“It’s Just My Face:” Workplace Policing of Black Professional Women in Higher Education

REFERENCES

• Accapadi, M. M. (2007). When white women cry: How white women’s tears oppress women of color. College Student Affairs Journal, 26(2), 208–215. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ899418.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Alvarado, L. A. (2010). Dispelling the meritocracy myth: Lessons for higher education and student affairs educators. The Vermont Connection, 31(1), 2. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=tvc
   Google Scholar
• Anyon, J. (1980). Social class and the hidden curriculum of work. Journal of Education, 162(1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/002205748016200106
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, M., & Trudy. (2018). On misogynoir: Citation, erasure, and plagiarism. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 762–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertrand Jones, T., Osborne Lampkin, L., Patterson, S., & Davis, D. J. (2015). Creating a “safe and supportive environment:” Mentoring and professional development for recent black women doctoral graduates. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 10, 483–499. http://ijds.org/Volume10/IJDSv10p483-499Jones1748.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Breeden, R. L. (2021). Our presence is resistance: Stories of Black women in senior-level student affairs positions at predominantly white institutions. Journal of Women and Gender in Higher Education, 14(2), 166–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/26379112.2021.1948860
   Google Scholar
• Brower, R. L., Schwartz, R. A., & Bertrand Jones, T. (2019). ‘Is it because I’m a woman?’ Gender-based attributional ambiguity in higher education administration. Gender and Education, 31(1), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2017.1324131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, L., Williams, B. M., & Williams, Q. 2021. Melanin messages: Black college women’s experiences and reflections on navigating colorism. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carby, H. V. (1992). Policing the Black woman’s body in an urban context. Critical Inquiry, 18(4), 738–755. https://doi.org/10.1086/448654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chance, N. L. (2022). Resilient leadership: A phenomenological exploration into how Black women in higher education leadership navigate cultural adversity. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 62(1), 44–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678211003000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, S. E. (2005). Narrative inquiry: Multiple lenses, approaches, voices. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (pp. 651–679). SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Clandinin, D. J. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Clayborne, H. L., & Hamrick, F. (2007). Rearticulating the leadership experiences of African American women in midlevel student affairs administration. NASPA Journal, 44(1), 123–146. https://doi.org/10.2202/1949-6605.1758
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. W. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine (pp. 139–168). University of Chicago Legal Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. [Southbank Centre]. (2016, March 14). On intersectionality - keynote - WOW 2016[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DW4HLgYPlA&t=665s
   Google Scholar
• Davis, T. J., & Cooper, D. L. (2017). “People are messy”: Complex narratives of supervising new professionals in student affairs. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 54(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2016.1219267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D. R., & Maldonado, C. (2015). Shattering the glass ceiling: The leadership development of African American women in higher education. Advancing Women in Leadership, 35, 48–64. http://www.advancingwomen.com/awl/Vol35_2015/Davis_Shattering_the_Glass_Ceiling.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Davis, T. J., Peters, A., White, C. L., & Wilson, M. C. (2022). SistUH scholars: Mentoring Black women doctoral students in education. In B. T. Kelly & S. Fries-Britt (Eds.), Building mentorship networks to support Black women: A guide to succeeding in the academy (pp. 185–200). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• DeCuir-Gunby, J. T., Johnson, O. T., Womble Edwards, C., McCoy, W. N., & White, A. M. (2019). African American professionals in higher education: Experiencing and coping with racial microaggressions. Race Ethnicity and Education, 23(4), 492–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2019.1579706
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens, D. D., & Chavez, E. L. (2018). Navigating the workplace: The costs and benefits of shifting identities at work among early career U.S. Black women. Sex Roles, 78(11–12), 760–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0844-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens, D. D., Womack, V. Y., & Dimes, T. (2019). Managing hypervisibility: An exploration of theory and research on identity shifting strategies in the workplace among Black women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 113, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields, V., & Martin, B. (2017). A poetic narrative of two Black women navigating academic and professional spaces. The Vermont Connection, 38(1), 77–85. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1287&context=tvc
   Google Scholar
• Giddings, P. (2006). Where and when I enter. The impact of Black women on race and sex in America (2nd) ed.). Amistad.
   Google Scholar
• Gutierrez-Morfin, N. (2016, September 21). U.S. court rules dreadlock ban during hiring process is legal. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/u-s-court-rules-dreadlock-ban-during-hiring-process-legal-n652211
   Google Scholar
• Harris, P. J. (2003). Gatekeeping and remaking: The politics of respectability in African American women’s history and Black feminism. Journal of Women’s History, 15(1), 213. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2003.0025
   Google Scholar
• Harris-Perry, M. V. (2011). Sister citizen: Shame, stereotypes, and Black women in America. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, W. J. (2010). African American women in student affairs: Best practices for winning the game. Advancing Women in Leadership, 30(24), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.21423/awlj-v30.a306
   Google Scholar
• Hollis, L. P. (2018). Bullied out of position: Black women’s complex intersectionality, workplace bullying, and resulting career disruption. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 4(3), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2018.0004
   Google Scholar
• hooks, b. (1992). Black looks: Race and representation. South End.
   Google Scholar
• hooks, b. (2000). Feminist theory: From margin to center. Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hull, G. T., Scott, P. B., & Smith, B. (1982). All the women are white, all the men are Black, but some of us are brave. The Feminist Press at CUNY.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, T. W. (1997). To ’joy my freedom: Southern Black women’s lives and labors after the civil war. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, K. (2013). Uplifting the women and the race: The lives, educational philosophies and social activism of Anna Julia Cooper and Nannie Helen Burroughs. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, M. C., & Shorter-Gooden, K. (2009). Shifting: The double lives of Black women in America. Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Jyrkinen, M. (2014). Women managers, careers and gendered ageism. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 30(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2013.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, B. T., & Fries-Britt, S. (Eds.). (2022). Building mentorship networks to support Black women: A guide to succeeding in the academy. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, A. (2011). Unraveling the myth of meritocracy within the context of U.S. higher education. Higher Education, 62(4), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9394-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, S. R., & Scott Dudley, H. (2019). The “double-whammy” of being Black and a woman in higher education leadership. In H. L. Schnackenberg & D. A. Simard (Eds.), Challenges and opportunities for women in higher education leadership (pp. 84–104). IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• McCloud, L., Williams, B. M., Karikari, S., Anderson, D., & Jones, S. (in press). #SisterPhD: The role of virtual co-mentoring communities in Black women graduate student success. Journal of Negro Education.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, M. (2016). Pushout: The criminalization of Black girls in schools. The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B. (2016). The war on drugs that wasn’t: Wasted whiteness, “dirty doctors,” and race in media coverage of prescription opioid misuse. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 40(4), 664–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, L. D. (2014). Preserving respectability or blatant disrespect? A critical discourse analysis of the morehouse appropriate attire policy and implications for intersectional approaches to examining campus policies. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 27(6), 724–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2014.901576
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, L. D., & Catching, C. (2009). ‘Teaching while Black’: Narratives of African American student affairs faculty. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 22(6), 713–728. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390903333897
   Google Scholar
• Perez, R. J., & Haley, J. D. (2021). The power of supervision in (re)socializing student affairs educators. New Directions for Student Services, 2021(175), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20394
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, K. A., & Herring, G. (2021). Generational perspective and influence within student affairs workplaces. New Directions for Student Services, (2021(175), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20398
   Google Scholar
• Prasad, P. (2005). Crafting qualitative research: Working in the postpositivist traditions. M. E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, D. (1997). Killing the black body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty. Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, D. (2014). Complicating the triangle of race, class and state: The insights of Black feminists. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(10), 1776–1782. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2014.931988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers, S. T. (2021). Next wave of post traumatic slave syndrome survivors. Advances in Social Work, 21(2/3), 438–459. https://doi.org/10.18060/24159
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, N. L., Bye, R. A., & Cusick, A. (2019). Narrative analysis. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in health social sciences (pp. 861–880). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_106
   Google Scholar
• Sobers, S. T. (2014). Can I get a witness?: The resilience of four Black women senior student affairs administrators at predominantly white institutions [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of The Pacific.
   Google Scholar
• Stallings, E. (2020). When Black women go from office pet to office threat. Zora by Medium. https://zora.medium.com/when-black-women-go-from-office-pet-to-office-threat-83bde710332e
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. M., Johnson-Bailey, J., Phelps, R. E., Tran, N. M., & Johnson, L. (2013). Women of color at midcareer: Going from pet to threat. In L. Comas-Diaz & B. Green (Eds.), The psychological health of women of color: Intersections, challenges, and opportunities (pp. 275–286). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace-Sanders, K. (2002). Skin deep, spirit strong: The Black female body in American culture. University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• West, N. M. (2020). A contemporary portrait of Black women student affairs administrators in the United States. Journal of Women and Gender in Higher Education, 13(1), 72–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/26379112.2020.1728699
   Google Scholar
• West, L. M., Donovan, R. A., & Roemer, L. (2010). Coping with racism: What works and doesn’t work for Black women? Journal of Black Psychology, 36(3), 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798409353755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, B. M. (2019). “I did everything I was supposed to”: Black women administrative professionals’ push out and opt-out of higher education workplaces [ Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Georgia.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, B. M., Collier, J. N., Anderson Wadley, B., Stokes, T., & Coghill, K. B. (2022). ”Should I straighten my hair?”: Narratives of Black college women with natural hair. Journal of Women and Gender in Higher Education, 15(2), 134–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/26379112.2022.2067861
   Google Scholar
• Williams, B. M., & Davis, T. J. (2021). Advancing the intentional praxis of supervision in student affairs. New Directions for Student Services, 2021(175), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20399
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Q., Williams, B. M., & Brown, L. C. (2020). Exploring Black girl magic: Identity development of Black first-gen college women. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 240–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000294
   Google Scholar