Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of triclosan with various antibiotics in bacteria

References

• Alfhili MA, Lee M-H. Triclosan: an update on biochemical and molecular mechanisms. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:1607304. 1607304-1607304. doi:10.1155/2019/1607304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morais DS, Guedes RM, Lopes MA. Antimicrobial approaches for textiles: from research to market. Materials (Basel, Switzerland). 2016;9(6):498. doi:10.3390/ma9060498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydon KA, Robertson MJ, Lipp EK. Patterns of triclosan resistance in Vibrionaceae. PeerJ. 2018; 6:e5170. doi:10.7717/peerj.5170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Wang Y, Li J, et al. Triclosan at environmentally relevant concentrations promotes horizontal transfer of multidrug resistance genes within and across bacterial genera. Environ Int. 2018;121(Pt 2):1217–1226. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.040.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braoudaki M, Hilton AC. Adaptive resistance to biocides in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157 and cross-resistance to antimicrobial agents. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(1):73–78. doi:10.1128/jcm.42.1.73-78.2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuanchuen R, Beinlich K, Hoang TT, et al. Cross-resistance between triclosan and antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by multidrug efflux pumps: exposure of a susceptible mutant strain to triclosan selects nfxB mutants overexpressing MexCD-OprJ. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(2):428–432. doi:10.1128/AAC.45.2.428-432.2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmakar S, Abraham TJ, Kumar S, et al. Triclosan exposure induces varying extent of reversible antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019;180:309–316. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha P, Zhang W, Chen WJ, et al. Triclosan: antimicrobial mechanisms, clinical applications, antibiotics interactions, and human health. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2020;0(0):00–00.
   Google Scholar
• Aiello AE, Larson EL, Levy SB. Consumer antibacterial soaps: effective or just risky? Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(Suppl 2):S137–S47. doi:10.1086/519255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang JL, Stingley RL, Beland FA, et al. Occurrence, efficacy, metabolism, and toxicity of triclosan. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2010;28(3):147–171. doi:10.1080/10590501.2010.504978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Gröschel MI, Meehan CJ, Barilar I, et al. The phylogenetic landscape and nosocomial spread of the multidrug-resistant opportunist Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1–12. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15123-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer RC. The emergence of epidemic, multiple-antibiotic-resistant Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia and Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia. J Hosp Infect. 1995;30(Suppl):453–464. doi:10.1016/0195-6701(95)90049-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooke JS. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging global opportunistic pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(1):2–41. doi:10.1128/CMR.00019-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuonming P, Khemthong S, Dokpikul T, et al. Characterization and regulation of AcrABR, a RND-type multidrug efflux system, in Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. Microbiol Res. 2018;214:146–155. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2018.06.014.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2019. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Ledder RG, Gilbert P, Willis C, et al. Effects of chronic triclosan exposure upon the antimicrobial susceptibility of 40 ex-situ environmental and human isolates. J Appl Microbiol. 2006;100(5):1132–1140. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02811.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paixao L, Rodrigues L, Couto I, et al. Fluorometric determination of ethidium bromide efflux kinetics in Escherichia coli. J Biol Eng. 2009;3:18. doi:10.1186/1754-1611-3-18.
   Google Scholar
• Wong TY, Fernandes S, Sankhon N, et al. Role of premature stop codons in bacterial evolution. J Bacteriol. 2008;190(20):6718–6725. doi:10.1128/JB.00682-08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu L, Kuo J, Liu JK, et al. Bacterial phylogenetic tree construction based on genomic translation stop signals. Microb Inform Exp. 2012;2(1):6. doi:10.1186/2042-5783-2-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kampf G. Biocidal agents used for disinfection can enhance antibiotic resistance in Gram-Negative species. Antibiotics (Basel). 2018;7(4):110. doi:10.3390/antibiotics7040110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampf G. Antibiotic resistance can be enhanced in Gram-Positive species by some biocidal agents used for disinfection. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019;8(1):13. doi:10.3390/antibiotics8010013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Jin M, Nguyen SH, et al. Non-antibiotic antimicrobial triclosan induces multiple antibiotic resistance through genetic mutation. Environ Int. 2018; 118:257–265. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher MA, Miller MC, Grkovic S, et al. Structural mechanisms of QacR induction and multidrug recognition. Science. 2001;294(5549):2158–2163. doi:10.1126/science.1066020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed M, Lyass L, Markham PN, et al. Two highly similar multidrug transporters of Bacillus subtilis whose expression is differentially regulated. J Bacteriol. 1995;177(14):3904–3910. doi:10.1128/jb.177.14.3904-3910.1995.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando DM, Kumar A. Resistance-Nodulation-Division multidrug efflux pumps in gram-negative bacteria: role in virulence. Antibiotics (Basel). 2013;2(1):163–181. doi:10.3390/antibiotics2010163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin YT, Huang YW, Chen SJ, et al. The SmeYZ efflux pump of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia contributes to drug resistance, virulence-related characteristics, and virulence in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(7):4067–4073. doi:10.1128/aac.00372-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slipski CJ, Zhanel GG, Bay DC. Biocide Selective TolC-Independent efflux pumps in Enterobacteriaceae. J Membr Biol. 2018;251(1):15–33. doi:10.1007/s00232-017-9992-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavilla Lerma L, Benomar N, Valenzuela AS, et al. Role of EfrAB efflux pump in biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from traditional fermented foods and the effect of EDTA as EfrAB inhibitor. Food Microbiol. 2014;44:249–257. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2014.06.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron A, Barbieri R, Read R, et al. Functional screening for triclosan resistance in a wastewater metagenome and isolates of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. from a large Canadian healthcare region. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0211144. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu L, Lin J, Ma J, et al. Triclosan resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is due to FabV, a Triclosan-Resistant Enoyl-Acyl carrier protein reductase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(2):689–698. doi:10.1128/aac.01152-09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuanchuen R, Narasaki CT, Schweizer HP. The MexJK efflux pump of Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires OprM for antibiotic efflux but not for efflux of triclosan. J Bacteriol. 2002;184(18):5036–5044. doi:10.1128/jb.184.18.5036-5044.2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Cremers CM, Jakob U, et al. Chlorinated phenols control the expression of the multidrug resistance efflux pump MexAB-OprM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by interacting with NalC. Mol Microbiol. 2011;79(6):1547–1556. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07544.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita Y, Kimura N, Mima T, et al. Roles of MexXY- and MexAB-multidrug efflux pumps in intrinsic multidrug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 2001;47(1):27–32. doi:10.2323/jgam.47.27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez A, Ruiz FM, Romero A, et al. The binding of triclosan to SmeT, the repressor of the multidrug efflux pump SmeDEF, induces antibiotic resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(6):e1002103. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv L, Wan M, Wang C, et al. Emergence of a Plasmid-Encoded Resistance-Nodulation-Division efflux pump conferring resistance to multiple drugs, including Tigecycline, in Klebsiella pneumoniae. mBio. 2020;11(2):1–15. doi:10.1128/mBio.02930-19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch ML, Rothenburger SJ, Jacinto G. Experimental efficacy study of coated VICRYL plus antibacterial suture in guinea pigs challenged with Staphylococcus aureus. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2004;5(3):281–288. doi:10.1089/sur.2004.5.281.
   Google Scholar
• Jones GL, Muller CT, O'Reilly M, et al. Effect of triclosan on the development of bacterial biofilms by urinary tract pathogens on urinary catheters. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57(2):266–272. doi:10.1093/jac/dki447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamatis NK, Konstantinou IK. Occurrence and removal of emerging pharmaceutical, personal care compounds and caffeine tracer in municipal sewage treatment plant in Western Greece. J Environ Sci Health B. 2013;48(9):800–813. doi:10.1080/03601234.2013.781359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salierno JD, Lopes M, Rivera M. Latent effects of early life stage exposure to triclosan on survival in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas. J Environ Sci Health B. 2016;51(10):695–702. doi:10.1080/03601234.2016.1191908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar