References
- Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. W. W. Norton & Company.
- Barker, V. (2018). Nordic nationalism and penal order: Walling the welfare state. Routledge.
- Bourgois, P. (1996). In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio. Cambridge University Press.
- Bowling, B., & Phillips, C. (2007). Disproportionate and discriminatory: Reviewing the evidence on police stop and search. Modern Law Review, 70(6), 936–961. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2007.00671.x
- Bucerius, S. (2014). Unwanted: Muslim immigrants, dignity and drug dealing. Oxford University Press.
- Carr, P. J., Napolitano, L., & Keating, J. (2007). We never call the cops and here is why: Qualitative examination of legal cynicism in three Philadelphia neighborhoods. Criminology, 45(2), 445–480. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00084.x
- Christensen, A., & Jensen, S. Q. (2012). Stemmer fra en bydel: Etnicitet, køn og klasse i Aalborg Øst. Aalborg Universitetsforlag.
- Ewick, P., & Silbey, S. S. (1998). The common place of law: Stories from everyday life. The University of Chicago Press.
- Fassin, D. (2013). Enforcing order: An ethnography of urban policing. Polity Press.
- Feinstein, R. (2015). A qualitative analysis of police interactions and disproportionate minority contact. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 13(2), 159–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2014.936645
- Folketingstidende (2008-09). L 211: Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven, retsplejeloven, våbenloven, lov om politiets virksomhed, lov om fuldbyrdelse af straf m.v. og forvaltningsloven (Styrket indsats mod bandekriminalitet m.v.). Tillæg A, 8055-8115.
- Freiesleben, A. M. V. (2015). Et Danmark af parallelsamfund: Segregering, ghettoisering og social sammenhængskraft: Parallelsamfundet i dansk diskurs 1968-2013 - fra utopi til dystopi [Ph.d. dissertation]. Univeristy of Copenhagen.
- Gau, J. M., & Brunson, R. K. (2010). Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: A study of inner-city young men’s perceptions of police legitimacy. Justice Quarterly, 27(2), 255–279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820902763889
- Gau, J. M., & Brunson, R. K. (2015). Procedural injustice, lost legitimacy, and self-help: Young males’ adaptations to perceived unfairness in urban policing tactics. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(2), 132–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986214568841
- Government (2010). Ghettoen tilbage til samfundet: Et opgør med parallelsamfund i Danmark. https://www.regeringen.dk/media/1215/ghettoen_tilbage_til_samfundet.pdf
- Government (2018). Ét Danmark uden parallelsamfund: Ingen ghettoer i 2030. https://www.regeringen.dk/media/4937/publikation_%C3%A9t-danmark-uden-parallelsamfund.pdf
- Haller, M. B., Kolind, T., Hunt, G., & Søgaard, T. F. (2020). Experiencing police violence and insults: Narratives from ethnic minority men in Denmark. Nordic Journal of Criminology, 21(2), 170–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/2578983X.2020.1839712
- Haller, M. B., Solhjell, R., Saarikkomäki, E., Kolind, T., Hunt, G., & Wästerfors, D. (2018). Minor harassments: Ethnic minority youth in the Nordic countries and their perceptions of the police. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 20(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895818800744
- Hancock, L. (2001). Community, crime and disorder: Safety and regeneration in urban neighborhoods. Palgrave.
- Holmberg, L., & Kyvsgaard, B. (2003). Are immigrants and their descendants discriminated against in the Danish criminal justice system? Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 4(2), 204–222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14043850310020027
- Jacobsen, M. H. (2012). Skyggelandet : Ungdomskultur, kriminalitetskultur og bandekultur i dansk belysning. Syddansk Universitetsforlag.
- Johansen, M. E., & Jensen, S. B. (2017). ‘They want us out’: Urban regeneration and the limits of integration in the Danish welfare state. Critique of Anthropology, 37(3), 297–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X17719990
- Koefoed, L., & Simonsen, K. (2010). ’Den fremmede’, byen og nationen: Om livet som etnisk minoritet. Roskilde Universitetsforlag.
- Larsen, T. S., & Delica, K. N. (2019). The production of territorial stigmatisation: A conceptual cartography. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 23(4), 540–563. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2019.1682865
- Madison, D. S. (2020). Critical ethnography: Methods, ethics, and performance. Sage Publications.
- Merry, S. E. (1990). Getting justice and getting even: Legal consciousness among working-class Americans. The University of Chicago Press.
- Miller, J., Gounev, P., Pap, A. L., Wagman, D., Balogi, A., Bezlov, T., Simonovits, B., & Vargha, L. (2008). Racism and police stops: Adapting US and British debates to Continental Europe. European Journal of Criminology, 5(2), 161–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370807087641
- Ministeriet for By, Bolig og Landdistrikter (2013). Udsatte boligområder: Værktøjskasse. https://www.transportministeriet.dk/publikationer/2013/udsatte-boligomraader-vaerktoejskasse/
- Moravcová, E. (2016). Willingness to cooperate with the police in four Central European countries. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(1), 171–187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-015-9271-0
- Mulinari, L. S., & Keskinen, S. (2020) Racial profiling in the racial welfare state: Examning the order of policing in the Nordic region. Theoretical criminology, OnlineFirst. doi:https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480620914914.
- Nilsson, I., & Delica, K. (2015). Kritiske perspektiver på nyere dansk retspolitik - skridt på vej mod en straffestat? Dansk Sociologi, 26(3), 55–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v26i3.5054
- Novich, M., & Hunt, G. (2018). Trust in police motivations during involuntary encounters: An examination of young gang members of colour. Race and Justice, 8(1), 51–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368717718027
- Peck, J. H. (2015). Minority perceptions of the police: A state-of-the-art review. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 38(1), 173–203. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2015-0001
- Petterson, T. (2013). Belonging and unbelonging in encounters between young males and police officers: The use of masculinity and ethnicity/race. Critical Criminology, 21(4), 417–430. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-013-9199-y
- Ruggiero, V. (2013). Conclusion. In V. Ruggiero, and M. Ryan (Eds.), Punishment in Europe: A critical anatomy of penal systems. (pp. 287-298). Palgrave Macmillan .
- Saarikkomäki, E., Haller, M. B., Solhjell, R., Alvesalo-Kuusi, A., Kolind, T., Hunt, G., & Alm, V. B. (2020). Suspected or protected? Perceptions of procedural justice in ethnic minority youth’s descriptions of police relations. Policing and Society, 31(4), 386–401. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2020.1747462
- Shammas, V. L. (2016). The rise of a more punitive state: On the attenuation of Norwegian penal exceptionalism in an era of welfare state transformation. Critical Criminology, 24(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-015-9296-1
- Silbey, S. S. (2005). After legal consciousness. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 1(1), 323–368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.1.041604.115938
- Simonen, K. (2016). Ghetto-society-problem: A discourse analysis of nationalist othering. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 16(1), 83–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12173
- Solhjell, R., Saarikkomäki, E., Haller, M. B., Wästerfors, D., & Kolind, T. (2019). ‘We are seen as a threat’: Police stops of young ethnic minorities in the Nordic countries. Critical Criminology, 27(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-018-9408-9
- Sollund, R. (2006). Racialization in police stop and search practice: The Norwegian case. Critical Criminology, 14(3), 265–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-006-9012-2
- Sollund, R. (2007). Canteen banter or racism? Is there a relationship between Oslo Police’s use of derogatory terms and their attitudes and conduct towards ethnic minorities? Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 8(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14043850601030057
- Thompson, S. K., Bucerius, S. M., & Luguya, M. (2013). Unintended consequences of neighbourhood restructuring: Uncertainty, disrupted social networks and increased fear of violent victimization among young adults. British Journal of Criminology, 53(5), 924–941. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt032
- Todd-Kvam, J. (2019). Bordered penal populism: When populism and Scandinavian exceptionalism meet. Punishment and Society, 21(3), 295–314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474518757093
- Transport, Bygnings- og Boligministeriet (2018, December 1). Liste over ghettoområder pr. https://www.trm.dk/publikationer/2018/liste-over-ghettoomraader-pr-1-december-2018/
- Tyler, T. R., & Fagan, J. (2008). Legitimacy and cooperation: Why do people help the police fight crime in their communities? Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6(1), 231–275 https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/3037/.
- Tyler, T. R., Jackson, J., & Mentovich, A. (2015). The consequences of being an object of suspicion: Potential pitfalls of proactive police contact. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 12(4), 602–636. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12086
- Uhnoo, S. (2015). Within ‘the tin bubble’: The police and ethnic minorities in Sweden. Policing and Society, 25(2), 2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.817995
- Wacquant, L. J. D. (2007). Territorial stigmatization in the age of advanced marginality. Thesis Eleven, 91(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513607082003
- Wacquant, L. J. D. (2012). A Janus-faced institution of ethnoracial closure: A sociological specification of the ghetto. In R. Hutchison., and B. Haynes (Eds.), The ghetto: Contemporary global issues and controversies. (pp. 1-32). Routledge .
- Walklate, S., & Evans, K. (1999). Zero tolerance or community tolerance? Managing crime in high crime areas. Ashgate.
- Wästerfors, D., & Alm, V. B. (2020). ’They are harsher to me than my friend who is blonde’: Police critique among ethnic minority youth in Sweden. Journal of Youth Studies, 23(2), 170–188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1592129
- Yesufu, S. (2013). Discriminatory use of police stop-and-search powers in London, UK. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 15(4), 281–293. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2013.15.4.318