4,283
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

The Role of Scrupulosity, Experiential Avoidance, and the Dark Tetrad in Problematic Pornography Use

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Abramowitz, J. S., & Hellberg, S. N. (2020). Scrupulosity. In E. A. Storch, D. McKay, & J. S. Abramowitz (Eds.), Advanced casebook of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (pp. 71–87). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816563-8.00005-X
  • Abramowitz, J. S., Huppert, J. D., Cohen, A. B., Tolin, D. F., & Cahill, S. P. (2002). Religious obsessions and compulsions in a non-clinical sample: The Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(7), 825–838. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00070-5
  • Ayres, M. M., & Haddock, S. A. (2009). Therapists’ approaches in working with heterosexual couples struggling with male partners’ online sexual behavior. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 16(1), 55–78. doi:10.1080/10720160802711952
  • Baughman, H. M., Jonason, P. K., Veselka, L., & Vernon, P. A. (2014). Four shades of sexual fantasies linked to the dark triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 47–51. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.034
  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., … Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action Questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676–688. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
  • Borgogna, N. C., & Aita, S. L. (2019). Problematic pornography viewing from a big-5 personality perspective. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 26(3–4), 293–314. doi:10.1080/10720162.2019.1670302
  • Borgogna, N. C., & McDermott, R. C. (2018). The role of gender, experiential avoidance, and scrupulosity in problematic pornography viewing: A moderated-mediation model. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 25(4), 319–344. doi:10.1080/10720162.2018.1503123
  • Borgogna, N. C., Duncan, J., & McDermott, R. C. (2018). Is scrupulosity behind the relationship between problematic pornography viewing and depression, anxiety, and stress? Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 25(4), 293–318. doi:10.1080/10720162.2019.1567410
  • Borgogna, N. C., Isacco, A., & McDermott, R. C. (2020). A closer examination of the relationship between religiosity and problematic pornography viewing in heterosexual men. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 27(1–2), 23–44. doi:10.1080/10720162.2020.1751361
  • Borgogna, N. C., McDermott, R. C., Berry, A. T., & Browning, B. R. (2020). Masculinity and problematic pornography viewing: The moderating role of self-esteem. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(1), 81–94. doi:10.1037/men0000214
  • Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Potenza, M. N., Orosz, G., & Demetrovics, Z. (2020). High-frequency pornography use may not always be problematic. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(4), 793–811. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.007
  • Bradley, D. F., Grubbs, J. B., Uzdavines, A., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2016). Perceived addiction to internet pornography among religious believers and nonbelievers. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 23(2–3), 225–243. doi:10.1080/10720162.2016.1162237
  • Brewer, G., & Abell, L. (2015). Machiavellianism and sexual behavior: Motivations, deception and infidelity. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 186–191. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.028
  • British Psychological Society. (2014). Code of human research ethics. Leicester: British Psychological Society.
  • Buckels, E. E. (2018). The psychology of everyday sadism. Vancouver: University of British Columbia.
  • Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2201–2209. doi:10.1177/0956797613490749.
  • Buckels, E. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Comprehensive assessment of sadistic tendencies (CAST). Unpublished instrument, Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia.
  • Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., Andjelovic, T., & Paulhus, D. L. (2019). Internet trolling and everyday sadism: Parallel effects on pain perception and moral judgment. Journal of Personality, 87(2), 328–340. doi:10.1111/jopy.12393.
  • Bursac, Z., Gauss, C. H., Williams, D. K., & Hosmer, D. W. (2008). Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code for Biology and Medicine, 3(17), 17. doi:10.1186/1751-0473-3-17
  • Butler, M. H., Pereyra, S. A., Draper, T. W., Leonhardt, N. D., & Skinner, K. B. (2018). Pornography use and loneliness: A bidirectional recursive model and pilot investigation. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 44(2), 127–137. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/ doi:10.1080/0092623X.2017.1321601
  • Campbell, L., & Kohut, T. (2017). The use and effects of pornography in romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 6–10.
  • Capurso, N. A. (2017). Naltrexone for the treatment of comorbid tobacco and pornography addiction. The American Journal on Addictions, 26(2), 115–117. doi:10.1111/ajad.12501
  • Carre, J. R., & Jones, D. N. (2016). The impact of social support and coercion salience on dark triad decision making. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 92–95. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.006
  • Chabrol, H., Van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., & Séjourné, N. (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 734–739. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020
  • Chawla, N., & Ostafin, B. (2007). Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(9), 871–890.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • Cooper, A. (1998). Sexuality and the internet: Surfing into the new millennium. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(2), 187–193. doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.187
  • Crosby, J. M., & Twohig, M. P. (2016). Acceptance and commitment therapy for problematic internet pornography use: A randomized trial. Behavior Therapy, 47(3), 355–366.
  • Cruz, G. V. (2020). Men’s sexual sadism towards women in Mozambique: Influence of pornography? Current Psychology, 39(2), 694–704.
  • Daneback, K., Traeen, B., & Månsson, S.-A. (2009). Use of pornography in a random sample of Norwegian heterosexual couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 746–753. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9314-4
  • De Jong, D. C., & Cook, C. (2021). Roles of religiosity, Obsessive-Compulsive symptoms, scrupulosity, and shame in self-perceived pornography addiction: A preregistered study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(2), 695–709. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01878-6
  • Droubay, B.A., Shafer, K., & Butters, R.P. (2020) Sexual Desire and Subjective Distress among Pornography Consumers, Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 46(8), 773–792. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2020.1822483
  • Egan, V., & Parmar, R. (2013). Dirty habits? Online pornography use, personality, obsessionality, and compulsivity. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 39(5), 394–409.
  • Fernandez, D. P., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Psychometric instruments for problematic pornography use: A systematic review. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 44(2), 111–141. doi:10.1177/0163278719861688
  • Fritz, N., Malic, V., Paul, B., & Zhou, Y. (2020). A descriptive analysis of the types, targets, and relative frequency of aggression in mainstream pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), 3041–3053. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01773-0
  • Fritz, N., & Paul, B. (2017). From orgasms to spanking: A content analysis of the agentic and objectifying sexual scripts in feminist, for women, and mainstream pornography. Sex Roles, 77(9–10), 639–652.
  • Gallegos, J., Sánchez-Jauregui, G., Hidalgo, J., Davila-de Gárate, S. M., Támez-Díaz, O. G., & Fisak, B. (2018). The validation of a Spanish version of the Pennsylvania inventory of scrupulosity - revised. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 21(2), 194–203. doi:10.1080/13674676.2018.1432582
  • Gámez, W., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., Ruggero, C., & Watson, D. (2011). Development of a measure of experiential avoidance: The multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 692–713.
  • Gola, M., & Draps, M. (2018). Ventral striatal reactivity in compulsive sexual behaviors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 546.
  • Gola, M., Lewczuk, K., & Skorko, M. (2016). What matters: Quantity or quality of pornography use? psychological and behavioral factors of seeking treatment for problematic pornography use. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(5), 815–824. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.169
  • Gola, M., Wordecha, M., Sescousse, G., Lew-Starowicz, M., Kossowski, B., Wypych, M., … Marchewka, A. (2017). Can pornography be addictive? An fMRI study of men seeking treatment for problematic pornography use. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(10), 2021–2031. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.78
  • Grant, J. E., Atmaca, M., Fineberg, N. A., Fontenelle, L. F., Matsunaga, H., Janardhan Reddy, Y. C., Simpson, H. B., Thomsen, P. H., van den Heuvel, O. A., Veale, D., Woods, D. W., & Stein, D. J. (2014). Impulse control disorders and “behavioural addictions” in the ICD-11. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 13(2), 125–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20115
  • Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I. Hook, J. N., & Carlisle, R. D. (2015). Transgression as Addiction: Religiosity and Moral Disapproval as Predictors of Perceived Addiction to Pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior 44, 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0257-z
  • Grubbs, J. B., & Perry, S. L. (2019). Moral incongruence and pornography use: A critical review and integration. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(1), 29–37. doi:10.1080/00224499.2018.1427204
  • Grubbs, J. B., Grant, J. T., & Engelman, J. (2018). Self-identification as a pornography addict: Examining the roles of pornography use, religiousness, and moral incongruence. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 25(4), 269–292. doi:10.1080/10720162.2019.1565848
  • Grubbs, J. B., Grubbs, J. B., Perry, S. L., Perry, S. L., Wilt, J. A., Wilt, J. A., & Reid, R. C. (2019). Pornography problems due to moral incongruence: An integrative model with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(2), 397–415. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x
  • Grubbs, J. B., Wilt, J. A., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., & Kraus, S. W. (2018). Moral disapproval and perceived addiction to internet pornography: A longitudinal examination. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 113(3), 496–506.
  • Hackney, C. H., & Sanders, G. S. (2003). Religiosity and mental health: A meta-analysis of recent studies. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(1), 43–55. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00160
  • Hald, G. M., Smolenski, D., & Rosser, B. S. (2013). Perceived effects of sexually explicit media among men who have sex with men and psychometric properties of the pornography consumption effects scale (PCES). The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(3), 757–767.
  • Hardy, S. A., Steelman, M. A., Coyne, S. M., & Ridge, R. D. (2013). Adolescent religiousness as a protective factor against pornography use. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 131–139. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.12.002
  • Hare, R., & Neumann, C. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 217–246.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., … McCurry, S. M. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54(4), 553–578. doi:10.1007/BF03395492
  • Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152–1168.
  • Johnson, L. K., Plouffe, R. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2019). Subclinical sadism and the dark triad: Should there be a dark tetrad? Journal of Individual Differences, 40(3), 127–133. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000284
  • Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41. doi:10.1177/1073191113514105
  • Kasper, T. E., Short, M. B., & Milam, A. C. (2015). Narcissism and internet pornography use. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41(5), 481–486.
  • Kor, A., Zilcha-Mano, S., Fogel, Y. A., Mikulincer, M., Reid, R. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2014). Psychometric development of the problematic pornography use scale. Addictive Behaviors, 39(5), 861–868.
  • Kraus, S., Rosenberg, H. (2014). The Pornography Craving Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 451–462. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0229-3
  • Kraus, S. W., & Sweeney, P. J. (2019). Hitting the target: Considerations for differential diagnosis when treating individuals for problematic use of pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(2), 431–435.
  • Kraus, S. W., Krueger, R. B., Briken, P., First, M. B., Stein, D. J., Kaplan, M. S., … Reed, G. M. (2018). Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder in the ICD‐11. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 17(1), 109–110. doi:10.1002/wps.20499
  • Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 22(1), 3–31.
  • Larsson, A., & Hooper, N. (2015). The research journey of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the five-factor model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(7), 1571–1582. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.016
  • Levin, M. E., Lee, E. B., & Twohig, M. P. (2019). The role of experiential avoidance in problematic pornography viewing. The Psychological Record, 69(1), 1–12. doi:10.1007/s40732-018-0302-3
  • Levin, M. E., Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2012). When is online pornography viewing problematic among college males? Examining the moderating role of experiential avoidance. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 19(3), 168–180.
  • Levin, M. E., Lillis, J., Seeley, J., Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., & Biglan, A. (2012). Exploring the relationship between experiential avoidance, alcohol use disorders, and alcohol-related problems among first-year college students. Journal of American College Health, 60(6), 443–448.
  • Liu, J. (2014). The mediator effect of psychopathy between pornography and sadism [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA.
  • Löfgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S. (2010). Lust, love, and life: A qualitative study of Swedish adolescents’ perceptions and experiences with pornography. Journal of Sex Research, 47(6), 568–579. doi:10.1080/00224490903151374
  • MacInnis, C. C., & Hodson, G. (2016). Surfing for sexual sin: Relations between religiousness and viewing sexual content online. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 23(2–3), 196–210. doi:10.1080/10720162.2015.1130000
  • Maddock, M. E., Steele, K., Esplin, C. R., Hatch, S. G., & Braithwaite, S. R. (2019). What is the relationship among religiosity, self-perceived problematic pornography use, and depression over time? Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 26(3–4), 211–238. doi:10.1080/10720162.2019.1645061
  • Malesza, M., & Ostaszewski, P. (2016). Dark side of impulsivity—Associations between the dark triad, self-report and behavioral measures of impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 197–201. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.016
  • March, E., Grieve, R., Marrington, J., & Jonason, P. K. (2017). Trolling on Tinder® (and other dating apps): Examining the role of the Dark Tetrad and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 139–143. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.025
  • Menon, J., & Kandasamy, A. (2018). Relapse prevention. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(Suppl 4), S473–S478. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_36_18
  • Mestre-Bach, G., Blycker, G. R., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Pornography use in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(2), 181–183.
  • Muris, P., Otgaar, H., Meesters, C., Papasileka, E., & Pineda, D. (2020). The dark triad and honesty-humility: A preliminary study on the relations to pornography use. Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence, 5(1), 3. doi:10.23860/dignity.2020.05.01.03
  • Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carroll, J. S. (2010). I believe it is wrong but I still do it”: A comparison of religious young men who do versus do not use pornography. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2(3), 136–147. doi:10.1037/a0019127
  • Nie, F. (2021). Adolescent porn viewing and religious context: Is the eye still the light of the body? Deviant Behavior, 42(11), 1382–1314. doi:10.1080/01639625.2020.1747154
  • Olatunji, B. O. (2008). Disgust, scrupulosity and conservative attitudes about sex: Evidence for a mediational model of homophobia. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), 1364–1369. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.001
  • Olatunji, B. O., Abramowitz, J. S., Williams, N. L., Connolly, K. M., & Lohr, J. M. (2007). Scrupulosity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Confirmatory factor analysis and validity of the penn inventory of scrupulosity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(6), 771–787.
  • Patterson, R., & Price, J. (2012). Pornography, religion, and the happiness gap: Does pornography impact the actively religious differently? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(1), 79–89.
  • Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
  • Perry, S. L. (2016). From bad to worse? Pornography consumption, spousal religiosity, gender, and marital quality. Sociological Forum, 31(2), 441–464. doi:10.1111/socf.12252
  • Perry, S. L. (2017). Not practicing what you preach: Religion and incongruence between pornography beliefs and usage. Journal of Sex Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1333569
  • Perry, S. L. (2018). Not practicing what you preach: Religion and incongruence between pornography beliefs and usage. Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 369–380. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1333569
  • Perry, S. L. (2020). Pornography and relationship quality: Establishing the dominant pattern by examining pornography use and 31 measures of relationship quality in 30 national surveys. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(4), 1199–1213. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01616-7
  • Perry, S. L., & Snawder, K. J. (2017). Pornography, religion, and parent-child relationship quality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(6), 1747–1761.
  • Perry, S. L., & Whitehead, A. L. (2019). Only bad for believers? Religion, pornography use, and sexual satisfaction among american men. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(1), 50–61. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1423017
  • Perry, S., & Whitehead, A. (2020). Do people in conservative states really watch more porn? A hierarchical analysis. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 6, 237802312090847. doi:10.1177/2378023120908472
  • Plouffe, R. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Smith, M. M. (2017). The assessment of sadistic personality: Preliminary psychometric evidence for a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 166–171. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.043
  • Pornhub. (2018, December 11). 2018 year in review. Accessed from: https://www.pornhub.com/insights/2018-year-inreview
  • Pornhub. (2019, December 11). 2019 year in review. Accessed from: https://www.pornhub.com/insights/2019-year-inreview
  • Price, J., Patterson, R., Regnerus, M., & Walley, J. (2016). How much more XXX is Generation X consuming? Evidence of changing attitudes and behaviors related to pornography since 1973. Journal of Sex Research, 53(1), 12–20. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.1003773
  • Reid, R. C., Carpenter, B. N., Hook, J. N., Garos, S., Manning, J. C., Gilliland, R., … Fong, T. (2012). Report of findings in a DSM‐5 field trial for hypersexual disorder. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9(11), 2868–2877. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02936.x
  • Reid, R. C., Li, D. S., Gilliland, R., Stein, J. A., & Fong, T. (2011). Reliability, validity, and psychometric development of the pornography consumption inventory in a sample of hypersexual men. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 37(5), 359–385. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2011.607047
  • Rochefort, C., Baldwin, A. S., & Chmielewski, M. (2018). Experiential avoidance: An examination of the construct validity of the AAQ-II and MEAQ. Behavior Therapy, 49(3), 435–449.
  • Savard, J., Öberg, K. G., Chatzittofis, A., Dhejne, C., Arver, S., & Jokinen, J. (2020). Naltrexone in compulsive sexual behavior disorder: A feasibility study of twenty men. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(8), 1544–1552.
  • Schreiber, A., & Marcus, B. (2020). The place of the “Dark Triad” in general models of personality: Some meta-analytic clarification. Psychological Bulletin, 146(11), 1021–1041. doi:10.1037/bul0000299
  • Shor, E., & Golriz, G. (2019). Gender, race, and aggression in mainstream pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(3), 739–751.
  • Short, M. B., Kasper, T. E., & Wetterneck, C. T. (2015). The relationship between religiosity and internet pornography use. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(2), 571–583.
  • Sindermann, C., Sariyska, R., Lachmann, B., Brand, M., & Montag, C. (2018). Associations between the dark triad of personality and unspecified/specific forms of internet-use disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 985–992.
  • Sniewski, L., Farvid, P., & Carter, P. (2018). The assessment and treatment of adult heterosexual men with self-perceived problematic pornography use: A review. Addictive Behaviors, 77, 217–224.
  • Twohig, M. P., & Crosby, J. M. (2010). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for problematic internet pornography viewing. Behavior Therapy, 41(3), 285–295. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.06.002
  • Vernon, P.A., Villani, V.C., Vickers, L.C., & Harris, J.A. (2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the dark triad and the big 5. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(2), 445–452.
  • Veselka, L., Giammarco, E. A., & Vernon, P. A. (2014). The Dark Triad and the seven deadly sins. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 75–80. [Database] doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.055
  • Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., Kleiner, S., & Irizarry, Y. (2010). Pornography, normalization, and empowerment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1389–1401.
  • Wetterneck, C. T., Burgess, A. J., Short, M. B., Smith, A. H., & Cervantes, M. E. (2012). The role of sexual compulsivity, impulsivity, and experiential avoidance in internet pornography use. The Psychological Record, 62(1), 3–18. doi:10.1007/BF03395783
  • Whitehead, A. L., & Perry, S. L. (2018). Unbuckling the Bible belt: A state-level analysis of religious factors and google searches for porn. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 273–283. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1278736
  • Whitfield, T. H., Rendina, H. J., Grov, C., & Parsons, J. T. (2018). Viewing sexually explicit media and its association with mental health among gay and bisexual men across the US. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(4), 1163–1172. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1045-y
  • Williams, K. M., Cooper, B. S., Howell, T. M., Yuille, J. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Inferring sexually deviant behavior from corresponding fantasies: The role of personality and pornography consumption. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(2), 198–222. doi:10.1177/0093854808327277
  • Willoughby, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Nelson, L. J., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2014). Associations between relational sexual behaviour, pornography use, and pornography acceptance among US college students. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 16(9), 1052–1069. doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.927075
  • Wood, H. (2011). The internet and its role in the escalation of sexually compulsive behaviour. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 25(2), 127–142. doi:10.1080/02668734.2011.576492
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/
  • Wright, P. J., & Randall, A. K. (2012). Internet pornography exposure and risky sexual behavior among adult males in the United States. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(4), 1410–1416. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.003
  • Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244. doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
  • Zattoni, F., Gül, M., Soligo, M., Morlacco, A., Motterle, G., Collavino, J., Barneschi, A. C., Moschini, M., & Moro, F. D. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pornography habits: A global analysis of google trends. International Journal of Impotence Research, 33(8), 824–831. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-00380-w.