A resilience lens to explore seaweed farmers’ responses to the impacts of climate change in Tanzania

References

• Adams, M. E., 1992. Participatory management of Tanzania’s mangroves. Network Paper-Rural Development Forestry Network (United Kingdom).
   Google Scholar
• Adger, W. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24, 347–364.
   Google Scholar
• Ashford, N. A., & Hall, R. P. (2011). The importance of regulation-induced innovation for sustainable development. Sustainability, 3, 270–292.
   Google Scholar
• Ateweberhan, M., Rougier, A., & Rakotomahazo, C. (2015). Influence of environmental factors and farming technique on growth and health of farmed Kappaphycus alvarezii (cottonii) in south-west Madagascar. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27, 923–934.
   Google Scholar
• Ateweberhan, M., Hudson, J., Rougier, A., Jiddawi, N. S., Msuya, F. E., Stead, S. M., & Harris, A. (2018). Community based aquaculture in the western Indian Ocean: challenges and opportunities for developing sustainable coastal livelihoods. Ecology and Society, 23.
   Google Scholar
• Berkes, F., & Folke, C. (1998). Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability. Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience, 1, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Besta, N., 2013. Seaweed farming and intra-household gender relations on Songo Songo island, Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation, University of East Anglia).
   Google Scholar
• Brakel, J., Sibonga, R. C., Dumilag, R. V., Montalescot, V., Campbell, I., Cottier‐Cook, E. J., … Gachon, C. M. M. (2021). Exploring, harnessing and conserving marine genetic resources towards a sustainable seaweed aquaculture. Plants, People, Planet, 00, 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Brugère, C., Aguilar‐Manjarrez, J., Beveridge, M. C., & Soto, D. (2018). The ecosystem approach to aquaculture 10 years on – A critical review and consideration of its future role in blue growth. Reviews in Aquaculture, 11, 493–514.
   Google Scholar
• Brugère, C., Msuya, F. E., Jiddawi, N., Nyonje, B., & Maly, R. (2020). Can innovation empower? Reflections on introducing tubular nets to women seaweed farmers in Zanzibar. Gender, Technology and Development, 24, 89–109.
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson, I. (2002). Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania: Sustainable and non-sustainable experiences. Western Indian Ocean J. Marine Science, 1 (1), p. 1-10.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, I., Mateo, J. R., S, B., Kambey, C., S, B., Hurtado, A., … Cottier-Cook, E. J. (2022). An international evaluation of biosecurity management capacity in the seaweed aquaculture industry. Journal of Environmental Management, 304, 114112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114112
   Google Scholar
• Christophe, G. G., 2015. The impact of seaweed value addition on community incomes the case of Bagamoyo and Zanzibar West district, Tanzania. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam].
   Google Scholar
• Climate Links, 2012. Climate change adaptation in Tanzania. Fact Sheet [ Online]] https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-change-adaptation-tanzania-fact-sheet Accessed on April 07 2020
   Google Scholar
• Climate Links, 2018. Climate risk profile: Tanzania.Fact Sheet. [ Online] https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-risk-profile-tanzania Accessed on April 07 2020
   Google Scholar
• Cottier-Cook, E. J., Nagabhatla, N., Badis, Y., Campbell, M., Chopin, T., Dai, W. … Huo, Y. (2016). Safeguarding the future of the global seaweed aquaculture industry. Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH) & Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS).
   Google Scholar
• EDS-MIS. (2015-16). Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC) [Tanzania Mainland. Ministry of Health (Moh) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Eggertsen, M., & Halling, C. (2020). Knowledge gaps and management recommendations for future paths of sustainable seaweed farming in the Western Indian Ocean. Ambio. doi:10.1007/s13280-020-01319-7
   Google Scholar
• FCFA, 2017. Annex: Future climate projections for Tanzania. Cape Town: Future Climate for Africa. http://kulima.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/FCFA_Tanzania_Annex_Web.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fisheries, F. A. O. (2018). Aquaculture Department. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture (Vol. 2010). Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Folke, C. (2016). Resilience (republished). Ecology and Society, 21(4):44.
   Google Scholar
• Fröcklin, S., de la Torre-Castro, M., Lindström, L., Jiddawi, N. S., & Msuya, F. E. (2012). Seaweed mariculture as a development project in Zanzibar, East Africa: A price too high to pay? Aquaculture, 356, 30–39.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, I. H., & Othman, W. J. (2019). Seaweed (Mwani) farming as an adaptation strategy to impacts of climate change and variability in Zanzibar. In Pius Zebhe Yanda, Ian Bryceson, Haji Mwevura, Claude Gasper Mung'ong'o (Eds.)Climate change and coastal resources in Tanzania (pp. 53–68). Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi, L., Hurtado, A. Q., Msuya, F. E., Bleicher-Lhonneur, G., & Critchley, A. T. (2010). A review of Kappaphycus farming: Prospects and constraints. Seaweeds and Their Role in Globally Changing Environments, 15, 251–283.
   Google Scholar
• Hurtado, A. Q., Neish, I. C., & Critchley, A. T. (2019). Phyconomy: The extensive cultivation of seaweeds, their sustainability and economic value, with particular reference to important lessons to be learned and transferred from the practice of eucheumatoid farming. Phycologia, 58, 472–483.
   Google Scholar
• Khamis, Z. A., Kalliola, R., & Käyhkö, N. (2017). Geographical characterization of the Zanzibar coastal zone and its management perspectives. Ocean & Coastal Management, 149, 116–134.
   Google Scholar
• Lirasan, T., & Twide, P. (1993). Farming Eucheuma in Zanzibar, Tanzania. In Lirasan, T. and Twide, P. (Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium (pp. 353–355). Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Makame, M. O., 2013. Vulnerability and adaptation of Zanzibar east coast communities to climate variability and change and other interacting stressors. [ Doctoral dissertation], Rhodes University).
   Google Scholar
• Manyena, S. B. (2006). The concept of resilience revisited. Disasters, 30, 434–450.
   Google Scholar
• Manyena, B., Machingura, F., & O’Keefe, P. (2019). Disaster resilience integrated framework for Transformation (DRIFT): A new approach to theorising and operationalising resilience. World Development, 123, 104587.
   Google Scholar
• Masinda, M. C., & Rathore, D., 2011. The socio‐cultural and environmental gains and losses of tourism to the livelihood of indigenous societies living along the tourist road from Makuyuni to Ngorongoro gate in Arusha, Tanzania. In Proceedings of the Eighth TAWIRI Scientific Conference. Arusha, Tanzania. (pp. 6–8).
   Google Scholar
• Mateo, J. P., Campbell, I., Cottier-Cook, E. J., Luhan, M. R. J., Ferriols, V. M. E. N., & Hurtado, A. Q. (2021). Understanding biosecurity: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of seaweed farmers in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 33, 997–1010.
   Google Scholar
• Mirera, D. O., 2014. Capture-based mud crab (Scylla serrata) aquaculture and artisanal fishery in East Africa-Practical and ecological perspectives: Mud crab ecology and aquaculture. [Doctoral dissertation, Linnaeus University Press].
   Google Scholar
• Mshale, B., Senga, M., & Mwangi, E. (2017). Governing mangroves: Unique challenges for managing Tanzania’s coastal forests.Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR; Washington, DC: USAID Tenure and Global Climate Change Program.
   Google Scholar
• Mshigeni, K. E. (1998). The seaweed resources of Tanzania. In A. T. Critchley & M. Ohno (Eds.), Seaweed resources of the world (pp. 389–397). Tokyo: Japanese International Cooperation Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, F. E. (2006). The impact of seaweed farming on the social and economic structure of seaweed farming communities in Zanzibar, Tanzania. In C. A.t, M. Ohno, & D. B. Largo (Eds.), World seaweed resources: An authoritative reference system (pp. 1–27). Amsterdam: ETI Bioinformatics.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, F. E. (2011). Environmental changes and their impact on seaweed farming in Tanzania. World Aquaculture, 42, 34–37.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, F. E. (2012). A study of working conditions in the Zanzibar seaweed farming industry. Women in informal employment: Globalizing and organizing (WIEGO). Cambridge, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, F. E. (2013). Social and economic dimensions of carrageenan seaweed farming in the United republic of Tanzania. In D. Valderrama, J. Cai, N. Hishamunda, & N. Ridler (Eds.), Social and economic dimensions of carrageenan seaweed farming. edition: fisheries and aquaculture technical paper no. 580,115-146. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, F. E., 2013a. Recent occurrence of algal blooms affecting seaweed farms in Zanzibar – A sign of climate change impact. 8th WIOMSA Scientific Symposium Book of Abstract, Maputo, Mozambique, 143.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, F. E., Buriyo, A., Omar, I., Pascal, B., Narrain, K., Ravina, J. J. M., … Wakibia, J. G. (2014). Cultivation and utilization of red seaweeds in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) Region. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26, 699–705.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, F. E., & Porter, M. (2014). Impact of environmental changes on farmed seaweed and farmers: The case of Songo Songo Island, Tanzania. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26, 2135–2141.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, F. E. (2017). Technological development to help women seaweed farmers cope with the effects of climate change in Zanzibar, Tanzania. World Aquaculture, 48(1),45–47.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, F. E., & Hurtado, A. Q. (2017). The role of women in seaweed aquaculture in the Western Indian Ocean and South-East Asia. European Journal of Phycology, 52, 482–494.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, F. E. (2020). Seaweed resources of Tanzania: Status, potential species, challenges and development potentials. Botanica Marina, 63, 371–380.
   Google Scholar
• Nanyaro, G. F., 2005. Seaweed development strategic plan: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism Report. [Dar es Salaam, Tanzania].
   Google Scholar
• Neish, I. C., & Msuya, F. E., 2013. Seaweed value chain assessment of Zanzibar. Report submitted for UNIDO project no 13083 “building seaweed processing capacities in Zanzibar and Pemba: Creating value for the poor”: https://open.unido.org/api/documents/4315887/download/3ADI_Seaweed%20value%20chain%20assessment.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Office of the chief government statistician-OCGS 2020. Social Statistics Report, 2019. http://ocgs.go.tz/publication.php
   Google Scholar
• Othman, W. J., 2014. Understanding the complexity and dynamics of mangrove social-ecological systems through the use of a resilience approach in Unguja, Zanzibar (Doctoral dissertation, University of Greenwich).
   Google Scholar
• Rao, N., Lawson, E. T., Raditloaneng, W. N., Solomon, D., & Angula, M. N. (2019). Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change: Insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia. Climate and Development, 11, 14–26.
   Google Scholar
• Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar(RGoZ), 2020. The annual bulletin of agricultural statistics, 2020. OCGS: http://ocgs.go.tz/publication.php
   Google Scholar
• RGoZ, 2018. The annual bulletin of agricultural statistics, 2018. OCGS: http://ocgs.go.tz/publication.php
   Google Scholar
• RGoZ 2019 The annual bulletin of agricultural statistics, third quarter 2019. Zanzibar, Tanzania: OCGS
   Google Scholar
• RGoZ. (2019a). Formal sector employment and earnings survey 2018/2019. Zanzibar, Tanzania: OCGS.
   Google Scholar
• RGoZ, 2020a. Key indicators report. 2019/2020 household budget survey. [Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS)]. http://ocgs.go.tz/publication.php
   Google Scholar
• Rusekwa, S. B., Campbell, I., Msuya, F. E., Buriyo, A. S., & Cottier-Cook, E. J. (2020). Biosecurity policy and legislation of the seaweed aquaculture industry in Tanzania. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32(4), 2133–2146.
   Google Scholar
• Sallema, R. E., & Mtui, G. Y. S. (2008). Adaptation technologies and legal instruments to address climate change impacts to coastal and marine resources in Tanzania. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2, 239–248.
   Google Scholar
• Shechambo, R. D., 2019. Social economic and cultural impacts of coastal tourism to local communities in Zanzibar, Tanzania. [ Master’s thesis], Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås.
   Google Scholar
• Shimba, C., Magombola, D. A., & Ibrahim, S. (2021). Assessment of seaweed farming in sustaining household livelihood in East coast district, in Zanzibar, Tanzania. European Journal of Physical and Agricultural Sciences, 9,10-21.
   Google Scholar
• Songwe, B. A., Khamis, S. M., Khalfan, M. H., & Msuya, F. E. (2016). Commercial seaweed farming in Zanzibar Coastal villages: Potential for innovative and competitive economic growth. Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania, 22, 140–157.
   Google Scholar
• Soto, D., Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., & Hishamunda, N., 2008. Building an ecosystem approach to aquaculture. FAO/Universitat de les Illes Balears Expert Workshop Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 7–11 May 2007, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceeding, No. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceeding.
   Google Scholar
• Suckall, N., Tompkins, E., & Stringer, L. (2014). Identifying trade-offs between adaptation, mitigation and development in community responses to climate and socio-economic stresses: Evidence from Zanzibar, Tanzania. Applied Geography, 46, 111–121.
   Google Scholar
• Tanzania demographic and health survey and malaria indicator survey (TDHS-MIS) 2015-16. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: [MoHCDGEC, MoH, NBS, OCGS, and ICF]
   Google Scholar
• Valderrama, D., Cai, J., Hishamunda, N., & Ridler, N. B. (2013). Social and economic dimensions of carrageenan seaweed farming. In Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Eds.), FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper (pp. 200). Rome: Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Valderrama, D., Cai, J., Hishamunda, N., Reidler, N., Neish, I. C., Hurtado, A. Q., … Fraga, J. (2015). The economics of Kappaphycus seaweed cultivation in developing countries: A comparative analysis of farming systems. Aquaculture Economics and Management, 19, 251–277.
   Google Scholar
• Wetengere, K. (2009). Socio-economic factors critical for adoption of fish farming technology: The case of selected villages in Eastern Tanzania. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 1, 28–37.
   Google Scholar
• Zanzibar foundation, M. (2021). Building resilience to women seaweed farmers in Zanzibar. Baseline Survey.
   Google Scholar