References
- Agarwal SK, Singh SS, Verma S, Lakshmi V, Sharma A. 2000. Chemistry and medicinal uses of Gymnema sylvestre (Gur-mar) leaves: a review. Indian Drugs. 37:354–360.
- Ansari SH. 2005. Essentials of pharmacognosy, 1st ed. New Delhi: Birla Publication Pvt. Ltd; p. 357–384.
- Aralelimath VR, Bhise SB. 2012. Anti-diabetic effects of Gymnema sylvestre extract on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and possible b-cell protective and regenerative evaluations. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct. 7(1):135–142.
- Babu H, Cheung G, Kettenmann H, Palmer TD, Kempermann G. 2007. Enriched monolayer precursor cell cultures from micro-dissected adult mouse dentate gyrus yield functional granule cell-like neurons. PLoS ONE. 2:e388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000388.
- Baker H, Frank O, Angelis B, Feingold S. 1951. Plasma tocopherol in man at various times after ingesting free or acetylated tocopherol. Nutr Report Intern. 21:531–536.
- Banerjee A, Dasgupta N, De B. 2005. In vitro study of antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini fruit. Food Chem. 90:727–733. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.033
- Beutler E, Kelly BM. 1963. The effect of sodium nitrate on RBC glutathione. Experientia. 19:96–97. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02148042
- Bhatia IS, Bajaj KL. 1975. Chemical constituents of the seeds and bark of Syzygium cumini. Planta Med. 28:346–352. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1097868
- Bhuyan ZA, Rokeya B, Masum N, Hossain S, Mahmud I. 2010. Antidiabetic effect of Syzygium cumini (L) seed on type 2 diabetic rats. Dhaka Univer J Biol Sci. 19:157–164. doi: https://doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i2.8959
- Bopp A, De Bona KS, Bellé LP, Moresco RN, Moretto MB. 2009. Syzygium cumini inhibits adenosine deaminase activity and reduces glucose levels in hyperglycemic patients. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 23:501–507. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00700.x
- Burgi M, Briner N, Franken ACH, Kessler K. 1988. One step sandwich enzyme immunoassay for insulin using monoclonal antibodies. Clin Biochem. 21:311–314. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9120(88)80087-0
- Burstein MSHR, Scholnick HR, Morfin R. 1970. Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions. J Lipid Res. 11:583–595.
- Castaneda C. 2002. Muscle wasting and protein metabolism. J Anim Sci. 80:E98–E105. doi: https://doi.org/10.2527/animalsci2002.80E-Suppl_2E98x
- Daisy P, Eliza J, Farook KAM. 2009. A novel dihydroxy gymnemic triacetate isolated from Gymnema sylvestre possessing normoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity on STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 126:339–344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.018
- Denys JC. 2012. Sources of natural antioxidants and their activities. Antioxidant properties of spices, herbs and other sources. New York: Springer; p. 65–138.
- Drabkin DL, Austin JM. 1932. Spectrophotometric studies, spectrophotometric constants for common haemoglobin derivatives in human, dog and rabbit blood. J Biol Chem. 9:719–733.
- Eddouks M, Jouad H, Maghrani M, Lemhadri A, Burcelin A. 2003. Inhibition of endogenous glucose production accounts for hypoglycemic effect of Spergularia purpurea in streptozotocin mice. Phytomedicine. 10:594–599. doi: https://doi.org/10.1078/094471103322331890
- El Shafey AA, El-Ezabi MM, Seliem MM, Ouda HH, Ibrahim DS. 2013. Ibrahim effect of gymnema sylvestre R. Br. leaves extract on certain physiological parameters of diabetic rats. J King Saud Univer Sci. 25:135–141. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2012.11.001
- Foster LB, Dunn RT. 1973. Stable reagents for determination of serum triglycerides by colorimetric Hantzsch condensation method. Clin Chem. 19(3):338–340. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/19.3.338
- Fraga CG, Leibouitz BE, Toppel AL. 1988. Lipid peroxidation measured as TBARS in tissue slices: characterization and comparison with homogenates and microsomes. Free Radical Biol Med. 4:155–161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(88)90023-8
- Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 18:499–502. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499
- Ghosh S, Suryawanshi SA. 2001. Effect of Vinca rosea extracts in treatment of alloxan diabetes in male albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol Aug. 39(8):748–759.
- Gillespie KM. 2006. Type 1 diabetes: pathogenesis and prevention. CMAJ. 2(165e):70.
- Gupta R, Saxena AM. 2011. Hypoglycemic and anti hyperglycemic activities of Syzygium cumini (Linn.) skeels whole fruit, in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian J Phar Biol Res. 1:267–272.
- Gupta GS, Sharma DP. 1974. Triterpenoid and other constituents of Eugenia jambolana leaves. Phytochemistry. 13:2013–2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(74)85151-4
- Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakpoby WB. 1974. Glutathione transferase, a first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem. 249:7130–7139.
- Hassan SA, Barthwal R, Nair MS, Haque SS. 2012. Aqueous bark extract of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum: a potential therapeutic agent for streptozotocin induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rats. Trop J Pharm Res. 11:429–435.
- Horn HD, Burns FH. 1978. Assay of glutathione reductase activity. In: H.V. Bergemeyer, editor. Methods of enzymatic analysis. New York, USA: Academic Press; p. 142–146.
- Imparl-Radosevich J, Deas S, Polansky MM, Baedke DA, Ingebritsen TS, Anderson RA, et al. 1998. Regulation of PTP-1 and insulin receptor kinase by fractions from cinnamon: implications for cinnamon regulation of insulin signalling. Horm Res. 50:177–182.
- Jarvill-Taylor KJ, Anderson RA, Graves DJ. 2001. A hydroxychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Am Coll Nutr. 20:327–336. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2001.10719053
- Jiang ZY, Hunt JV, Wolff SP. 1992. Ferrous ion oxidation in the presence of xylenol orange for detection of lipid hydroperoxide in low density lipoprotein. Anal Biochem. 202:384–389. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(92)90122-N
- Kakkar R, Mantha SV, Radhi J, Prasad K, Kalra J. 1998. Increased oxidative stress in rat liver and pancreas during progression of streptozotocin induced diabetes. Clin Sci. 94:623–632. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0940623
- Kanetkar P, Singhal R, Kamat M. 2007. Gymnema sylvestre: a memoir. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 41:77–81. doi: https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.2007010
- Karadeniz F, Burdurulu HS, Koca N, Soyer Y. 2005. Antioxidant activity of selected fruits and vegetables grown in Turkey. J Agric Food Chem. 29:297–303.
- Kaviarasan S, Naik GH, Gangabhagirathi R, Anuradha CV, Priyadarsini KI. 2007. In vitro studies on antiradical and antioxidant activities of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds. Food Chem. 103:31–37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.064
- Kennedy AL, Lyons TJ. 1997. Glycation, oxidation, and lipoxidation in the development of diabetic complications. Metabolism. 46:14–21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(97)90311-5
- Kirtika KR, Basu BD. 1975. Indian medicinal plants. Vol. 3. New Delhi, India: Periodical Experts.
- Kirubananthan G, Vijayan SG, Thangaraj A, Sundaram R. 2019. Antioxidant potential of theaflavin ameliorates the activities of key enzymes of glucose metabolism in high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Redox Rep. 24(1):41–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510002.2019.1624085
- Kumar RS, Ponmozhi M, Viswanathan P, Nalini N. 2002. Effect of Cassia auriculata leaf extract on lipids in rats with alcoholic liver injury. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 11:157–163. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00286.x
- Kumar Rajagopal S, Manickam P, Periyasamy V, Namasivayam N. 2003. Activity of Cassia auriculata leaf extract in rats with alcoholic liver injury. J Nutr Biochem. 14:452–458. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(03)00053-6
- Latha M, Pari L. 2003. Preventive effects of Cassia auriculata L. flowers on brain lipid peroxidation in rats treated with streptozotocin. Mol Cell Biochem. 243:23–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021697311150
- Mandal S, Barik B, Mallick C, De D, Ghosh D. 2008. Therapeutic effect of ferulic acid, an ethereal fraction of ethanolic extract of seed of Syzygium cumini against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male rat. Methods Finds Exp Clin Pharmacol. 30:121–128. doi: https://doi.org/10.1358/mf.2008.30.2.1143090
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 1996. Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India.
- Murray GL, Bao WG, Fukuhara H, Zuo XM, Clark-Walker GD, Chen XJ. 2000. Disruption of the MRP-L23 gene encoding the mitochondrial ribosomal protein L23 is lethal for Kluyveromyces lactis but not for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet. 37(2):87–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002940050014
- Nampurath GK, Mathew SP, Khanna V, Zachariah RT, Kanji S, Chamallamudi MR, et al. 2008. Assessment of hypolipidaemic activity of three thiazolidin-4-ones in mice given high-fat diet and fructose. Chem-Biol Interact. 171:363–368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2007.10.006
- Nandhakumar E, Purushothaman A, Sachdanandam P. 2013. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies using shemamruthaa, a modified indigenous siddha preparation, in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Sci Biotechnol. 23(1):299–306. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-014-0042-3
- Navarro C, Wu LF, Mandrand-Berthelot MA. 1993. The nik operon of Escherichia coli encodes a periplasmic binding-protein-dependent transport system for nickel. Mol Microbiol. 9:1181–1191. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01247.x
- Noomrio MH, Dahot MU. 1996. Nutritive value of Eugenia jambosa fruit. J Islam Acad Sci. 9:9–12.
- Omaye ST, Turbull TD, Sauberlich HC. 1979. Selected method for the determination of ascorbic acid in animal cells, tissues and fluids. In: D.B. McCormic, D.L. Wrighti, editor. Methods enzymology, Vol. 62. New York, USA: Academic Press; p. 3–11.
- Pandey M, Khan A. 2002. Hypoglycaemic effect of defatted seeds and water soluble fibre from the seeds of Syzygium cumini (Linn.) skeels in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 40:1178–1182.
- Pari L, Satheesh MA. 2004. Antidiabetic activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L on hepatic key enzymes in experimental diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol. 91:109–113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.12.013
- Patel SS, Shah RS, Goyal RK. 2009. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of Dihar, a polyherbal ayurvedic formulation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 47:564–570.
- Petit P, Sauvaire Y, Ponsin G, Manteghetti M, Fave A, Ribes G, et al. 1993. Effects of a fenugreek seed extract on feeding behaviour in the rat: metabolic-endocrine correlates. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 45:369–374. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(93)90253-P
- Rahul G, Nandhakumar E, Renuka A, Manamalli A. 2019. Antidiabetic potential of polyherbal drug against high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus male Wistar rats. Drug Invention Today. 11(8):1784–1788.
- Raju J, Gupta D, Rao AR, Yadava PK, Baquer NZ. 2001. Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed powder improves glucose homeostasis in alloxan diabetic rat tissues by reversing the altered glycolytic, gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes. Mol Cell Biochem. 224:45–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011974630828
- Reitman S, Frankel S. 1957. Colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol. 28:56–63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56
- Riad S, El-Baradie AA. 1959. Fenugreek mucilage and its relation to the reputed laxative action of this seed. Egypt J Chem. 2:163–168.
- Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE. 1973. Selenium biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase purification assay. Science. 179:588–590. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.179.4073.588
- Shanmugasundaram KR, Panneerselvam C, Samudram P, Shanmugasundaram ERB. 1983. Enzyme changes and glucose utilisation in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre. J Ethnopharmacol. 7:205–234. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(83)90021-1
- Sharafeldin K, Rizvi MR. 2015. Effect of traditional plant medicines (Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Syzygium cumini) on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Basic Appl Zool. 72(October):126–134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2015.09.002
- Sharma RD, Raghuram TC, Rao NS. 1990. Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 44:301–306.
- Sheela CG, Augusti KT. 1992. Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Indian J Exp Biol. 30(6):523–526.
- Sinha AK. 1952. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem. 47:389–394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7
- Slot C. 1965. Plasma creatinine determination. A new and specific Jaffe reaction method. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 17:381–387. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/00365516509077065
- Sudhakar NS, Pattabiraman TN. 1981. A new colorimetric method for the estimation of glycosylated haemoglobin. Clin Chim Acta. 109:267–274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(81)90312-0
- Sultana B, Anwar F, Przybylski R. 2007. Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees. Food Chem. 104:1106–1114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.019
- Sundara R, Naresh R, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. 2013. Modulatory effect of green tea extract on hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in streptozotocin and high fat diet induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine. 20:577–584. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.01.006
- Taylor WG, Zaman MS. 1997. Analysis of steroidal sapogenins from amber fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) by capillary gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. 45:753–759. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf960200n
- Trinder P. 1969. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Annal Clin Biochem: Int J Biochem Lab Med. 6:24–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/000456326900600108
- Wang Y, Campbell T, Perry B, Beaurepaire C, Qin L. 2011. Hypoglycemic and insulin-sensitizing effects of berberine in high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Metabolism. 60:298–305. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.02.005
- Wei M, Ong L, Smith MT, Ross FB, Schmid K, Hoey AJ, Burstow D, Brown L. 2003. The streptozotocin-diabetic rat as a model of the chronic complications of human diabetes. Heart, Lung Circ. 12:44–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2892.2003.00160.x
- Wybenga DR, Di Giorgio J, Pileggi VJ. 1971. Manual and automated methods for urea nitrogen measurement in whole serum. Clin Chem. 17:891–895. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/17.9.891
- Xue WL, Li XS, Zhang J, Liu YH, Wang ZL, Zhang RJ. 2007. Effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) extract on blood glucose, blood lipid and hemorheological properties in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 16(Suppl. 1):422–426.
- Zhang L, Yang J, Chen X, Zan K, Wen X, Chen H, Wang Q, Lai MX. 2010. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of extracts from Potentilla discolor Bunge on diabetic rats induced by high fat diet and streptozotocin. J Ethnopharmacol. 132:518–524. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.053
- Zlatkis A, Zak B, Boyle GJ. 1953. A simple method for determination of serum cholesterol. J Clin Med. 41:486–492.