A review on neurodevelopmental abnormalities in congenital heart disease: focus on minimizing the deleterious effects on patients

References

• Afonso J, Reis F. 2012. Dexmedetomidine: current role in anesthesia and intensive care. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 62:118–133. doi:10.1016/S0034-7094(12)70110-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andropoulos DB, Easley RB, Brady K, McKenzie ED, Heinle JS, Dickerson HA, Shekerdemian LS, Meador M, Eisenman C, Hunter JV, et al. 2013. Neurodevelopmental outcomes after regional cerebral perfusion with neuromonitoring for neonatal aortic arch reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg. 95:648–655. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.04.070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annink KV, Franz AR, Derks JB, Rüdiger M, Bel FV, Benders M. 2017. Allopurinol: old drug, new indication in neonates? Curr Pharm Design. 23:5935–5942. doi:10.2174/1381612823666170918123307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhutta AT, Schmitz ML, Swearingen C, James LP, Wardbegnoche WL, Lindquist DM, Glasier CM, Tuzcu V, Prodhan P, Dyamenahalli U, et al. 2012. Ketamine as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent in children undergoing surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 13:328–337. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31822f18f9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler SC, Sadhwani A, Stopp C, Singer J, Wypij D, Dunbar-Masterson C, Ware J, Newburger JW. 2019. Neurodevelopmental assessment of infants with congenital heart disease in the early postoperative period. Congenit Heart Dis. 14:236–245. doi:10.1111/chd.12686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderon J, Bellinger DC, Hartigan C, Lord A, Stopp C, Wypij D, Newburger JW. 2019. Improving neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital heart disease: protocol for a randomised controlled trial of working memory training. BMJ Open. 9:e023304. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023304.
   Google Scholar
• Chrysostomou C, Sanchez De Toledo J, Avolio T, Motoa MV, Berry D, Morell VO, Orr R, Munoz R. 2009. Dexmedetomidine use in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit: can we use it in infants after cardiac surgery? Pediatr Crit Care Med. 10:654–660. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181a00b7a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy RR, McGaurn SA, Goin JE, Hirtz DG, Norwood WI, Gaynor JW, Jacobs ML, Wernovsky G, Mahle WT, Murphy JD, et al. 2001. Allopurinol neurocardiac protection trial in infants undergoing heart surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Pediatr. 108:61–70. doi:10.1542/peds.108.1.61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruickshank M, Henderson L, MacLennan G, Fraser C, Campbell M, Blackwood B, Gordon A, Brazzelli M. 2016. Alpha-2 agonists for sedation of mechanically ventilated adults in intensive care units: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 20:v–xx;1–117. doi:10.3310/hta20250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Asis-Cruz J, Donofrio MT, Vezina G, Limperopoulos C. 2018. Aberrant brain functional connectivity in newborns with congenital heart disease before cardiac surgery. Neuroimage Clin. 17:31–42. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.09.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desnous B, Lenoir M, Doussau A, Marandyuk B, Beaulieu-Genest L, Poirier N, Carmant L, Birca A, CINC multidisciplinary team. 2019. Epilepsy and seizures in children with congenital heart disease: a prospective study. Seizure. 64:50–53. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2018.11.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easson K, Rohlicek CV, Houde J-C, Gilbert G, Saint-Martin C, Fontes K, Majnemer A, Marelli A, Wintermark P, Descoteaux M, Brossard-Racine M. 2020. Quantification of apparent axon density and orientation dispersion in the white matter of youth born with congenital heart disease. Neuroimage. 205:116255. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrler M, Latal B, Kretschmar O, von Rhein M, O’Gorman Tuura R. 2020. Altered frontal white matter microstructure is associated with working memory impairments in adolescents with congenital heart disease: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroimage Clin. 25:102123. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer HS, Reibel NJ, Buhrer C, Dame C. 2017. Prophylactic early erythropoietin for neuroprotection in preterm infants: a meta-analysis. Pediatr. 139. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-4317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleck T, Schubert S, Ewert P, Stiller B, Nagdyman N, Berger F. 2015. Propofol effect on cerebral oxygenation in children with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 36:543–549. doi:10.1007/s00246-014-1047-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontes K, Rohlicek CV, Saint-Martin C, Gilbert G, Easson K, Majnemer A, Marelli A, Chakravarty MM, Brossard-Racine M. 2019. Hippocampal alterations and functional correlates in adolescents and young adults with congenital heart disease. Hum Brain Mapp. 40:3548–3560. doi:10.1002/hbm.24615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia RU, Peddy SB. 2018. Heart disease in children. Prim Care. 45:143–154. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong J, Zhang R, Shen L, Xie Y, Li X. 2019. The brain protective effect of dexmedetomidine during surgery for paediatric patients with congenital heart disease. J Int Med Res. 47:1677–1684. doi:10.1177/0300060518821272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinter JR, Kristeller JL. 2010. Prolonged infusions of dexmedetomidine in critically ill patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 67:1246–1253. doi:10.2146/ajhp090300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta P, Whiteside W, Sabati A, Tesoro TM, Gossett JM, Tobias JD, Roth SJ. 2012. Safety and efficacy of prolonged dexmedetomidine use in critically ill children with heart disease*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 13:660–666. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e318253c7f1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartnett ME. 2014. Vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist therapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Clin Perinatol. 41:925–943. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2014.08.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst LM, Serrano F, Shekerdemian L, Ravn HB, Guffey D, Ghanayem NS, Monteiro S. 2019. Impact of feeding mode on neurodevelopmental outcome in infants and children with congenital heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis. 14:1207–1213. doi:10.1111/chd.12827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Gou B, Rong F, Wang W. 2020. Dexmedetomidine improves neurodevelopment and cognitive impairment in infants with congenital heart disease. Per Med. 17:33–41. doi:10.2217/pme-2019-0003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudetz JA, Iqbal Z, Gandhi SD, Patterson KM, Byrne AJ, Hudetz AG, Pagel PS, Warltier DC. 2009. Ketamine attenuates post-operative cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Acta Anaesth Scand. 53:864–872. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.01978.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadcherla SR, Khot T, Moore R, Malkar M, Gulati IK, Slaughter JL. 2017. Feeding methods at discharge predict long-term feeding and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants referred for gastrostomy evaluation. J. Pediatr. 181:125–130.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakab A, Meuwly E, Feldmann M, Rhein MV, Kottke R, O’Gorman Tuura R, Latal B, Knirsch W, Research Group Heart and Brain. 2019. Left temporal plane growth predicts language development in newborns with congenital heart disease. Brain. 142:1270–1281. doi:10.1093/brain/awz067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly CJ, Arulkumaran S, Tristão Pereira C, Cordero-Grande L, Hughes EJ, Teixeira RPAG, Steinweg JK, Victor S, Pushparajah K, Hajnal JV, et al. 2019. Neuroimaging findings in newborns with congenital heart disease prior to surgery: an observational study. Arch Dis Child. 104:1042–1048. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2018-314822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiski D, Malec E, Schmidt C. 2019. Use of dexmedetomidine in pediatric cardiac anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 32:334–342. doi:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakič N, Mrak M, Šušteršič M, Rakovec P, Bunc M. 2016. Perioperative erythropoietin protects the CNS against ischemic lesions in patients after open heart surgery. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 128:875–881. doi:10.1007/s00508-016-1063-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakič N, Šurlan K, Jerin A, Meglič B, Curk N, Bunc M. 2010. Importance of erythropoietin in brain protection after cardiac surgery: a pilot study. Heart Surg Forum. 13:E185–E189. doi:10.1532/HSF98.20091150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam F, Bhutta AT, Tobias JD, Gossett JM, Morales L, Gupta P. 2012. Hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine in critically ill neonates and infants with heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 33:1069–1077. doi:10.1007/s00246-012-0227-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leijser LM, Chau V, Seed M, Poskitt KJ, Synnes A, Blaser S, Au-Young SH, Hickey EJ, Campbell A, McQuillen PS, Miller SP. 2019. Anticoagulation therapy and the risk of perioperative brain injury in neonates with congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 157:2406–2413.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.02.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llurba E, Sanchez O, Ferrer Q, Nicolaides KH, Ruiz A, Dominguez C, Sanchez-de-Toledo J, Garcia-Garcia B, Soro G, Arevalo S, et al. 2014. Maternal and foetal angiogenic imbalance in congenital heart defects. Eur Heart J. 35:701–707. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandalenakis Z, Rosengren A, Lappas G, Eriksson P, Hansson P-O, Dellborg M. 2016. Ischemic stroke in children and young adults with congenital heart disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 5. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.003071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mebius MJ, Kooi EMW, Bilardo CM, Bos AF. 2017. Brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcome in congenital heart disease: a systematic review. Pediatr. 140. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-4055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton PD, Ishibashi N, Jonas RA. 2017. Neurodevelopmental abnormalities and congenital heart disease: insights into altered brain maturation. Circ Res. 120(6):960–977. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagels W, Demeyere R, Van Hemelrijck J, Vandenbussche E, Gijbels K, Vandermeersch E. 2004. Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of S(+)-ketamine during open-heart surgery. Anesth Analg. 98:1595–1603. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000117227.00820.0c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nattel SN, Adrianzen L, Kessler EC, Andelfinger G, Dehaes M, Côté-Corriveau G, Trelles MP. 2017. Congenital heart disease and neurodevelopment: clinical manifestations, genetics, mechanisms, and implications. Can J Cardiol. 33:1543–1555. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.09.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyvandi S, Latal B, Miller SP, McQuillen PS. 2019. The neonatal brain in critical congenital heart disease: insights and future directions. Neuroimage. 185:776–782. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan H, Nahata MC. 2008. Clinical uses of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients. Paediatr Drugs. 10:49–69. doi:10.2165/00148581-200810010-00006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pu B, Xue Y, Wang Q, Hua C, Li X. 2015. Dextromethorphan provides neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxicity effects in the cortex following traumatic brain injury. Mol Med Rep. 12:3704–3710. doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.3830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollins CK, Asaro LA, Akhondi-Asl A, Kussman BD, Rivkin MJ, Bellinger DC, Warfield SK, Wypij D, Newburger JW, Soul JS. 2017. White matter volume predicts language development in congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 181:42–48.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollins CK, Watson CG, Asaro LA, Wypij D, Vajapeyam S, Bellinger DC, DeMaso DR, Robertson RL, Newburger JW, Rivkin MJ. 2014. White matter microstructure and cognition in adolescents with congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 165:936–944.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.07.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez O, Ruiz-Romero A, Domínguez C, Ferrer Q, Ribera I, Rodríguez-Sureda V, Alijotas J, Arévalo S, Carreras E, Cabero L, Llurba E. 2018. Brain angiogenic gene expression in fetuses with congenital heart disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 52:734–738. doi:10.1002/uog.18977.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt B, Bauersfeld U, Fanconi S, Wohlrab G, Huisman TA, Bandtlow C, Baumann P, Superti-Furga A, Martin E, Arbenz U, et al. 1997. The effect of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist dextromethorphan on perioperative brain injury in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: results of a pilot study. Neuropediatrics. 28:191–197. doi:10.1055/s-2007-973699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz LI, Twite M, Gulack B, Hill K, Kim S, Vener DF. 2016. The perioperative use of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease: an analysis from the congenital cardiac anesthesia society-society of thoracic surgeons congenital heart disease database. Anesth Analg. 123:715–721. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Macgowan CK, Sled JG, Yoo SJ, Manlhiot C, Porayette P, Grosse-Wortmann L, Jaeggi E, McCrindle BW, Kingdom J, et al. 2015. Reduced fetal cerebral oxygen consumption is associated with smaller brain size in fetuses with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 131:1313–1323. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tassinari S, Martínez-Vernaza S, Erazo-Morera N, Pinzón-Arciniegas MC, Gracia G, Zarante I. 2018. Epidemiology of congenital heart diseases in Bogotá, Colombia, from 2001 to 2014: improved surveillance or increased prevalence? Biomedica. 38:148–155. doi:10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.3381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedovelli L, Cogo P, Cainelli E, Suppiej A, Padalino M, Tassini M, Simonato M, Stellin G, Carnielli VP, Buonocore G, Longini M. 2019. Pre-surgery urine metabolomics may predict late neurodevelopmental outcome in children with congenital heart disease. Heliyon. 5:e02547. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Rhein M, Buchmann A, Hagmann C, Huber R, Klaver P, Knirsch W, Latal B. 2014. Brain volumes predict neurodevelopment in adolescents after surgery for congenital heart disease. Brain. 137:268–276. doi:10.1093/brain/awt322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R, Zhang Z, Kumar M, Xu G, Zhang M. 2019. Neuroprotective potential of ketamine prevents developing brain structure impairment and alteration of neurocognitive function induced via isoflurane through the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3beta pathway. Drug Des. 13:501–512. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S188636.
   Google Scholar
• White BR, Rogers LS, Kirschen MP. 2019. Recent advances in our understanding of neurodevelopmental outcomes in congenital heart disease. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 31:783–788. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintermark P, Lechpammer M, Kosaras B, Jensen FE, Warfield SK. 2015. Brain perfusion is increased at term in the white matter of very preterm newborns and newborns with congenital heart disease: does this reflect activated angiogenesis? Neuropediatrics. 46:344–351. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1563533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldız EP, Ekici B, Tatlı B. 2017. Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: an update on disease pathogenesis and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother. 17:449–459. doi:10.1080/14737175.2017.1259567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar