References
- Adachi, M., Yamamoto, K., & Sugisaki, R. (1986). Hydrothermal chert and associated siliceous rocks from the northern Pacific: Their geological significance as indication of ocean ridge activity. Sedimentary Geology, 47(1–2), 125–148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(86)90075-8
- Akçay, A. E., & Beyazpirinç, M. (2017). The Geological Evolution of Sorgun (Yozgat)-Yildizeli (Sivas) Foreland Basin, Petrographic, Geochemical Aspects and Geochronology of Volcanism Affecting the Basin. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 155, 1–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.336625
- Akçay, A. E., Dönmez, M., Kara, H., Yergök, A. F., & Esentürk, K. (2007). 1/100 000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, Yozgat-İ33 Paftası. MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeoloji Etüdleri Dairesi, Ankara, 80, 1–16.
- Akıman, O., Erler, A., Göncüoğlu, M. C., Güleç, N., Geven, A., Türeli, T. K., & Kadıoğlu, Y. K. (1993). Geochemical characteristics of the granitoids along the western margin of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex and their tectonic implications. Geol. Jour., 28, 371–382.
- Aldanmaz, E., Yalınız, M. K., Güctekin, A., & Goncuoglu, M. C. (2008). Geochemical characteristics of mafic lavas from the Tethyan ophiolites in western Turkey: Implications for heterogeneous source contribution during variable stages of ocean crust generation. Geological Magazine, 145(1), 37–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756807003986
- Alibo, D. S., & Nozaki, Y. (1999). Rare earth elements in seawater: Particle association, shale-normalization, and Ce oxidation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(3–4), 363–372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00279-8
- Andersen, C., Theissen-Krah, S., Hannington, M., Rüpke, L., & Petersen, S. (2017). Faulting and off-axis submarine massive sulfide accumulation at slow spreading mid-ocean ridges: A numerical modeling perspective. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18(6), 2305–2320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GC006880
- Aydoğan, M. S. (2022). The genesis and geochemical characteristics of manganese mineralization in the southern part of the Cihanpaşa (Yozgat) area. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 65, 1–34. Turkish with English abstract. doi:https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.975220
- Aygül, M., Topuz, G., Okay, A. I., Satır, M., & Meyer, H.-P. (2011). The Kemer Metamorphic Complex (NW Turkey): A Subducted Continental Margin of the Sakarya Zone. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21, 19–35.
- Aytaçegerler, S. (2020) Vezirler melanji (Kula, Manisa) içerisindeki radyolarit-çörtlerin jeokimyasal karakteristikleri. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Balıkesir University, MSc Thesis, 51 p. ( Turkish with English abstract).
- Bau, M., & Dulski, P. (1996). Distribution of yttrium and rare earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman iron-formation, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 79(1–2), 37–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00087-9
- Bau, M., & Dulski, P. (1999). Comparing yttrium and rare earths in hydrothermal fluids from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Implications for Y and REE behaviour during near vent mixing and for the Y/Ho ratio of Proterozoic seawater. Chemical Geology, 155(1/2), 77–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00142-9
- Bau, M., Koschinsky, A., Dulski, P., & Hein, J. R. (1996b). Comparison of partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60(10), 1709–1725. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4
- Bau, M., Möller, P., & Dulski, P. (1996a). Yttrium and lanthanides in eastern Mediterranean seawater and their fractionation during redox-cycling. Mar Chem, 56(1–2), 123–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(96)00091-6
- Bau, M., Schmidt, K., Koschinsky, A., Hein, J., Kuhn, T., & Usui, A. (2014). Discriminating between different genetic types of marine ferro-manganese crusts and nodules based on rare earth elements and yttrium. Chemical Geology, 381, 1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.004
- Bolhar, R., & Kranendonk, M. J. (2007). A non-marine depositional setting for the northern Fortescue Group, Pilbara Craton, inferred from trace element geochemistry of stromatolitic carbonates. Precambrian Research, 155(3–4), 229–250. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.02.002
- Bolton, B. R., Both, R., Exon, N. F., Hamilton, T. F., Ostwald, J., & Smith, J. D. (1988). Geochemistry and mineralogy of seafloor hydrothermal and hydrogenetic Mn oxide deposits from the Manus Basin and Bismarck Archipelago region of the southwest Pacific Ocean Marine Geology. 85, 65–87.
- Bonatti, E. (1975). Metallogenesis at oceanic spreading centers. Annu Rev Earth Planetary Science, 3(1), 401–431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.03.050175.002153
- Bonatti, E., Kraemer, T., & Rydell, H. (1972). Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposits (pp. 473–489). (D. R. Horn, editor). Ferromanganese Deposits of the Ocean Floor.
- Bortolotti, V., Chiari, M., Göncüoglu, M. C., Marcucci, M., Principi, G., Tekin, U. K., Saccani, E., & Tassinari, R. (2013). Age and geochemistry of basalt-chert associations in the ophiolites of the izmir-Ankara mélange east of Ankara, Turkey: Preliminary data. Ofioliti, 38(2), 157–173.
- Bortolotti, V., Chiari, M., Göncüoğlu, M. C., Marcucci, M., Principi, G., Saccani, E., & Tekin, U. K. (2018). The Jurassic–Early Cretaceous basalt–chert association in the ophiolites of the Ankara Mélange, east of Ankara, Turkey: Age and geochemistry. Geological Magazine., 155(2), 451–478. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756817000401
- Boström, K. (1970). Submarine Volcanism as a Source of Iron. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 9(4), 348–354. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(70)90134-2
- Boström, K. (1973). Origin and fate of ferromanganoan active ridge sediments. Stockh. Contribution Geol., 27(2), 147–243.
- Boström, K., Joensuu, O., Valdés, S., Charm, W., & Glaccum, R. (1976). Geochemistry and origin of East Pacific sediments sampled during DSDP Leg 34. In R. S. Yeats & S. R. Hart (Eds.), Initial Reports of the DSDP (Vol. 34, pp. 556–574). U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Boström, K., & Peterson, M. N. A. (1969). The origin of aluminum-poor ferromanganoan sediments in areas of high heat flow on the East Pacific Rise. Marine Geology, 7(5), 427–447. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(69)90016-4
- Bozkurt, E., Holdsworth, B. K., & Koçyigit, A. (1997). Implications of Jurassic chert identified in the Tokat Complex, northern Turkey. Geological Magazine, 134(1), 91–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756897006419
- Bragin, N. Y., & Tekin, U. K. (1996). Age of radiolarian-chert blocks from the Senonian Ophiolitic Melange (Ankara, Turkey). Island Arc., 5(2), 114–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.1996.tb00018.x
- Byrne, R. H., & Kim, K. H. (1990). Rare-Earth Element Scavenging in Seawater. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54(10), 2645–2656. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90002-3
- Byrne, R. H., & Sholkovitz, E. R. (1996). Marine chemistry and geochemistry of the lanthanides. In K. A. Gschneidner Jr & L. R. Eyring (Eds.), Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths (Vol. 23, pp. 497–593). Elsevier BV.
- Chen, D., Qing, H., Yan, X., & Li, H. (2006). Hydrothermal venting and basin evolution (Devonian, South China): Constraints from rare earth element geochemistry of chert. Sedimentary Geology, 183(3–4), 203–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.020
- Choi, J. H., & Hariya, Y. (1992). Geochemistry and depositional environment of Mn oxide deposits in the Tokora Belt. Norteastern Hokkaido, Japan. Economic Geology, 87(5), 1265–1274. doi:https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1265
- Craddock, P. R., Bach, W., Seewald, J. S., Rouxel, O. J., Reeves, E., & Tivey, M. K. (2010). Rare earth element abundances in hydrothermal fluids from the Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea: Indicators of sub-seafloor hydrothermal processes in back-arc basins. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(19), 5494–5513. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.003
- Crear, D. A., Namson, J., So Chyi, M., Williams, L., & Feigenson, M. D. (1982). Manganiferous cherts of the Franciscan assemblage: 1. General geology, ancient and modern analogues, and implications for hydrothermal convection at oceanic spreading centres. Bull. Soc. Economic Geology, 77(3), 519–540. doi:https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.77.3.519
- Çelik, Ö.F., Marzoli, A., Marschik, R., Chiaradia, M., Neubauer, F., & Öz, İ. (2011). Early-Middle Jurassic intra-oceanic subduction in the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean, Northern Turkey. Tectonophysics, 509(1–2), 120–134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.06.007
- De Baar, H. J., German, C. R., Elderfield, H., & van Gaans, P. (1988). Rare earth element distributions in anoxic waters of the Cariaco Trench. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(5), 1203–1219. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90275-X
- Dekov, V. M., Cuadros, J., Kamenov, G. D., Weiss, D., Arnold, T., Basak, C., & Rochette, R. (2010). Metalliferous sediments from the H.M.S. Challenger voyage (1872–1876). Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(17), 5019–5038. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.06.001
- Dilek, Y., & Thy, P. (2006). Age and petrogenesis of plagiogranite intrusions in the Ankara melange, Central Turkey. Island, 15(1), 44–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2006.00522.x
- Douville, E., Bienvenu, P., Charlou, J. L., Donval, J. P., Fouquet, Y., Appriou, P., & Gamo, T. (1999). Yttrium and rare earth elements in fluids from various deep-sea hydrothermal systems. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(5), 527–643. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00024-1
- Elderfield, H., & Greaves, M. J. (1982). The rare earth elements in seawater Nature. 296, 214–218.
- Elderfield, H., Hawkesworth, C. J., Greaves, M. J., & Calvert, S. E. (1981). Rare earth element geochemistry of oceanic ferromanganese nodules and associated sediments. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45(4), 513–528. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90184-8
- Fitzgerald, C. E., & Gillis, K. M. (2006). Hydrothermal manganese oxide deposits from Baby Bare seamount in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology, 225(1–4), 145–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.09.005
- Fitzsimmons, J. N., Boyle, E. A., & Jenkins, W. J. (2014). Distal transport of dissolved hydrothermal iron in the deep South Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(47), 47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418778111
- Ganno, S., Njiosseu, T. E. L., Kouankap, N. G. D., Djoukouo, S. A., Moudioh, C., Ngnotue, T., & Nzenti, J. P. (2017). A mixed seawater and hydrothermal origin of superior-type banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted Kouambo iron deposit, Palaeoproterozoic Nyong series, Southwestern Cameroon: Constraints from petrography and geochemistry. Ore Geolgy Reviews., 80, 860–875. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.08.021
- Gao, J., Yang, R., Xu, H., Zhang, X., Feng, K., & Zheng, L. (2018). Genesis of Permian sedimentary manganese deposits in Zunyi, Guizhou Province, SW China: Constraints from geology and elemental geochemistry. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 192, 142–154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.06.012
- German, C. R., Campbell, A. C., & Edmond, J. M. (1991b). Hydrothermal scavenging at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Modification of trace element dissolved fluxes. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 107(1), 101–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90047-L
- German, C. R., & Elderfield, H. (1990). Application of the Ce anomaly as a paleoredox indicator: The ground rules. Paleoceanography, 5(5), 823. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/PA005i005p00823
- German, C. R., Holliday, B. P., & Elderfield, H. (1991a). Redox cycling of rare earth elements in the suboxic zone of the Black Sea Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta. 55, 3553–3558.
- Göncüoğlu, M. C., Sayıt, K., & Tekin, U. K. (2010). Oceanization of the northern Neotethys: Geochemical evidence from ophiolitic melange basalts within the İzmir-Ankara suture belt. NW Turkey Lithos, 116, 175–187.
- Göncüoğlu, M. C., Toprak, V., Kuşcu, İ., Erler, A., & Olgun, E. (1991) Geology of the western part of the Central Anatolian Massif, Part 1: Southern Section: Unpubl. Report No.2909, Turkish Petroleum Company Report (in Turkish)
- Göncüoğlu, M. C., Yalınız, M. K., & Tekin, U. K. (2006a). Geochemistry, tectono-magmatic discrimination and radiolarian ages of basic extrusives within the Izmir-AnkaraSuture Belt (NW Turkey): Time constraints for the Neotethyan evolution Ofioliti. 31, 25–38.
- Göncüoğlu, M. C., Yalınız, M. K., & Tekin, U. K. (2006b). Geochemical features and radiolarian ages of volcanic rocks from the Izmir-Ankara Suture Belt, western Turkey. Mesozoic Ophiolite Belts of the Northern Part of the Balkan Peninsula, International Symposium, Belgrade-Banja Luka, May 31-June, 6, 41–44.
- Gromet, L. P., Dymek, R. F., Haskin, L. A., & Korotev, R. L. (1984). The “North American Shale Composite”: Its compilation, major and trace element characteristics Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta. 48, 2469–2482.
- Gurvich, E. G. (2006). Metalliferous Sediments of the World Ocean: Fundamental Theory of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Sedimentation. Springer.
- Gültekin, A. H., & Balcı, N. (2018). Geochemical Characteristics of Sedimentary Manganese Deposit of Binkılıç, Trache Basin, Turkey. Journal of Geology and Geophysics., 7(3), 1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.4172/2381-8719.1000336
- Gültekin, A. H., Örgün, Y., & Yavuz, F. (1998). Geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Tumanpınarı Fe-Mn deposit, Dursunbey, Balıkesir. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 41 (2), 13–30. Turkish with English Abstract
- Hässig, M., Rolland, Y., Sosson, M., Galoyan, G., Sahakyan, L., Topuz, G., Öf, Ç., Avagyan, A., & Müller, C. (2013). Linking the NE Anatolian and Lesser Caucasus ophiolites: Evidence for large-scale obduction of oceanic crust and implications for the formation of the Lesser Caucasus-Pontides Arc. Geodinamica Acta, 26(3–4), 311–330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2013.877236
- Hawkes, J. A., Connely, D. P., Gledhill, M., & Achterberg, E. P. (2013). The stabilization and transportation of dissolved iron from high temperature hydrothermal vent systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 375, 280–290. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.047
- Hayashi, K. I., Fujisawa, H., Holland, H. D., & Ohmoto, H. (1997). Geochemistry of 1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from Northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61(19), 4115–4137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00214-7
- Hein, J. R. (2004) Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: Global distribution, composition, origin and research activities, in Workshop on Minerals Other than Polymetallic Nodules of the International Seabed Area, vol. 1, pp. 188–256, Int. Seabed Auth., Kingston, Jamaica
- Hein, J. R., Fan, D. L., Ye, J., Liu, T. B., & Yeh, H. W. (1999). Composition and origin of Early Cambrian Tiantaishan phosphorite-Mn carbonate ores, Shaanxi Province. China Ore Geology Reviews, 15(1–3), 95–134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00017-7
- Hein, J. R., Koschinsky, A., Halbach, P., Manheim, F. T., Bau, M., Kang, J.-K., & Lubick, N. (1997). Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. In K. Nicholson, J. R. Hein, B. Bühn, & S. Desgupta (Eds.), Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits (pp. 123–138). Geological Society of London Special Publication.
- Hein, J. R., Mizell, K., Koschinsky, A., & Conrad, T. A. (2013). Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources. Ore Geology Reviews., 51, 1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.12.001
- Hein, J. R., Schulz, M. S., Dunham, R. E., Stern, R. J., & Bloomer, S. H. (2008). Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu-Bonin arc system, western Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(B8), B08S14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005432
- Ingram, B. L., Hein, J. R., & Farmer, G. L. (1990). Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54(6), 1709–1721. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90402-7
- Josso, P., Pelleter, E., Pourret, O., Fouquet, Y., Etoubleau, J., Cheron, S., & Bollinger, C. (2017). A new discrimination scheme for oceanic ferromanganese deposits using high field strength and rare earth elements. Ore Geology Reviews, 87, 3–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.09.003
- Jr JL, G. (1978). Rare earth elements. Iron Formations and Sea Water. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 42(12), 1845–1850. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90239-9
- Kamber, B. S. (2010). Archean mafic-ultramafic volcanic lansmasses and their effect on ocean-atmosphere chemistry. Chemical Geology, 274(1–2), 19–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.03.009
- Kang, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, D., Huang, H., Dong, S., & Zhang, S. (2011). Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Radiolarian Cherts of the Mada’er Area, Southwestern Tianshan: Implications for Depositional Environment. Acta Geol Sin Engl, 85(4), 801–813. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00486.x
- Kato, Y., Yamaguchi, K. E., & Ohmoto, H. (2006). Rare earth elements in Precambrian banded iron formations: Secular changes of Ce and Eu anomalies and evolution of atmospheric oxygen. In S. E. Kesler & H. Ohmoto (Eds.), Evolution of Early Earth’s Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere-Constraints from Ore Deposits (Vol. 198, pp. 269–289). Geological Society of America Memoir.
- Kemkin, I. V., & Filippov, A. N. (2001). Structure and Genesis of Lower Structural Unit of the Samarka Jurassic Accretionary Prism (Sikhote-Alin, Russia). Geodiversitas, 23(3), 323–339.
- Kemkin, I. V., & Kemkina, R. A. (2015). Depositional Environment of Cherts of the Sikhote-Alin Region (Russia Far East): Evidence from Major, Trace and Rare Earth Elements Geochemistry. Journal of Earth Science, 26(2), 259–272. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-015-0531-1
- Kemkin, I. V., & Kemkina, R. A. (2020). Comparative geochemical study of the cherty rocks of the Taukha terrane (Sikhote-Alin) and its paleogeodynamic significance. Acta Geochim, 39(4), 539–560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-019-00385-3
- Kılıç, G., Aydoğan, M. S., & Kumral, M. (2018). Preliminary results of the radiolarian-chert hosted manganese deposit within the Vezirler ophiolitic mélange (Kula-Manisa, western Turkey): Constraints on the origin, paleo-redox conditions, and depositional environments. Arabian Journal of Geosciences., 11(20), 628. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3984-6
- Koç, Ş., Özmen, Ö., & Öksüz, N. (2000). Geochemistry characteristic of Kasımağa (Keskin-Kırıkkale) manganese oxide mineralizations. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 122, 107–118.
- Köksal, S., Möller, A., Göncüoğlu, M. C., Frei, D., & Gerdes, A. (2012). Crustal homogenization revealed by U-Pb zircon ages and Hf isotope evidence from the Late Cretaceous granitoids of the Ağaçören intrusive suite (Central Anatolia/Turkey). Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 163(4), 725–743. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0696-2
- Kuşçu, M., & Gedikoğlu, A. (1989) Ulukent (Tavas-Denizli) güneyi manganez yataklarının jeokimyasal özellikleri Yerbilimcinin Sesi 17
- Li, X. Geochemistry of the Late Paleozoic radiolarian cherts within the NE Jiangxi ophiolite melange and its tectonic significance. (2000). Sci China Ser D, 43(6), 617–62429. 47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02879505
- Lisitzin, A. P., Bogdanov, Y. A., Murdmaa, I. O., Serova, V., Zverinskaya, I. B., Lebedev, A. I., Lukashin, N., & Gordeev, V. (1976). Metalliferous sediments and their origin. In A. P. Lisitzin (Ed.), Geological and Geophysical Research in the South-East Pacific Ocean (pp. 289–379). Moscow.
- Maynard, J. (2010). The chemistry of manganese ores through time: A signal of increasing diversity of earthsurface environments. Economic Geology, 105(3), 535–552. doi:https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.535
- McLennan, S. M. (1989). Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In B. R. Lipin & G. A. McKay (Eds.), Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements (pp. 168–200). Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy.
- Men, Y., Wang, E., Fu, J., Jia, S., You, X., & He, Q. (2020). Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Ekou banded iron formation, Shanxi Province, North China. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 109(8), 2851–2868. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01935-4
- Michard, A., & Albarède, F. (1986). The REE concent of some hydrothermal fluids. Chemical Geology, 55(1–2), 51–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90127-0
- Michard, A., Albarède, F., Michard, G., Minster, J. F., & Charlou, J. L. (1983). Rare-earth elements and uranium in high-temperature solutions from East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent field (13 °N). Nature, 303(5920), 795–797. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/303795a0
- Michard, G., Albarède, F., Michard, A., Minster, J. F., Charlou, J. L., & Tan, N. (1984). Chemistry of solutions from the 13°N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal site. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 67(3), 297–307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90169-9
- Mitra, A., Elderfield, H., & Greaves, M. J. (1994). Rare Earth Elements in Submarine Hydrothermal Fluids and Plumes from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Mar Chem, 46(3), 217–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(94)90079-5
- Mohapatra, B. K., Mishra, P. P., Singh, P. P., & Rajeev. (2009). Manganese ore deposits in Koira-Noamundi province of iron ore group, north Orissa, India: In the light of geochemical signature. Chemie der Erde, 69(4), 377–394. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2009.06.001
- MTA (2002) Geological map of Turkey: Ankara, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü. Scale 1, 500.000, 1 sheet.
- Murray, R. W. (1994). Chemical criteria to identify the depositional environment of chert: General principles and applications. Sedimentary Geology, 90(3–4), 213–232. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)90039-6
- Murray, R. W. (1875–1895). Buchholtz ten Brink MR, Gerlach DC, Russ GP, Jones DL (1991) Rare earth, major and trace elements in chert from the Franciscan Complex and Monterey Group, California; assessing REE sources to fine-grained marine sediments. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55.
- Murray, R. W., Buchholtz Ten Brink, M. R., Jones, D. L., Gerlach, D. C., & Russ III, G. P. Buchholtz ten Brink MR, Jones DL, Gerlach DC, Russ GP (1990) Rare earth elements as indicators of different marine depositional environments. Geology, 18(3), 268–271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0268:REEAIO>2.3.CO;2
- Murray, R. W., Jones, D. L., & Buchholtz Ten Brink, M. R. (1992). Diagenetic formation of bedded chert: Evidence from chemistry of the chert-shale couplet. Geology, 20(3), 271–274. doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0271:DFOBCE>2.3.CO;2
- Murray, R. W., & Leinen, M. (1996). Scavenged excess aluminium and its relationship to bulk titanium in biogenic sediment from the Centralm equatorial Pacific Ocean. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60(20), 3869–3878. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00236-0
- Naeher, S., Gilli, A., North, R. P., Hamann, Y., & Schubert, C. J. (2013). Tracing bottom water oxygenation with sedimentary Mn/Fe ratios in Lake Zurich, Switzerland. Chemical Geology., 352, 125–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.06.006
- Nath, B. N., Plüger, W. L., & Roelandts, I. (1997). Geochemical constraints on the hydrothermal origin of ferromanganese encrustations from the Rodriguez Triple Junction, Indian Ocean. In K. Nicholson, J. R. Hein, B. Bühn, & S. Dasgupta (Eds.), Manganese mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits. Geological Society. Special Publication.
- Nicholson, K. (1992). Contrasting mineralogical–geochemical signatures of manganese oxides; guides to metallogenesis. Economic Geology, 87(5), 1253–1264. doi:https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1253
- Nicholson, K., Nayak, V. K., & Nanda, J. K. (1997). Manganese ores of the Ghoriajhor-Monmunda area, Sundergarh District, Orissa, India: Geochemical evidence for a mixed Mn source. In K. Nicholson, J. R. Hein, B. Bühn, & S. Dasgupta (Eds.), Manganese mineralization Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits. Geological Society (Vol. 119, pp. 117–121). Special Publication.
- Nothdurft, L. D., Webb, G. E., & Kamer, B. S. (2004). Rare earth element geochemistry of Late Devonian reefal carbonates, Canning Basin, Western Australia: Confirmation of a seawater REE proxy in ancient limestones. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(2), 263–283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00422-8
- Nozaki, Y., Alibo, D. S., Amakawa, H., Gamo, T., & Hasumoto, H. (1999). Dissolved rare earth elements and hydrography in the Sulu Sea. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(15), 2171–2181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00142-8
- Okay, A. I., & Göncüoğlu, M. C. (2004). The Karakaya Complex: A Review of Data and Concepts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences., 13, 77–95.
- Okay, A. I., & Tüysüz, O. (1999). Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In B. Durand, L. Jolivet, F. Horváth, & M. Séranne (Eds.), The Mediterranean basins: Tertiary extension within the alpine orogen (Vol. 156, pp. 475–515). Special publication, Geological Society.
- Olivarez, A. M., & Owen, R. M. (1989). REE/Fe variations in hydrothermal sediments: Implications for the REE content of seawater. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53(3), 757–762. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90019-7
- Owen, A., Armstrong, H., & Floyd, J. (1999). Rare earth elements in chert clast as provenance indicators in the Ordovician and Silurian of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Sedimentary Geology, 124(1–4), 185–195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00127-4
- Öksüz, N. (2011a). Geochemical characteristics of the Eymir (Sorgun-Yozgat) manganese deposit. Turkey. Journal of Rare Earths, 29(3), 287–296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60446-2
- Öksüz, N. (2011b). Geochemistry and the Origin of Manganese Mineralizations in Derbent (Yozgat) Region. Bulletin of the Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe University, 32(3), 213–234.
- Öksüz, N., & Okuyucu, N. (2014). Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Origin of Büyükmahal Manganese Mineralization in the Artova Ophiolitic Complex, Yozgat, Turkey. J Chem, 2014, 1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/837972
- Önen, A. P. (2003). Neotethyan ophiolitic rocks of the Anatolides of NW Turkey and comparison with Tauride ophiolites. Journal of the Geological Society, 160(6), 947–962. doi:https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764902-125
- Önen, Ö., & Hall, H. (2000). Sub-ophiolite metamorphic rocks from NW Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 18(5), 483–495. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2000.00276.x
- Özcan, A., Erkan, A., Keskin, A., Oral, A., Özer, S., Sümengen, M., & Tekeli, O. (1980) Kuzey Anadolu Fayı-Kırşehir Masifi arasının temel jeolojisi. MTA Rapor No: 6722, Ankara
- Özkan, M., Öf, Ç., Soycan, H., Çörtük, R. M., & Marzoli, A. (2020). The Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous basalt-radiolarian chert association from the Tekelidağ Mélange, eastern Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone (northern Turkey). Cretaceous Research., 107, 104–280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104280
- Öztürk, H. (1997). Manganese Deposits in Turkey: Distribution, Types and Tectonic Setting. Ore Geology Reviews, 12(3), 187–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00005-X
- Öztürk, H., & Hein, J. R. (1997). Mineralogy and Stable Isotopes of Black Shale-Hosted Manganese Ores. Southwestern Taurides, Turkey Economic Geology, 92(1), 733–744. doi:https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.92.6.733
- Öztürk, H., Kasapçı, C., & Özbaş, F. (2019). Manganese Deposits of Turkey. In F. Pirajno, T. Ünlü, C. Dönmez, & M. B. Şahin (Eds.), Mineral Resources of Turkey Springer Verlag (pp. 261–282).
- Pandelli, E., Elter, F. M., Toksoy-Köksal, F., Principi, G., Orlando, A., Valleri, G., Giusti, R., & Orti, L. (2018). Relationships between the Sakarya Zone and the Ankara–Erzincan suture (central-northern Turkey): Geological and petrographic data from the Ankara–Çankiri, Çorum and Amasya areas. Geological Magazine, 155(2), 506–535. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756817000516
- Parlak, O., Çolakoğlu, A., Dönmez, C., Sayak, H., Yıldırım, N., Türkel, A., & Odabaşı, I. (2013). Geochemistry and tectonic significance of ophiolites along the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone in northeastern Anatolia. In A. H. F. Robertson, O. Parlak, & U. Ünlügenç (Eds.), Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean (Vol. 372, pp. 5–105). Geological Society of London, Special Publication.
- Petersen, S., Kratschell, A., Jamieson, J., Hein, J. R., Hannington, M. D., & Hannington, M. D. (2016). News from the seabed – Geological characteristics and resource potential of deep-sea mineral resources. Marine Policy, 70, 175–187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.012
- Piepgras, D. J., & Jacobsen, B. (1992). The behavior of rare earth elements in seawater: Precise determination of variations in the North Pacific water column. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56(5), 1851–1862. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90315-A
- Prakash, L. S., Ray, D., Paropkari, A. L., Mudholkar, A. V., Satyanarayanan, M., Sreenivas, B., Chandrasekharam, D., Kota, D., Raju, K. A. K., Kaisary, S., Balaram, V., & Gurav, T. (2012). Distribution of REEs and yttrium among major geochemical phases of marine Fe-Mn-oxides: Comparative study between hydrogenous and hydrothermal deposits. Chemical Geology, 312-313, 127–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.03.024
- Qiu, Z., & Wang, Q. C. (2011). Geochemical evidence for submarine hydrothermal origin of the Middle-Upper Permian chert in Laibin of Guangxi, China. Science China Earth Sciences., 54(7), 1011–1023. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-011-4198-x
- Robertson, A., Parlak, O., Ustaömer, T., Taşlı, K., İnan, N., Dumitrica, P., & Karaoğlan, F. (2014). Subduction, ophiolite genesis and collision history of Tethys adjacent to the Eurasian continental margin: New evidence from the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 26(3–4), 230–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2013.877240
- Rojay, B. (2013). Tectonic evolution of the Cretaceous Ankara ophiolitic mélange during the Late Cretaceous to pre-Miocene interval in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geodynamics, 65, 66–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.06.006
- Rojay, B., Altıner, D., Sö, A., Önen, P., James, S., & Thirlwall, M. F. (2004). Geodynamic significance of the Cretaceous pillow basalts from North Anatolian Ophiolitic Mélange Belt (Central Anatolia, Turkey): Geochemical and paleontological constraints. Geodinamica Acta, 17(5), 349–361. doi:https://doi.org/10.3166/ga.17.349-361
- Roy, S. (1997). Genetic diversity of manganese deposition in the terrestrial geological record. In K. Nicholson, J. R. Hein, B. Buhn, & S. Dasgupta (Eds.), Manganese Mineralization Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits. Geological Society (Vol. 119, pp. 5–27). Special Publication.
- Rudnicki, M. D., & Elderfield, H. (1993). A chemical model of the buoyant and neutrally buoyant plume above the TAG vent field, 26 degrees N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57(13), 2939–2957. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90285-5
- Ruhlin, D. E., & Owen, R. M. (1986). The rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermal sediments from the East Pacific Rise: Examination of a seawater scavenging mechanism. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50(3), 393–400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90192-4
- Sander, S., & Koschinsky, A. (2011). Metal flux from hydrothermal vents increased by organic complexation. Nat Geosci, 4(3), 145–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1088
- Sarıfakıoğlu, E., Dilek, Y., & Sevin, M. (2017). New synthesis of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone and the Ankara mélange in northern Anatolia based on new geochemical and geochronological constraints. In R. Sorkhabi (Ed.), Tectonic Evolution. Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian’s Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions: Geological Society of America Special Paper 525.
- Sarıfakıoğlu, E., Özen, H., Çolakoğlu, A., & Sayak, H. (2010). Petrology, mineral chemistry, and tectonomagmatic evolution of Late Cretaceous suprasubduction-zone ophiolites in the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone, Turkey. International Geology Review, 52(2–3), 187–222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810902818479
- Schmidt, K., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Koschinsky, A., Strauss, H., Jost, C. L., Klevenz, V., & Königer, P. (2011). Fluid elemental and stable isotope composition of the Nibelungen hydrothermal field (8°18′S, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Constraints on fluid–rock interaction in heterogeneous lithosphere. Chemical Geology, 280(1–2), 1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.07.008
- Schmidt, K., Koschinsky, A., Garbe-Schönberg, D., de Carvalho, L. M., & Seifert, R. (2007). Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field, 158N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Temporal and spatial investigation. Chemical Geology, 242(1–2), 1–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.023
- Strakhov, N. M. (1976). Problem of the Geochemistry of Recent Oceanic Lithogenesis. Tr. GIN Akad. Nauk SSSR, (212), (in Russian).
- Sugitani, K. (1992). Geochemical characteristics of Archean cherts and other sedimentary rocks in the Pilbara Block, Western Australia: Evidence for Archean seawater enriched in hydrothermally derived iron and silica. Precambrian Research, 57(1–2), 21–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)900934
- Sugitani, K. (1996). Anomalously low Al2O3/TiO2 ratios for Archean cherts from the Pilbara Block, Western Australia-possible evidence for extensive chemical weathering on the early earth. Precambrian Research, 80(1–2), 49–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(96)00005-8
- Sun, S. S., & McDonough, W. F. (1989). Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. In A. D. Saunders & M. J. Norry (Eds.), Magmatism in Ocean Basins (Vol. 42, pp. 313–345). Geological Society of London, Special Publication.
- Şaşmaz, A., Türkyılmaz, B., Öztürk, N., Yavuz, F., & Kumraş, M. (2014). Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazığ-Malatya region, eastern Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews, 56, 352–372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.06.012
- Şengör, A. M. C. (1984) Türkiye’nin tektonik tarihinin yapısal sınıflaması. In: Proceedings of Ketin Symposium. Geological Society of Turkey Publications, 37–61 (in Turkish with English abstract).
- Şengör, A.M.C., & Yılmaz, Y. (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75(3–4), 181–241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4
- Tekin, U. K., Göncüoglu, M. C., & Uzuncimen, S. (2013). . Turkey. Cretaceous, 2013), 33.
- Tekin, U. K., Göncüoğlu, M. C., & Turhan, N. (2002). First evidence of late Carnian radiolarians from the Izmir-Ankara suture complex, Central Sakarya, Turkey: Implications for the opening age of the Izmir-Ankara branch of neo-Tethys. Geobios, 35(1), 127–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(02)00015-3
- Tekin, U. K., Göncüoğlu, M. C., & Uzuncimen, S. (2012). Radiolarian assemblages of Middle and Late Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) ages from an olistolith record pelagic deposition within the Bornova Flysch Zone in western Turkey. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 183/ 4(4), 307–318. doi:https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.183.4.307
- Topuz, G., Öf, Ç., Amc, Ş., Altıntaş, I. E., Zack, T., Rolland, Y., & Barth, M. (2013). Jurassic ophiolite formation and emplacement as backstop to a subduction accretion complex in the Northeast Turkey, the Refahiye ophiolite, and relation to Balkan ophiolites. American Journal of Science, 313(10), 1054–1087. doi:https://doi.org/10.2475/10.2013.04
- Toth, J. R. (1980). Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 91(1), 44–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<44:DOSCRI>2.0.CO;2
- Toyoda, K., Nakamura, Y., & Masuda, A. (1990). Rare earth elements of Pacific pelagic sedimentss. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 1093–1103.
- Tribovillard, N., Algeo, T. J., Lyons, T., & Riboulleau, A. (2006). Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: An update. Chemical Geology, 232(1–2), 12–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.012
- Usui, A., Bau, M., & Yamazaki, T. (1997). Manganese microchimneys buried in the Central Pacific pelagic sediments: Evidence of intraplate water circulation? Marine Geology, 141(1–4), 269–285. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00070-4
- Usui, A., & Someya, M. (1997). Distribution and composition of marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the northwest Pacific. In K. Nicholson, J. R. Hein, B. Buhn, & S. Dasgupta (Eds.), Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits (pp. 177–198). Geological Society Special Publication.
- Von Damm, K. L., Edmond, J. M., Grant, B., Measures, C. I., Walden, B., & Weiss, R. E. (1985). Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21 N. East Pacific Rise. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49(11), 2197–2200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90222-4
- Wright, J., Schrader, H., & Holser, W. T. (1987). Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(3), 631–644. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90075-5
- Xiao, J. F., He, J. Y., Yang, H. Y., & Wu, C. (2017). Comparison between Datangpo-type manganese ores and modern marine ferromanganese oxyhydroxide precipitates based on rare earth elements. Ore Geology Reviews, 89, 290–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.06.016
- Yalınız, M. K., Floyd, P. A., & Göncüoğlu, M. C. (1996). Supra-subduction zone ophiolites of Central Anatolia: Geochemical evidence from the Sarikaraman Ophiolite, Aksaray, Turkey. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 697–710. doi:https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.01
- Yalınız, M. K., Göncüoğlu, M. C., & Özkan-Altiner, S. (2000). Formation and emplacement ages of the SSZ-type Neotethyan ophiolites in Central Anatolia, Turkey: Palaeotectonic implications. Geological Journal, 35(2), 53–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1034(200004/06)35:2<53::AID-GJ837>3.0.CO;2-6
- Yang, Y. Q., Hu, Z. S., & Luo, Z. M. (1981). Geological characteristics of mineralization of rare earth deposits of the ion-adsorption type and their prospecting direction [in Chinese with English abstract]. Vol. 2, (pp. 102–118). Bulletin of Institute of Mineral Deposit, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.
- Yılmaz, Y., Serdar, H. S., Genc, C., Yigitbas, E., Gürer, Ö. F., Elmas, A., Ylldirim, M., Bozcu, M., & Gürpinar, O. (1997). The geology and evolution of the Tokat Massif, south-central Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Review, 39(4), 365–382. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819709465278
- Yolsal-Çevikbilen, S., Biryol, C. B., Beck, S., Zandt, G., Taymaz, T., Adıyaman, H. E., & Özacar, A. A. (2012). 3-D crustal structure along the North Anatolian Fault Zone in north-central Anatolia revealed by local earthquake tomography. Geophysical Journal International, 188(3), 819–849. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05313.x
- Zarasvandi, A., Rezaei, M., Sadeghi, M., Pourkaseb, H., & Sepahvand, M. (2016). Rare-earth element distribution and genesis of manganese ores associated with Tethyan ophiolites. Iran: A Review. Mineral Magazine, 80(1), 127–142.
- Zhang, J., Amakawa, H., & Nozaki, Y. (1994). The comparative behaviors of yttrium and lanthanides in the seawater of the North Pasific. Geophysical Research Letters, 21(24), 2677–2680. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL02404
- Zhang, J., & Nozaki, Y. (1996). Rare earth elements and yttrium in seawater: ICP-MS determinations in the East Caroline, Coral Sea, and South Fiji basins of the western South Pacifi c Ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60(23), 4631–4644. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00276-1