The Peril and Promise of Racial and Ethnic Subgroup Analysis in Health Disparities Research

References

• Aguinis, H., & Gottfredson, R. K. (2010). Best-practice recommendations for estimating interaction effects using moderated multiple regression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 776–786. doi:10.1002/job.686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 57, 289–300. doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, H. S., & Michalopoulos, C. (2013). When is the story in the subgroups? Prevention Science, 14, 179–188. doi:10.1007/s11121-010-0198-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogart, L. M., & Uyeda, K. (2009). Community-based participatory research: Partnering with communities for effective and sustainable behavioral health interventions. Health Psychology, 28, 391–393. doi:10.1037/a0016387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrell, L. N., Kiefe, C. I., Diez-Roux, A. V., Williams, D. R., & Gordon-Larsen, P. (2013). Racial discrimination, racial/ethnic segregation, and health behaviors in the CARDIA study. Ethnicity & Health, 18, 227–243. doi:10.1080/13557858.2012.713092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacari-Stone, L., Wallerstein, N., Garcia, A. P., & Minkler, M. (2014). The promise of community-based participatory research for health equity: A conceptual model for bridging evidence with policy. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 1615–1623. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, Y., Harachi, T. W., Gillmore, M. R., & Catalano, R. F. (2006). Are multiracial adolescents at greater risk? Comparisons of rates, patterns, and correlates of substance use and violence between monoracial and multiracial adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 86–97. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colby, S. L., & Ortman, J. M. (2014). Projections of the size and composition of the U.S. population: 2-14 to 2060. (P25-1143). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p25-1143.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dressler, W. W., Oths, K. S., & Gravlee, C. C. (2005). Race and ethnicity in public health research: Models to explain health disparities. Annual Review of Anthropology, 34, 231–252. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell, A. D., Henry, D. B., & Bettencourt, A. (2013). Methodological challenges examining subgroup differences: Examples from universal school-based youth violence prevention trials. Prevention Science, 14, 121–133. doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0200-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formea, C. M., Mohamed, A. A., Hassan, A., Osman, A., Weis, J. A., Sia, I. G., & Wieland, M. L. (2014). Lessons learned: Cultural and linguistic enhancement of surveys through community-based participatory research. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 8, 331–336. doi:10.1353/cpr.2014.0037
   Google Scholar
• Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115–134. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B. (2013). Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups. Health Services Research, 48, 1450–1467. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haggerty, K. P., Skinner, M. L., MacKenzie, E. P., & Catalano, R. F. (2007). A randomized trial of parents who care: Effects on key outcomes at 24-month follow-up. Prevention Science, 8, 249–260. doi:10.1007/s11121-007-0077-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harachi, T. W., Catalano, R. F., Kim, S., & Choi, Y. (2001). Etiology and prevention of substance use among Asian American youth. Prevention Science, 2, 57–65. doi:10.1023/A:101003901
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Head, M. L., Holman, L., Lanfear, R., Kahn, A. T., & Jennions, M. D. (2015). The extent and consequences of p-hacking in science. PLoS Biology, 13, 1–15. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002106
   Google Scholar
• Humes, K., Jones, N., & Ramirez, R. (2011). Overview of race and hispanic origin: 2010. (C2010BR-02). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, J. P. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2, 0696–0701. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, J. P., Stanley, T. D., & Doucouliagos, H. (2017). The power bias in economics research. The Economic Journal, 127, F236–F265. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., & Becker, A. B. (2001). Community-based participatory research: Policy recommendations for promoting a partnership approach in health research. Education for Health, 14, 182–197. doi:10.1080/13576280110051055
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaccard, J., & Wan, C. K. (1995). Measurement error in the analysis of interaction effects between continuous predictors using multiple regression: Multiple indicator and structural equation approaches. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 348–357. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, N., & Gadsden, V. (2016). Health inequalities, social determinants, and intersectionality. National Academy of Medicine. Retrieved from https://nam.edu/health-inequities-social-determinants-and-intersectionality/
   Google Scholar
• Mason, M. J., Mennis, J., Linker, J., Bares, C., & Zaharakis, N. (2014). Peer attitudes effects on adolescent substance use: The moderating role of race and gender. Prevention Science, 15, 56–64. doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0353-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. (2016). NIH health disparities strategic plan and budget fiscal year 2009-2013. Retrieved from https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/about/strategic-plan/health-disparities/2009-2013
   Google Scholar
• Nosek, B. A., Ebersole, C. R., DeHaven, A. C., & Mellor, D. T. (2018). The preregistration revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 2600–2606. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708274114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeb, B. T., Chan, S. Y. S., Conger, K. J., Martin, M. J., Hollis, N. D., Serido, J., & Russell, S. T. (2015). Prospective effects of family cohesion on alcohol-related problems in adolescence: Similarities and differences by race/ethnicity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 1941–1953. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0250-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera, L. M. (2014). Ethnic-racial stigma and health disparities: From psychological theory and evidence to public policy solutions. Journal of Social Issues, 70, 198–205. doi:10.1111/josi.12055
   Google Scholar
• Rothman, A. J. (2013). Exploring connections between moderators and mediators: Commentary on subgroup analyses in intervention research. Prevention Science, 14, 189–192. doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0333-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothwell, P. M. (2005). Subgroup analysis in randomized controlled trials: Importance, indication and interpretation. Lancet, 365, 176–186. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17709-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkind, N. J. (2016). Statistics for people who (think they) hate statistics (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Medicine, 8, 698. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-18
   Google Scholar
• Schumm, W. R., Pratt, K. K., Hartenstein, J. L., Jenkins, B. A., & Johnson, G. A. (2013). Determining statistical significance (alpha) and reporting statistical trends: Controversies, issues, and facts. Comprehensive Psychology, 2, 1–6. doi:10.2466/03.CP.2.10
   Google Scholar
• Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
   Google Scholar
• Supplee, L. H., Kelly, B. C., MacKinnon, D. M., & Barofsky, M. Y. (2013). Introduction to the special issue: Subgroup analysis in prevention and intervention research. Prevention Science, 14, 107–110. doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0335-9
   Google Scholar
• Valentine, J. C., Biglan, A., Boruch, R. F., Castro, F. G., Collins, L. M., Flay, B. R., … Schinke, S. P. (2011). Replication in prevention science. Prevention Science, 12, 103–117. doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0217-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van’t Veer, A. E., & Giner-Sorolla, R. (2016). Pre-registration in social psychology—A discussion and suggested template. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 67, 2–12. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenstra, G. (2011). Race, gender, class, and sexual orientation: Intersecting axes of inequality and self-rated health in Canada. International Journal for Equity in Health, 10, 3. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-10-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, R., Lagakos, S. W., Ware, J. H., Hunter, D. J., & Drazen, J. M. (2007). Statistics in medicine—Reporting of subgroup analyses in clinical trials. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 2189–2194. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr077003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, R., & Ware, J. H. (2013). Detecting moderator effects using subgroup analyses. Prevention Science, 14, 111–120. doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0221-x
   Google Scholar
• Warner, R. M. (2008). Applied statistics: From bivariate through multivariate techniques. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Windsor, L. C., Jemal, A., & Alessi, E. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy: A meta analysis of race and substance use outcomes. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 121, 300–313. doi:10.1037/a0037929
   Google Scholar
• Winterbauer, N. L., Bekemeier, B., VanRaemdonck, L., & Hoover, A. G. (2016). Applying community-based participatory research partnership principles to public health practice-based research networks. Sage Open, 6, 1–13. doi:10.1177/2158244016679211
   Google Scholar
• Witteman, H. O., Dansokho, S. C., Colquhoun, H., Fagerlin, A., Giguere, A. M., Glouberman, S., … Légaré, J. (2018). Twelve lessons learned for effective research partnerships between patients, caregivers, clinicians, academic researchers, and other stakeholders. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33, 558–562. doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4269-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar