the literature. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2020;9(4):256–259.
  • Shekhar R, Barton A, Sheikh AB, Upadhyay S, Salas NM. Coronavirus disease of 2019 in patients with well-controlled human immunodeficiency virus on antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85(1):e1–e4.
  • Sun LJ, Wong SXL, Gollamudi S. A case of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection in Singapore. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;84(4):e23–e24.
  • Gudipati S, Brar I, Murray S, McKinnon JE, Yared N, Markowitz N. Descriptive analysis of patients living with HIV affected by COVID-19. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85(2):123–126.
  • Benkovic S, Kim M, Sin E. Four cases: human immunodeficiency virus and novel coronavirus 2019 co-infection in patients from Long Island, New York. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2338–2340.
  • Nagarakanti SR, Okoh AK, Grinberg S, Bishburg E. Clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 and HIV coinfection. J Med Virol. 2021;93(3):1687–1693.
  • Byrd KM, Beckwith CG, Garland JM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and HIV coinfection: clinical experience from Rhode Island, United States. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(7):e25573.
  • Stoeckle K, Johnston CD, Jannat-Khah DP, et al. COVID-19 in hospitalized adults with HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(8):ofaa327.
  • Madge S, Barber TJ, Hunter A, Bhagani S, Lipman M, Burns F. Descriptive account of 18 adults with known HIV infection hospitalised with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sex Transm Infect. 2021;97(5):392–393.
  • Kim JY, Kim JM, Peck KR. The first case of an HIV patient diagnosed with COVID-19 in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(39):e358.
  • Cajamarca-Baron J, Guavita-Navarro D, Buitrago-Bohorquez J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in patients with some degree of immunosuppression. Reumatol Clin. 2021;17:408–419.
  • Mondi A, Cimini E, Colavita F, et al. COVID-19 in people living with HIV: clinical implications of dynamics of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol. 2021;93(3):1796–1804.
  • Sarkar S, Khanna P, Singh AK. Impact of COVID-19 in patients with concurrent co-infections: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Med Virol. 2021;93(4):2385–2395.
  • Kowalska JD, Kase K, Vassilenko A, et al. The characteristics of HIV-positive patients with mild/asymptomatic and moderate/severe course of COVID-19 disease – a report from Central and Eastern Europe. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;104:293–296.
  • Gamboa E, Duran M, Gathe JC, Jr., Surani S, Varon J. COVID-19 coexisting with the human immunodeficiency virus: a case report. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e11007.
  • Eybpoosh S, Afshari M, Haghdoost AAA, Kazerooni P, Gouya MM, Tayeri K. Severity and mortality of COVID-19 infection in HIV-infected individuals: preliminary findings from Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2021;35:33.
  • Venturas J, Zamparini J, Shaddock E, et al. Comparison of outcomes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with COVID-19. J Infect. 2021;83(2):217–227.
  • Massarvva T. Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 amongst HIV patients: a systematic literature review. Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021036.
  • Hardy YO, Amenuke DA, Hutton-Mensah KA, Chadwick DR, Larsen-Reindorf R. Presentation and outcome of COVID-19 in HIV patients with high viral loads and opportunistic infections: a case series. Ghana Med J. 2020;54(4 Suppl):121–124.
  • Durstenfeld MS, Sun K, Ma Y, et al. Impact of HIV infection on COVID-19 outcomes among hospitalized adults in the U.S. [online]. medRxiv. 2021.
  • Toombs JM, Van den Abbeele K, Democratis J, Merricks R, Mandal AKJ, Missouris CG. COVID-19 in three people living with HIV in the United Kingdom. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):107–109.
  • Mohindra R, Kanta P, Porchezhian P, et al. COVID-19 infection in a HIV positive health care worker: first case report from a tertiary care hospital of North India. Virusdisease. 2021;32(2):1–5.
  • Lee KW, Yap SF, Ngeow YF, Lye MS. COVID-19 in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(7):3554.
  • Laracy J, Zucker J, Castor D, et al. HIV-1 infection does not change disease course or inflammatory pattern of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients presenting at a large urban medical center in New York City. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(2):ofab029.
  • Ceballos ME, Ross P, Lasso M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of people living with HIV hospitalized with COVID-19: a nationwide experience. Int J STD AIDS. 2021;32(5):435–443.
  • Patel VV, Felsen UR, Fisher M, et al. Clinical outcomes and inflammatory markers by HIV serostatus and viral suppression in a large cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;86(2):224–230.
  • Noe S, Schabaz F, Heldwein S, et al. HIV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: cross-sectional findings from a German 'hotspot'. Infection. 2021;49(2):313–320.
  • Parker A, Koegelenberg CFN, Moolla MS, et al. High HIV prevalence in an early cohort of hospital admissions with COVID-19 in Cape Town, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2020;110(10):982–987.
  • Cabello A, Zamarro B, Nistal S, et al. COVID-19 in people living with HIV: a multicenter case-series study. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:310–315.
  • Guo W, Ming F, Dong Y, et al. Driving force of covid-19 among people living with HIV/AIDS in Wuhan, China [published ahead of print]. Res Sq. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-53351/v1
  • Molina-Iturritza E, San-José-Muñiz I, Ganchegui-Aguirre M, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with HIV in the province of Araba, Basque Country, Spain. AIDS. 2020;34(11):1696–1697.
  • Cooper TJ, Woodward BL, Alom S, Harky A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes in HIV/AIDS patients: a systematic review. HIV Med. 2020;21(9):567–577.
  • Adachi E, Saito M, Ikeuchi K, Hoshina T, Yotsuyanagi H. Cases of coronavirus disease-2019 in HIV-infected transgender women. AIDS. 2020;34(9):1435–1436.
  • Okoh AK, Bishburg E, Grinberg S, Nagarakanti S. COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with HIV: a case series. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85(1):e4–e5.
  • Xu Z, Zhang C, Wang FS. COVID-19 in people with HIV. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(8):e524–e526.
  • Costenaro P, Minotti C, Barbieri E, Giaquinto C, Dona D. SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV: a systematic review. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(1):e2155.
  • Swaminathan N, Moussa P, Mody N, Lo KB, Patarroyo-Aponte G. COVID-19 in HIV-infected patients: a case series and literature review. J Med Virol. 2021;93(5):2557–2563.
  • Liu WD, Hung CC, Wang JT, et al. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody in an HIV-positive patient with COVID-19 [published ahead of print]. J Formos Med Assoc. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2021.04.010
  • Kanwugu ON, Adadi P. HIV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection: a global perspective. J Med Virol. 2021;93(2):726–732.
  • Waters LJ, Pozniak AL. COVID-19 death in people with HIV: interpret cautiously. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(1):e2–e3.
  • Weerasuria M, Ko C, Ehm A, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people living with HIV in Victoria, Australia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2021;37(4):322–328.
  • Sun S, Hou J, Chen Y, Lu Y, Brown L, Operario D. Challenges to HIV care and psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic among people living with HIV in China. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(10):2764–2765.
  • Kumar S. AIDS and COVID-19 infections: impact on vulnerable Indian population. New Microbes New Infect. 2021;42:100903.
  • Wion RK, Miller WR. The impact of COVID-19 on HIV self-management, affective symptoms, and stress in people living with HIV in the United States. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(9):3034–3011.
  • Diaz MM, Cabrera DM, Gil-Zacarías M, et al. Knowledge and impact of COVID-19 on middle-aged and older people living with HIV in Lima, Peru [online]. medRxiv. 2021.
  • Siewe Fodjo JN, Faria de Moura Villela E, Van Hees S, Vanholder P, Reyntiens P, Colebunders R. Follow-up survey of the impact of COVID-19 on people living with HIV during the second semester of the pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4635.
  • Waterfield KC, Shah GH, Etheredge GD, Ikhile O. Consequences of COVID-19 crisis for persons with HIV: the impact of social determinants of health. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):299.
  • Cooley SA, Nelson B, Doyle J, Rosenow A, Ances BM. Collateral damage: impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in people living with HIV. J Neurovirol. 2021;27(1):168–170.
  • Siewe Fodjo JN, Villela EFM, Van Hees S, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the medical follow-up and psychosocial well-being of people living with HIV: a cross-sectional survey. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85(3):257–262.
  • Marbaniang I, Sangle S, Nimkar S, et al. The burden of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Pune, India. Res Sq. 2020;20(1):1598.
  • Kuman Tunçel Ö, Pullukçu H, Erdem HA, Kurtaran B, Taşbakan SE, Taşbakan M. COVID-19-related anxiety in people living with HIV: an online cross-sectional study. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(8):1792–1800.
  • Ballester-Arnal R, Gil-Llario MD. The virus that changed Spain: impact of COVID-19 on people with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(8):2253–2257.
  • Shiau S, Krause KD, Valera P, Swaminathan S, Halkitis PN. The burden of COVID-19 in people living with HIV: a syndemic perspective. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(8):2244–2249.
  • Delle Donne V, Ciccarelli N, Massaroni V, et al. Psychological distress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in an Italian population living with HIV: an online survey. Infez Med. 2021;29(1):54–64.
  • Jones DL, Ballivian J, Rodriguez VJ, et al. Mental health, coping, and social support among people living with HIV in the Americas: a comparative study between Argentina and the USA during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Res Sq. 2021;25(8):2391–2399.
  • Errea RA, Wong M, Senador L, et al. [Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on adolescents living with HIV in Lima, Peru]. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2021;38(1):153–158.
  • The parallel fight against HIV and COVID-19. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2020;5:100082.
  • Shah I, Delia Pereira NM. HIV services in times of COVID-19. Indian J Med Res. 2020;152(6):533–534.
  • Braunstein SL, Slutsker JS, Lazar R, et al. Epidemiology of reported HIV and other sexually transmitted infections during the COVID-19 pandemic, New York City. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(5):798–803.
  • Burki T. HIV in the age of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(6):774–775.
  • Celestin K, Allorant A, Virgin M, et al. Short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV care utilization, service delivery, and continuity of HIV antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Haiti. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(5):1366–1372.
  • Bhatt M, Soneja M, Gupta N. COVID-19 in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: challenges and way-forward. Drug Discov Ther. 2021;15(1):42–43.
  • Sun Y, Li H, Luo G, et al. Antiretroviral treatment interruption among people living with HIV during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a nationwide cross-sectional study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(11):e25637.
  • Qiao S, Yang X, Sun S, et al. Challenges to HIV service delivery and the impacts on patient care during COVID-19: perspective of HIV care providers in Guangxi, China. AIDS Care. 2021;33(5):559–565.
  • Brown LB, Spinelli MA, Gandhi M. The interplay between HIV and COVID-19: summary of the data and responses to date. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2021;16(1):63–73.
  • Quiros-Roldan E, Magro P, Carriero C, et al. Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the continuum of care in a cohort of people living with HIV followed in a single center of Northern Italy. AIDS Res Ther. 2020;17(1):59.
  • Pinto RM, Park S. COVID-19 pandemic disrupts HIV continuum of care and prevention: implications for research and practice concerning community-based organizations and frontline providers. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2486–2489.
  • Jiang H, Zhou Y, Tang W. Maintaining HIV care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(5):e308–e309.
  • Smith E, Badowski ME. Telemedicine for HIV care: current status and future prospects. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2021;13:651–656.
  • Coppock D, Quimby C, Nunez J, Whitener C, Zurlo J. People living with human immunodeficiency virus during the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences with telemedicine. Health Promot Pract. 2021;22(3):298–299.
  • Patel VV, Beil R, Slawek D, Akiyama MJ. HIV prevention and treatment in the context of the COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York. AIDS Rev. 2020;22(3):143–147.
  • Hoagland B, Torres TS, Bezerra DRB, et al. Telemedicine as a tool for PrEP delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic in a large HIV prevention service in Rio de Janeiro-Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020;24(4):360–364.
  • Rogers BG, Coats CS, Adams E, et al. Development of telemedicine infrastructure at an LGBTQ + clinic to support HIV prevention and care in response to COVID-19, Providence, RI. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(10):2743–2747.
  • Auchus IC, Jaradeh K, Tang A, Marzan J, Boslett B. Transitioning to Telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic: patient perspectives and attendance at an HIV clinic in San Francisco. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2021;35(7):249–254.
  • Sorbera M, Fischetti B, Khaimova R, Niewinski M, Wen K. Evaluation of virologic suppression rates during the COVID-19 pandemic with outpatient interdisciplinary HIV care [published ahead of print]. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1422
  • Rivera A, Martinez P, Braunstein S. Video-based HIV testing services among cisgender men who have sex with men as a component of an HIV behavioural surveillance study during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City: implementation, feasibility and lessons learned [published ahead of print]. Sex Transm Infect. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-055110
  • Yelverton V, Qiao S, Weissman S, Olatosi B, Li X. Telehealth for HIV care services in South Carolina: utilization, barriers, and promotion strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic [published ahead of print]. AIDS Behav. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03349-y
  • Winwood JJ, Fitzgerald L, Gardiner B, Hannan K, Howard C, Mutch A. Exploring the social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on people living with HIV (PLHIV): a scoping review [published ahead of print]. AIDS Behav. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03300-1
  • Budak JZ, Scott JD, Dhanireddy S, Wood BR. The impact of COVID-19 on HIV care provided via telemedicine-past, present, and future. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2021;18(2):98–104.
  • Htun Nyunt O, Wan NMA, Soan P, et al. How Myanmar is working to maintain essential services for people living with HIV and key populations during the Covid-19 pandemic. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2021;20:23259582211017742.
  • Jiang H, Xie Y, Xiong Y, et al. HIV self-testing partially filled the HIV testing gap among men who have sex with men in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from an online survey. J Int AIDS Soc. 2021;24(5):e25737.
  • Nawej Tshikung O, Smit M, Marinosci A, et al. Caring for people living with HIV during the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. AIDS. 2021;35(3):355–358.
  • Giuliani M, Donà MG, La Malfa A, et al. Ensuring retention in care for people living with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic in Rome, Italy. Sex Transm Infect. 2021;97(4):317.
  • Wang H. HIV care during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic in Shenzhen, China. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2020;15(6):341–344.
  • Armbruster M, Fields EL, Campbell N, et al. Addressing health inequities exacerbated by COVID-19 among youth with HIV: expanding our toolkit. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(2):290–295.
  • Harris NS, Johnson AS, Huang YA, et al. Vital signs: status of human immunodeficiency virus testing, viral suppression, and HIV preexposure prophylaxis – United States, 2013–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(48):1117–1123.
  • Posada-Vergara MP, Alzate-Ángel JC, Martínez-Buitrago E. COVID-19 and VIH. Colomb Med (Cali). 2020;51(2):e4327.
  • Mahmood K, Rashed ER, Oliveros E, et al. Predisposition or protection?: COVID-19 in a patient on LVAD support with HIV/AIDS. JACC Case Rep. 2020;2(9):1337–1341.
  • Hu Y, Ma J, Huang H, Vermund SH. Coinfection with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China: a 12-person case series. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85(1):1–5.
  • Akyala AI, Iwu CJ. Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) co-infection with HIV: clinical case series analysis in North Central Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;37(47):47.
  • Chen J, Cheng X, Wang R, Zeng X. Computed tomography imaging of an HIV-infected patient with coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1774–1776.
  • Yamamoto S, Saito M, Nagai E, et al. Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021;54(1):144–146.
  • Mascolo S, Romanelli A, Carleo MA, Esposito V. Could HIV infection alter the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection? When less is better. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1777–1778.
  • Del Amo J, Polo R, Moreno S, et al. Incidence and severity of COVID-19 in HIV-positive persons receiving antiretroviral therapy: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(7):536–541.
  • Berenguer J, Díez C, Martín-Vicente M, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in the Spanish HIV research network cohort [published ahead of print]. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.023
  • Dallocchio RN, Dessì A, De Vito A, Delogu G, Serra PA, Madeddu G. Early combination treatment with existing HIV antivirals: an effective treatment for COVID-19? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(5):2435–2448.
  • Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):1787–1799.
  • Di Biagio A, Taramasso L, Dentone C, et al. Is a step-down antiretroviral therapy necessary to fight severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in HIV-infected patients? AIDS. 2020;34(12):1865–1867.
  • Alhumaid S, Mutair AA, Alawi ZA, Alhmeed N, Zaidi ARZ, Tobaiqy M. Efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir for treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020;5(4):180.
  • Alavian G, Kolahdouzan K, Mortezazadeh M, Torabi ZS. Antiretrovirals for prophylaxis against COVID-19: a comprehensive literature review. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61(5):581–590.
  • Hoffmann C, Casado JL, Härter G, et al. Immune deficiency is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 in people living with HIV. HIV Med. 2021;22(5):372–378.
  • Ader F, Peiffer-Smadja N, Poissy J, et al. An open-label randomized controlled trial of the effect of lopinavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir plus IFN-β-1a and hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 [published ahead of print]. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.020
  • Amani B, Khanijahani A, Amani B, Hashemi P. Lopinavir/ritonavir for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2021;24:246–257.
  • Dorward J, Gbinigie O, Cai T, et al. The protease inhibitor lopinavir, boosted with ritonavir, as treatment for COVID-19: a rapid review. Antivir Ther. 2020;25(7):365–376.
  • Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, Antinori A, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir and darunavir/cobicistat in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: findings from the multicenter Italian CORIST study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8(639970):639970.
  • Services USDoHaH. Interim Guidance for COVID-19 and Persons with HIV. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv/0. Published 2020. Accessed August 25, 2020.
  • Services USDoHaH. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescent with HIV. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv/0. Published 2020. Accessed August 25, 2020.