References
- Antons, S., & Brand, M. (2018). Trait and state impulsivity in males with tendency towards Internet-pornography-use disorder. Addictive Behaviors, 79, 171–177. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.029
- Antons, S., & Brand, M. (2020). Inhibitory control and problematic Internet-pornography use – The important balancing role of the insula. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(1), 58–70. doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00010
- Antons, S., & Brand, M. (2021). Diagnostic and classification considerations related to compulsive sexual behavior disorder and problematic pornography use. Current Addiction Reports, 8(3), 452–457. doi:10.1007/s40429-021-00383-7
- Antons, S., Engel, J., Briken, P., Krüger, T. H. C., Brand, M., & Stark, R. (2022). Treatments and interventions for compulsive sexual behavior disorder with a focus on problematic pornography use: A preregistered systematic review. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(3), 643–666. doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00061
- Antons, S., Mueller, S. M., Wegmann, E., Trotzke, P., Schulte, M. M., & Brand, M. (2019). Facets of impulsivity and related aspects differentiate among recreational and unregulated use of internet pornography. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 223–233. doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.22
- Antons, S., Trotzke, P., Wegmann, E., & Brand, M. (2019). Interaction of craving and functional coping styles in heterosexual males with varying degrees of unregulated Internet-pornography use. Personality and Individual Differences, 149, 237–243. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.051
- Baggio, S., Starcevic, V., Studer, J., Simon, O., Gainsbury, S. M., Gmel, G., & Billieux, J. (2018). Technology-mediated addictive behaviors constitute a spectrum of related yet distinct conditions: A network perspective. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 32(5), 564–572. doi:10.1037/adb0000379
- Baranowski, A. M., Vogl, R., & Stark, R. (2019). Prevalence and determinants of problematic online pornography use in a sample of German women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(8), 1274–1282. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.05.010
- Blain, L. M., Muench, F., Morgenstern, J., & Parsons, J. T. (2012). Exploring the role of child sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in gay and bisexual men reporting compulsive sexual behavior. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(5), 413–422. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.03.003
- Bolshinsky, V., & Gelkopf, M. (2019). Motives and risk factors of problematic engagement in online sexual activities. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 26(3-4), 262–292. doi:10.1080/10720162.2019.1645062
- Borgogna, N. C., Duncan, J., & McDermott, R. C. (2018). Is scrupulosity behind the relationship between problematic pornography viewing and depression, anxiety, and stress? Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 25(4), 293–318. doi:10.1080/10720162.2019.1567410
- Bőthe, B., Koós, M., & Demetrovics, Z. (2022). Contradicting classification, nomenclature, and diagnostic criteria of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) and future directions: Commentary to the debate: “Behavioral addictions in the ICD-11”. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(2), 204–209. doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00030
- Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Bella, N., Potenza, M. N., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2021). Why do people watch pornography? The motivational basis of pornography use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 172–186. doi:10.1037/adb0000603
- Brahim, F. B., Rothen, S., Bianchi-Demicheli, F., Courtois, R., & Khazaal, Y. (2019). Contribution of sexual desire and motives to the compulsive use of cybersex. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 442–450. doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.47
- Brand, M. (2022). Can internet use become addictive? Science (New York, N.Y.), 376(6595), 798–799. doi:10.1126/science.abn4189
- Brand, M., Snagowski, J., Laier, C., & Maderwald, S. (2016). Ventral striatum activity when watching preferred pornographic pictures is correlated with symptoms of Internet pornography addiction. NeuroImage, 129, 224–232. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.033
- Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032
- Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252–266. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
- Briken, P. (2020). An integrated model to assess and treat compulsive sexual behaviour disorder. Nature Reviews. Urology, 17(7), 391–406. doi:10.1038/s41585-020-0343-7
- Cardoso, Ramos, J. C., Brito, J., & Almeida, T. C. (2022). Predictors of pornography use: Difficulties in emotion regulation and loneliness. The Journal of Sexual Medicine.
- Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92–100. doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
- Castro-Calvo, J., Giménez-García, C., Gil-Llario, M. D., & Ballester-Arnal, R. (2018). Motives to engage in online sexual activities and their links to excessive and problematic use: A systematic review. Current Addiction Reports, 5(4), 491–510. doi:10.1007/s40429-018-0230-y
- Ebner, K., & Singewald, N. (2017). Individual differences in stress susceptibility and stress inhibitory mechanisms. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 14, 54–64. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.016
- Efrati, Y., & Gola, M. (2019). The Effect of Early Life Trauma on Compulsive Sexual Behavior among Members of a 12-Step Group. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(6), 803–811. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.272
- Engel, J., Veit, M., Sinke, C., Heitland, I., Kneer, J., Hillemacher, T., … Kruger, T. (2019). Same same but different: A clinical characterization of men with hypersexual disorder in the Sex@Brain Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(2), 157. doi:10.3390/jcm8020157
- Esplin, C. R., Hatch, S. G., Hatch, H. D., Deichman, C. L., & Braithwaite, S. R. (2021). What motives drive pornography use? The Family Journal, 29(2), 161–174. doi:10.1177/1066480720956640
- Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2016). Drug addiction: Updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 23–50. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033457
- Fontanesi, L., Marchetti, D., Limoncin, E., Rossi, R., Nimbi, F. M., Mollaioli, D., … Ciocca, G. (2021). Hypersexuality and Trauma: A mediation and moderation model from psychopathology to problematic sexual behavior. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 631–637. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.100
- Franc, E., Khazaal, Y., Jasiowka, K., Lepers, T., Bianchi-Demicheli, F., & Rothen, S. (2018). Factor structure of the Cybersex Motives Questionnaire. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 601–609. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.67
- Gola, M., & Draps, M. (2018). Ventral striatal reactivity in compulsive sexual behaviors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 546–546.
- Gola, M., Lewczuk, K., Potenza, M. N., Kingston, D. A., Grubbs, J. B., Stark, R., & Reid, R. C. (2020). What should be included in the criteria for compulsive sexual behavior disorder? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(2), 160–165. Nov 25doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00090
- Griffiths, B. B., & Hunter, R. G. (2014). Neuroepigenetics of stress. Neuroscience, 275, 420–435. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.041
- Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. p. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
- Grubbs, J. B., Kraus, S. W., & Perry, S. L. (2019). Self-reported addiction to pornography in a nationally representative sample: The roles of use habits, religiousness, and moral incongruence. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(1), 88–93. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.134
- Karekla, M., Panayiotou, G., & Collins, B. N. (2017). Predictors of urge to smoke under stressful conditions: An experimental investigation utilizing the PASAT-C task to induce negative affect in smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 31(7), 735–743. doi:10.1037/adb0000309
- Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016). Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 3(8), 760–773. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8
- Koob, G. F., Buck, C. L., Cohen, A., Edwards, S., Park, P. E., Schlosburg, J. E., … George, O. (2014). Addiction as a stress surfeit disorder. Neuropharmacology, 76 Pt B(0 0), 370–382. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.024
- Laier, C., & Brand, M. (2017). Mood changes after watching pornography on the Internet are linked to tendencies towards Internet-pornography-viewing disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 5, 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2016.11.003
- Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Pekal, J., Schulte, F. P., & Brand, M. (2013). Cybersex addiction: Experienced sexual arousal when watching pornography and not real-life sexual contacts makes the difference. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 100–107. doi:10.1556/JBA.2.2013.002
- Laier, C., Pekal, J., & Brand, M. (2014). Cybersex addiction in heterosexual female users of Internet pornography can be explained by gratification hypothesis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 17(8), 505–511. doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0396
- Laier, C., Pekal, J., & Brand, M. (2015). Sexual excitability and dysfunctional coping determine cybersex addiction in homosexual males. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 18(10), 575–580. doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0152
- Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., & Brown, R. A. (2003). A modified computer version of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) as a laboratory-based stressor. The Behavior Therapist, 26, 290–293.
- Lewczuk, K., Glica, A., Nowakowska, I., Gola, M., & Grubbs, J. B. (2020). Evaluating pornography problems due to moral incongruence model. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(2), 300–311. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.11.259
- Li, Y., & Jia, L. (2021). Don’t miss the forest for the trees: New recommendations for exploiting guilt and shame in self-control conflicts. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(8), e12627. doi:10.1111/spc3.12627
- Logan, G. D. (1994). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users’ guide to the stop signal paradigm. In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 189–239). Academic Press.
- Mathias, C. W., Stanford, M. S., & Houston, R. J. (2004). The physiological experience of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT): Does the PASAT induce autonomic arousal? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 19(4), 543–554. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2003.08.001
- Moustafa, A. A., Parkes, D., Fitzgerald, L., Underhill, D., Garami, J., Levy-Gigi, E., … Misiak, B. (2021). The relationship between childhood trauma, early-life stress, and alcohol and drug use, abuse, and addiction: An integrative review. Current Psychology, 40(2), 579–584. doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9973-9
- Park, J. W., Kim, D. J., & Shin, M. H. (2021). The Effect of stress on compulsive sexual behavior disorder: Active coping strategy and self-control as mediators. Psychiatry Investigation, 18(10), 997–1005. doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0010
- Paul, B., & Shim, J. W. (2008). Gender, sexual affect, and motivations for internet pornography use. International Journal of Sexual Health, 20(3), 187–199. doi:10.1080/19317610802240154
- Pekal, J., Laier, C., Snagowski, J., Stark, R., & Brand, M. (2018). Tendencies toward Internet pornography use disorder: Differences in men and women regarding attentional biases to pornographic stimuli. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 574–583. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.70
- Reid, R. C., Bramen, J. E., Anderson, A., & Cohen, M. S. (2014). Mindfulness, emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and stress proneness among hypersexual patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 313–321. doi:10.1002/jclp.22027
- Rumpf, H.-J., & Montag, C. (2022). Where to put Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD)? Phenomenology matters: Commentary to the debate. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(2), 230–233. doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00039
- Schulz, P., & Schlotz, W. (1999). The Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress (TICS). Scale construction, statistical testing, and validation of the scale work overload. Diagnostica, 45(1), 8–19. doi:10.1026//0012-1924.45.1.8
- Schwabe, L., Dickinson, A., & Wolf, O. T. (2011). Stress, habits, and drug addiction: A psychoneuroendocrinological perspective. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19(1), 53–63. doi:10.1037/a0022212
- Sinha, R. (2009). Modeling stress and drug craving in the laboratory: Implications for addiction treatment development. Addiction Biology, 14(1), 84–98. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00134.x
- Slavin, M. N., Scoglio, A. A. J., Blycker, G. R., Potenza, M. N., & Kraus, S. W. (2020). Child sexual abuse and compulsive sexual behavior: A systematic literature review. Current Addiction Reports, 7(1), 76–88. doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00298-9
- Snagowski, J., Laier, C., Duka, T., & Brand, M. (2016). Subjective craving for pornography and associative learning predict tendencies towards cybersex addiction in a sample of regular cybersex users. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 23(4), 342–360. doi:10.1080/10720162.2016.1151390
- Spielberger, C. D., Sydeman, S. J., Owen, A. E., et al. (1999). Measuring anxiety and anger with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment, 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; p. 993–1021
- Starcke, K., Polzer, C., Wolf, O. T., & Brand, M. (2011). Does stress alter everyday moral decision-making? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(2), 210–219. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.010
- Starcke, K., Wiesen, C., Trotzke, P., & Brand, M. (2016). Effects of acute laboratory stress on executive functions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 461. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00461
- Stark, R., Klucken, T., Potenza, M. N., Brand, M., & Strahler, J. (2018). A current understanding of the behavioral neuroscience of compulsive sexual behavior disorder and problematic pornography use. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 5(4), 218–231. doi:10.1007/s40473-018-0162-9
- Stark, R., Markert, C., Kruse, O., et al. (2022). Individual cortisol response to acute stress influences neural processing of sexual cues. J Behav Addict, 11(2), 506–519.
- Studer, J., Marmet, S., Wicki, M., & Gmel, G. (2019). Cybersex use and problematic cybersex use among young Swiss men: Associations with sociodemographic, sexual, and psychological factors. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(4), 794–803. doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.69
- Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., Blais-Lecours, S., Labadie, C., Bergeron, S., Sabourin, S., & Godbout, N. (2017). Profiles of cyberpornography use and sexual well-being in adults. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 14(1), 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.10.016
- Verbruggen, F., Chambers, C. D., & Logan, G. D. (2013). Fictitious inhibitory differences: How skewness and slowing distort the estimation of stopping latencies. Psychological Science, 24(3), 352–362. doi:10.1177/0956797612457390
- Wéry, A., Burnay, J., Karila, L., & Billieux, J. (2016). The short French Internet addiction test adapted to online sexual activities: Validation and links with online sexual preferences and addiction symptoms. Journal of Sex Research, 53(6), 701–710. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1051213
- Wingenfeld, K., Spitzer, C., Mensebach, C., Grabe, H. J., Hill, A., Gast, U., … Driessen, M. (2010). The German version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ): Preliminary psychometric properties. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 60(8), e13. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1253494
- Wordecha, M., Wilk, M., Kowalewska, E., Skorko, M., Łapiński, A., & Gola, M. (2018). “Pornographic binges” as a key characteristic of males seeking treatment for compulsive sexual behaviors: Qualitative and quantitative 10-week-long diary assessment. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 433–444. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.33
- World Health Organization (2023, January). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th Revision). https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en